Blog

  • Inside a 24-hour ‘vibe coding’ hackathon–here are my biggest takeaways

    Inside a 24-hour ‘vibe coding’ hackathon–here are my biggest takeaways

    CNBC correspondent Ernestine Siu attended an AI hackathon.

    Courtesy of Ernestine Siu

    I like to spend most of my weekends taking workout classes with friends, exploring new restaurants or vegging out on the couch with a movie on. The past weekend, however, was unique. Instead of the usual routine, I chose to immerse myself in a 24-hour ‘vibe coding’ hackathon.

    I attended one of Singapore’s biggest in-person hackathons ever, which was sponsored and supported by AI heavyweights from around the world including OpenAI, Cursor, Anthropic, Google DeepMind and more.

    The event took place on a university campus from about 9 a.m. on Saturday to Sunday noon. Over 400 people participated, ranging from highly experienced engineers to first-timers. The goal was simple: build something from scratch with the help of artificial intelligence.

    “Use your imagination… build something unhinged. Build something wacky,” said Agrim Singh, one of the event’s organizers and the co-founder of Niyam AI.

    Several teams really took that advice to heart.

    Some standout projects included F**Yu.AI, an AI-enabled productivity app that “bullies you into greatness,” by calling users on their cell phones to yell at them to complete tasks, and RizzedIn, a dating site that helps connect “career-minded individuals.”

    Some members of the winning teams with CNBC correspondent, Ernestine Siu (right).

    Courtesy of Nicholas Cheng

    By the end of the weekend, about 150 projects were submitted. The winner – an AI-powered whiteboarding tool that allows users to draw using just their hand movements tracked through a webcam — took home prizes worth over $50,000 Singapore dollars (about $39,000).

    The second and third place winners created a human-versus-AI speed game and a “Netflix for corporate training” tool that makes compliance training videos more engaging for employees.

    Inside a 24-hour hackathon

    As someone without a technical background, I was nervous entering the event but excited to meet the hackathon community. I knew I had to optimize my chances of building something successfully by teaming up with people who were much more technical than me.

    Through Discord, I found my team for the hackathon: Gabrielle Ong who has a product development background, Aung Maung who has a deep tech background, Ninna Cao who has a product design background and Jay Chen who has a software engineering background. What did I offer? Ideas, my storytelling abilities and vibes.

    Participants filled a lecture hall at the Singapore University of Technology and Design campus during the hackathon.

    Courtesy of Nicholas Cheng

    We bonded over a shared desire to preserve the legacies of our grandparents. So, we built Heirloom — a digital time capsule which can be used to capture and store family stories and recipes, so that they can be passed down for generations to come.

    We spent all of Saturday working on transforming our idea into a product. Some of us stayed up the entire night working on the project — while others (me) unfortunately didn’t have the stamina to do so.

    We were trying to do a bit of a count … And we found people in like random lecture rooms. It was just the funniest [thing] … It was like catching wild Pokemon.

    Sherry Jiang

    Co-founder, Peek

    When I got back to the campus on Sunday morning, I saw people sleeping on benches, on the floor and just about everywhere, while others were still making last minute adjustments before submitting their projects for judging.

    An estimated 70 people stayed overnight to work on their project, said Sherry Jiang, one of the event organizers and the co-founder of fintech app Peek.

    “We were trying to do a bit of a count … And we found people in like random lecture rooms. It was just the funniest [thing] … It was like catching wild Pokemon,” said Jiang.

    Richard Lee, who built a gamified habits-training app Orbie alongside his teammate Amanda Lau Shernin, slept for only about half an hour on the floor of a lecture hall. He had prior developer experience and knows coding languages like Python and SQL.

    Participants of the hackathon ranged from highly experienced engineers to newbies.

    Courtesy of Nicholas Cheng

    When asked why he chose to join the hackathon, he said: “I took it as a personal challenge to see [what] could actually be done within 24 hours … [and to] see how far vibe coding has advanced,” said Lee. He also thought it would be a great place to get inspiration.

    “It’s like a gathering of builders … who don’t just learn, but do,” Lee added. “It’s almost like training for a startup, right? Effectively, you just have to focus and get something done.”

    By the end of the weekend, Lee says that although the hackathon was just 24 hours, he felt like he had “significantly upgraded” his skills.

    Bringing back the builder spirit

    The hackathon’s organizers said their goal was to reinvigorate the builder community in Singapore. There’s a feeling among many people in the space that the hackathon scene has faded from its heyday, co-organizer Jiang said.

    Fellow organizer Singh agreed, writing on a LinkedIn post that “the Singapore hackathon scene lost its soul.”

    Singh, who has been attending hackathons since 2013, observed that such events used to center hackers and builders making “something that worked”, instead of “panels or sponsorship decks or photo ops.”

    “Now? Most AI events here feel hollow. Panels by people who’ve never touched the tech. ‘Thought leadership’ with no practical weight. People pretending to build, or worse, extracting revenue from the hype without caring about the ecosystem,” he wrote.

    Major takeaways

    With the advancement of AI, the startup landscape and software engineering industry has changed massively — it’s now easier for people with non-technical backgrounds to build tech products themselves.

    Out of all of the participants, about half of them were completely new to hackathons, Jiang said.

    Jiang also pointed out that some participants who had learned how to vibe code just a couple weeks ago had placed “pretty high” on the event’s rankings, beating experienced engineers.

    “This is a bit of a hypothesis I have … I feel like people who [have a good] product sense and good taste and know how to position their products are starting to do really well at these hackathons because engineering is a lot easier now,” she said. “We’ve lowered the barrier, but raised the bar.”

    The time to build is far shorter than [before]. I think it’s really much easier for developers or technical people, or even non-technical people to build a prototype, and effectively get to market.

    Richard Lee

    Hackathon participant

    “The time to build is far shorter than [before]. I think it’s really much easier for developers or technical people, or even non-technical people to build a prototype, and effectively get to market,” said hackathon participant Lee.

    Additionally, Lee and Jiang agree that both startup teams and corporate developer teams will likely become smaller now that these AI-assisted coding tools are on the market.

    “It’s improving so fast that if [you] are not using [these tools] it day to day … I think [you’ll] be at a big risk of being eliminated.”

    Richard Lee

    Hackathon participant

    With that said, it’s still very helpful to have some background on software engineering, as this will carry you to the finish line. People will still need to know how to evaluate code in terms of its fundamental logic and understand how to address issues in code, hackathon participant Lee said.

    Ultimately, AI models are improving so quickly that if engineers aren’t upskilling consistently on the tools and staying up to date, they are at risk of becoming redundant, he added.

    Continue Reading

  • Toews DPL, Brelsford A. The biogeography of mitochondrial and nuclear discordance in animals. Mol Ecol. 2012;21:3907–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05664.x.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Després L. One, two or more species? Mitonuclear discordance and species delimitation. Mol Ecol. 2019;28:3845–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15211.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wüster W, Kaiser H, Hoogmoed MS, Ceríaco LMP, Dirksen L, Dufresnes C, et al. How not to describe a species: lessons from a tangle of anacondas (Boidae: Eunectes Wagler, 1830). Zool J Linn Soc. 2024;201:zlae099. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae099.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk DJ, Omland KE. Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2003;34:397–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard JWO, Whitlock MC. The incomplete natural history of mitochondria. Mol Ecol. 2004;13:729–44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02063.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst GD, Jiggins FM. Problems with mitochondrial DNA as a marker in population, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies: the effects of inherited symbionts. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005;272:1525–34. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3056.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards SV, Potter S, Schmitt CJ, Bragg JG, Moritz C. Reticulation, divergence, and the phylogeography–phylogenetics continuum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:8025–32. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601066113.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Andújar C, Arribas P, Ruiz C, Serrano J, Gómez-Zurita J. Integration of conflict into integrative taxonomy: fitting hybridization in species delimitation of Mesocarabus (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Mol Ecol. 2014;23:4344–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12793.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Firneno TJ, O’Neill JR, Itgen MW, Kihneman TA, Townsend JH, Fujita MK. Delimitation despite discordance: evaluating the species limits of a confounding species complex in the face of mitonuclear discordance. Ecol Evol. 2021;11:12739–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8018.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Abalde S, Crocetta F, Tenorio MJ, D’Aniello S, Fassio G, Rodríguez-Flores PC, Uribe JE, Afonso CML, Oliverio M, Zardoya R. Hidden species diversity and mito-nuclear discordance within the mediterranean cone snail, Lautoconus ventricosus. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2023;186:107838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107838.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Duran DP, Laroche RA, Roman SJ, Godwin W, Herrmann DP, Bull E, et al. Species delimitation, discovery and conservation in a tiger beetle species complex despite discordant genetic data. Sci Rep. 2024;14:6617. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56875-9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstens BC, Pelletier TA, Reid NM, Satler JD. How to fail at species delimitation. Mol Ecol. 2013;22:4369–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12413.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Quattrini AM, Wu T, Soong K, Jeng M-S, Benayahu Y, McFadden CS. A next generation approach to species delimitation reveals the role of hybridization in a cryptic species complex of corals. BMC Evol Biol. 2019;19:116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1427-y.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling TE, Secor CL. The role of hybridization and introgression in the diversification of animals. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1997;28:593–619. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.593.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tovar-Sánchez E, Oyama K. Natural hybridization and hybrid zones between Quercus crassifolia and Quercus crassipes (Fagaceae) in Mexico: morphological and molecular evidence. Am J Bot. 2004;91:1352–63. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.9.1352.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Renaud S, Alibert P, Auffray J-C. Modularity as a source of new morphological variation in the mandible of hybrid mice. BMC Evol Biol. 2012;12:141. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-141.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvati K, Ackermann RR. Merging morphological and genetic evidence to assess hybridization in western Eurasian Late Pleistocene hominins. Nat Ecol Evol. 2022;6:1573–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01875-z.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Freitas I, Velo-Antón G, Kaliontzopoulou A, Zuazo Ó, Martínez-Freiría F. Association between genetic admixture and morphological patterns in a hybrid zone between the two Iberian vipers, Vipera aspis and V. latastei. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 2024;2024(3800363). https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3800363.

  • Hewitt GM. Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biol J Linn Soc. 1996;58:247–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/bijl.1996.0035.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt G. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature. 2000;405:907–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/35016000.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • García-París M, Alcobendas M, Buckley D, Wake DB. Dispersal of viviparity across contact zones in Iberian populations of fire salamanders (Salamandra) inferred from discordance of genetic and morphological traits. Evolution. 2003;57:129–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00221.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt T. Molecular biogeography of Europe: Pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Front Zool. 2007;4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-4-11.

  • Bisconti R, Porretta D, Arduino P, Nascetti G, Canestrelli D. Hybridization and extensive mitochondrial introgression among fire salamanders in peninsular Italy. Sci Rep. 2018;8:13187. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31535-x.

  • Dufresnes C, Pribille M, Alard B, Gonçalves H, Amat F, Crochet P-A, Dubey S, Perrin N, Fumagalli L, Vences M, Martínez-Solano I. Integrating hybrid zone analyses in species delimitation: lessons from two anuran radiations of the western Mediterranean. Heredity. 2020;124:423–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41437-020-0294-z.

  • Gómez, A, Lunt, DH. Refugia within refugia: patterns of phylogeographic concordance in the Iberian Peninsula. In: Weiss S, Ferrand N (eds), Phylogeography of southern European refugia. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4904-8_5.

  • Paulo OS, Pinheiro J, Miraldo A, Bruford MW, Jordan WC, Nichols RA. The role of vicariance vs. dispersal in shaping genetic patterns in ocellated lizard species in the western Mediterranean. Mol Ecol. 2008;17:1535–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03706.x.

  • Médail F, Diadema K. Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean basin. J Biogeogr. 2009;36:1333–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02051.x.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa GJ, Nunes VL, Marabuto E, Mendes R, Silva DN, Pons P, Bas JM, Hertach T, Paulo OS, Simões PC. The effect of the Messinian salinity crisis on the early diversification of the Tettigettalna cicadas. Zool Scr. 2023;52:100–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12571.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gvoždík V, Canestrelli D, García-París M, Moravec J, Nascetti G, Recuero E, Teixeira J, Kotlík P. Speciation history and widespread introgression in the European short-call tree frogs (Hyla arborea sensu lato, H. intermedia and H. sarda). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2015;83:143–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.012.

  • Bassitta M, Buades JM, Pérez-Cembranos A, Pérez‐Mellado V, Terrasa B, Brown RP, Navarro P, Lluch J, Ortega J, Castro JA, Picornell A, Ramon C. Multilocus and morphological analysis of south‐eastern Iberian wall lizards (Squamata, Podarcis). Zool Scr. 2020;49:668–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12450.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambu J, Martínez-Solano Í, Suchan T, Hernandez A, Wielstra B, Crochet P-A, et al. Genomic phylogeography illuminates deep cyto-nuclear discordances in midwife toads (Alytes). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2023;183:107783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107783.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson RH, Rakic-El Bied K, Bonaduce G. An important current reversal (influx) in the Rifian corridor (Morocco) at the Tortonian‐Messinian boundary: the end of Tethys Ocean. Paleoceanography. 1991;6:165–92. https://doi.org/10.1029/90PA00756.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa P, Harris DJ, Froufe E, van der Meijden A. Phylogeographic patterns of Buthus scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Maghreb and south-western Europe based on CO1 mtDNA sequences. J Zool. 2012;288:66–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00925.x.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa P. Resilient arthropods: Buthus scorpions as a model to understand the role of past and future climatic changes on Iberian biodiversity. Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidade do Porto (Portugal). 2017. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/106183.

  • Klesser R, Husemann M, Schmitt T, Sousa P, Moussi A, Habel JC. Molecular biogeography of the Mediterranean Buthus species complex (Scorpiones: Buthidae) at its southern Palaearctic margin. Biol J Linn Soc. 2021;133:166–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab014.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Arntzen JW, García-París M. Morphological and allozyme studies of midwife toads (genus Alytes), including the description of two new taxa from Spain. Bijdr Dierkd. 1995;65:5–34. https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06501002.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindler C, de Pous P, Carranza S, Beddek M, Geniez P, Fritz U. Phylogeography of the Ibero-Maghrebian red-eyed grass snake (Natrix astreptophora). Org Divers Evol. 2018;18:143–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0354-2.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantenbein B, Largiadèr CR. The phylogeographic importance of the Strait of Gibraltar as a gene flow barrier in terrestrial arthropods: a case study with the scorpion Buthus occitanus as model organism. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2003;28:119–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00031-9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantenbein B. The genetic population structure of Buthus occitanus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) across the Strait of Gibraltar: calibrating a molecular clock using nuclear allozyme variation. Biol J Linn Soc. 2004;81:519–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00295.x.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantenbein B, Fet V, Gantenbein-Ritter IA, Balloux F. Evidence for recombination in scorpion mitochondrial DNA (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2005;272:697–704. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3017.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel JC, Husemann M, Schmitt T, Zachos FE, Honnen A-C, Petersen B, et al. Microallopatry caused strong diversification in Buthus scorpions (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Atlas Mountains (NW Africa). PLoS One. 2012;7:e29403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029403.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pedroso D, Sousa P, Harris DJ, Van der Meijden A. Phylogeography of Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae): a multigene molecular approach reveals a further complex evolutionary history in the Maghreb. Afr Zool. 2013;48:298–308. https://doi.org/10.3377/004.048.0216.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasco-Aróstegui J, Simone Y, Prendini L. Systematic revision of the European species of Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 2025;476:1–131. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.476.1.1.

  • Sánchez-Piñero F, Urbano-Tenorio F. Watch out for your neighbor: climbing onto shrubs is related to risk of cannibalism in the scorpion Buthus cf. occitanus. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0161747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161747.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Piñero F, Urbano-Tenorio F, Puerta-Rodríguez L. Foraging strategies, prey selection and size- and microhabitat-related diet variation in Buthus montanus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an arid area of SE Spain. J Arachnol. 2025;52:189–98. https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-23-008.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuzet O. Sur La spermatogénèse de Buthus occitanus. Arch Zool Expérimentale Générale. 1938;80:335–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloan DB, Havird JC, Sharbrough J. The on-again, off‐again relationship between mitochondrial genomes and species boundaries. Mol Ecol. 2017;26:2212–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13959.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Teruel R, Turiel C. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Part 5: A new psammophile species from northern Spain, a synonymy and first albinism record in the genus. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 2022;41:15–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ythier E. The southernmost scorpion species in Europe: Buthus gabani sp. n. from Cape St. Vincent, Algarve, Portugal (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Faunitaxys. 2021;9:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ythier E. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in France with description of a new species from the eastern Pyrenees. Faunitaxys. 2021;9:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ythier E, Laborieux L. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in France with description of a new species from the Sainte-Baume Massif. Faunitaxys. 2022;10:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Moliné A, Armas, de LF. Una especie nueva del género Buthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) de la Provincia de Huelva, España. Rev Ibérica Arachnol. 2024;44:75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa P, Froufe E, Alves PC, Harris DJ. Genetic diversity within scorpions of the genus Buthus from the Iberian Peninsula: mitochondrial DNA sequence data indicate additional distinct cryptic lineages. J Arachnol. 2010;38:206–11.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vachon M. Études sur le scorpions. Arch l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie. 1952;1–482.

  • Lourenço WR, Vachon M. Considérations sur le genre Buthus Leach, 1815 en Espagne, et description de deux nouvelles espèces (Scorpiones, Buthidae), Rev. Ibérica Aracnol. 2004;9:81–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourenço WR. Une nouvelle espèce appartenant au genre Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) collectée dans le Parc Naturel de la ‘Serra da Estrela’ au centre du Portugal. Faunitaxys. 2021;9:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi A. Notes on the distribution of the species of the genus Buthus (Leach, 1815) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Europe, with a description of a new species from Spain. Bull Br Arachnol Soc. 2012;15:273–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teruel R, Turiel C. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Part 1: four redescriptions and six new species. Rev Ibérica Arachnol. 2020;37:3–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teruel R, Turiel C. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Part 2: two more redescriptions. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 2021;38:3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teruel R, Turiel C. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Part 3: a new species from central Spain and new records. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 2021;39:3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teruel R, Turiel C. The genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Part 4: a new species from southern Spain. Rev Ibérica Aracnol. 2022;40:19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa P, Arnedo M, Harris DJ. Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). ZooKeys. 2017;686:15–84. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12206.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison WP, Maddison DR. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.81, (2023) http://www.mesquiteproject.org

  • Goloboff PA, Mattoni CI, Quinteros AS. Continuous characters analyzed as such. Cladistics. 2006;22:589–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00122.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang U-W, Kim W. General properties and phylogenetic utilities of nuclear ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA commonly used in molecular systematics. Korean J Parasitol. 1999;37:215. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.215.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryson RW, Riddle BR, Graham MR, Smith BT, Prendini L. As old as the hills: montane scorpions in southwestern North America reveal ancient associations between biotic diversification and landscape history. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e52822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052822.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain S, Loria SF, Ben-Shlomo R, Prendini L, Gefen E. Dated phylogeny and ancestral range estimation of sand scorpions (Buthidae: Buthacus) reveal Early Miocene divergence across land bridges connecting Africa and Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2021;164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107212.

  • Loria SF, Prendini L. Burrowing into the forest: phylogeny of the Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae: Heterometrinae) and the evolution of ecomorphotypes. Cladistics. 2021;37:109–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12434.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Loria SF, Ehrenthal VL, Nguyen AD, Prendini L. Climate relicts: Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae survived Miocene aridification in caves of the Annamite Mountains. Insect Syst Divers. 2022;3:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac028.

  • Katoh K. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002;30:3059–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:772–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K, Toh H. Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Brief Bioinform. 2008;9:286–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaidya G, Lohman DJ, Meier R. SequenceMatrix: concatenation software for the fast assembly of multi-gene datasets with character set and codon information. Cladistics. 2011;27:171–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00329.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S. MEGA11. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol. Biol Evol. 2021;38:3022–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Minh BQ, Schmidt HA, Chernomor O, Schrempf D, Woodhams MD, Von Haeseler A, et al. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol Biol Evol. 2020;37:1530–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa015.

  • Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics. 2003;19:1572–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180.

  • Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna S, et al. MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol. 2012;61:539–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchini G, Sánchez-Baracaldo P. TreeViewer: flexible, modular software to visualise and manipulate phylogenetic trees. Ecol Evol. 2024;14:e10873. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10873.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TKF, Von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods. 2017;14:587–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huelsenbeck JP. Bayesian phylogenetic model selection using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. Mol Biol Evol. 2004;21:1123–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msh123.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis PO. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Syst Biol. 2001;50:913–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462876.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nixon KC, Carpenter JM. On simultaneous analysis. Cladistics. 1996;12:221–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1996.tb00010.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prendini L, Crowe TM, Wheeler WC. Systematics and biogeography of the family Scorpionidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones), with a discussion on phylogenetic methods. Invertebr Syst. 2003;17:185. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS02016.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • De Sá RO, Grant T, Camargo A, Heyer WR, Ponssa ML, Stanley E. Systematics of the Neotropical genus Leptodactylus fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): phylogeny, the relevance of non-molecular evidence, and species accounts. South Am J Herpetol. 2014;S100. https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00022.1.

  • Wilson JD, Raven RJ, Schmidt DJ, Hughes JM, Rix MG. Total-evidence analysis of an undescribed fauna: resolving the evolution and classification of Australia’s golden trapdoor spiders (Idiopidae: Arbanitinae: Euoplini). Cladistics. 2020;36:543–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12415.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain S, Gefen E, Prendini L. Systematic revision of the sand scorpions, genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 (Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837) of the Levant, with redescription of Buthacus arenicola (Simon, 1885) from Algeria and Tunisia. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 2021;450(1):1–136. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.450.1.1.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Minh BQ, Nguyen MAT, Von Haeseler A. Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:1188–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoang DT, Chernomor O, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ, Vinh LS. UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35:518–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankoff D, Abel Y, Hein J. A tree, a window, a hill; generalization of nearest-neighbor interchange in phylogenetic optimization. J Classif. 1994;11:209–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01195680.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guindon S, Dufayard J-F, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O. New algorithms and methods to estimate Maximum-Likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010;59:307–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huson DH, Bryant D. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol. 2006;23:254–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj030.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huson DH, Bryant D. The SplitsTree app: interactive analysis and visualization using phylogenetic trees and networks. Nat Methods. 2024;21:1773–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-024-02406-3.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Abhari N, Colijn C, Wu Y. A fast and scalable method for inferring phylogenetic networks from trees by aligning lineage taxon strings. Genome Res. 2023;33:1053–60. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.277669.123.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Cetinkaya B, Huson DH. PhyloFusion—fast and easy fusion of rooted phylogenetic trees into rooted phylogenetic networks. Syst Biol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaf049.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Venables WN, Ripley BD. Modern applied statistics with S. 4th ed. Springer, New York; 2002.

    Book 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn M. Building predictive models in R using the caret package. J Stat Softw. 2008;28:1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v028.i05.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Raxworthy CJ, Ingram CM, Rabibisoa N, Pearson RG. Applications of ecological niche modeling for species delimitation: a review and empirical evaluation using day geckos (Phelsuma) from Madagascar. Syst Biol. 2007;56:907–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701775111.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman A, Allen J, Brim J, Codella A, Hahn B, Jojo H, BondocGawa Mafla-Mills S, Bondoc Mafla ST, Oduro A, Wilson M, Ware, J. Utilization of community science data to explore habitat suitability of basal termite genera. Insect Syst Divers. 2022;6:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac019.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fick SE, Hijmans RJ. Worldclim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol. 2017;37:4302–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moo-Llanes DA, López-Ordóñez T, Torres-Monzón JA, Mosso-González C, Casas-Martínez M, Samy AM. Assessing the potential distributions of the invasive mosquito vector Aedes albopictus and its natural Wolbachia infections in México. Insects. 2021;12:143. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12020143.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prendini L. Substratum specialization and speciation in southern African scorpions: the Effect Hypothesis revisited. In: Fet V, Seiden P, editors. Scorpions 2001. In Memoriam Gary A. Polis.: British Arachnological Society, Burnham Beeches, UK; 2001. p. 113–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hengl T, Mendes de Jesus J, Heuvelink GBM, Ruiperez Gonzalez M, Kilibarda M, Blagotićć A, et al. SoilGrids250m: global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0169748. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169748.

  • Brun P, Zimmermann NE, Hari C, Pellissier L, Karger DN. Global climate-related predictors at kilometer resolution for the past and future. Earth Syst Sci Data. 2022;14:5573–603. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5573-2022.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol Modell. 2006;190:231–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Calatayud-Mascarell A, Alonso-Alonso P, Boratyński Z, Dippenaar-Schoeman A, Pabijan M, Salgado-Irazabal X. Hidden among the prickles: new records and updated distribution of Tmarus longicaudatus Millot, 1942 (Araneae: Thomis­idae). Arachnology. 2022;19:1–6. https://doi.org/10.13156/arac.2022.19.1.1.

  • Sánchez‐Vialas A, Calatayud‐Mascarell A, Recuero E, Ruiz JL, García‐París M. Predictions based on phylogeography and climatic niche modelling depict an uncertain future scenario for giant blister beetles (Berberomeloe, Meloidae) facing intensive greenhouse expansion and global warming. Insect Conserv Divers. 2023;16:801–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12671.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson AT, Soberón J, Pearson RG, Anderson RP, Martínez-Meyer E, Nakamura M, Araújo MB. Ecological niches and geographic distributions. Princeton University Press, Princeton; 2011.

  • Phillips S. A brief tutorial on Maxent. Lessons Conserv. 2010;3:108–35. https://doi.org/10.5531/cbc.linc.3.1.6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Searcy CA, Shaffer HB. Do ecological niche models accurately identify climatic determinants of species ranges? Am Nat. 2016;187:423–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/685387.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright K, Wright A. corrgram: plot a correlogram. Version 1.8 [R package], (2018) https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/corrgram/i.

  • Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchmann C, Carl G, Carré G, et al. Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography. 2013;36:27–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell FE. Regression modeling strategies: With applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis, 2nd ed., Springer International Publishing, Cham. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19425-7

  • Polidori C, García-Gila J, Blasco-Aróstegui J, Gil-Tapetado D. Urban areas are favouring the spread of an alien mud-dauber wasp into climatically non-optimal latitudes. Acta Oecol. 2021;110:103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2020.103678.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez SR, Gil-Tapetado D, García‐Gila J, Blasco‐Aróstegui J, Polidori C. The leaf beetle Labidostomis lusitanica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as an Iberian pistachio pest: projecting risky areas. Pest Manag Sci. 2022;78:217–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6624.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oksanen J, Simpson GL, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, et al. vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.6–10; 2022. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan.

  • Goodman A, Esposito L. Niche partitioning in congeneric scorpions. Invertebr Biol. 2020;139:e12280. https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12280.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren DL, Matzke NJ, Cardillo M, Baumgartner JB, Beaumont LJ, Turelli M, et al. ENMtools 1.0: an R package for comparative ecological biogeography. Ecography. 2021;44:504–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05485.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooten JA, Gibbs HL. Niche divergence and lineage diversification among closely related Sistrurus rattlesnakes. J Evol Biol. 2012;25:317–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02426.x.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Vaart AW. Asymptotic statistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.; 1998. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511802256

  • Warren DL, Glor RE, Turelli M. Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution. 2008;62:2868–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00482.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Barahoei H, Prendini L, Navidpour S, Tahir HM, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, et al. Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau. Zool J Linn Soc. 2022;195:355–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiri M, Prendini L, Hussen FS, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, Mirshamsi O. Integrative systematics of the widespread Middle Eastern buthid scorpion, Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880), reveals a new species in Iran. Arthropod Syst Phylogeny. 2024;82:323–41. https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.82.e98662.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergsten J. A review of long-branch attraction. Cladistics. 2005;21:163–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00059.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Zhu T. Bayesian selection of misspecified models is overconfident and may cause spurious posterior probabilities for phylogenetic trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:1854–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712673115.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Douady CJ, Delsuc F, Boucher Y, Doolittle WF, Douzery EJP. Comparison of Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap measures of phylogenetic reliability. Mol Biol Evol. 2003;20:248–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msg042.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Erixon P, Svennblad B, Britton T, Oxelman B. Reliability of Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap frequencies in phylogenetics. Syst Biol. 2003;52:665–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235485.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DE. Phylogeographic breaks without geographic barriers to gene flow. Evolution. 2002;56:2383–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00164.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Avise JC. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution. Springer, New York; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantenbein B, Largiadèr CR. Mesobuthus gibbosus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) on the island of Rhodes — hybridization between Ulysses’ stowaways and native scorpions? Mol Ecol. 2002;11:925–38. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01494.x.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunerth HD, Tapisso JT, Valente R, Mathias MdaL, Alves PC, Searle JB, et al. Characterising mitochondrial capture in an Iberian shrew. Genes. 2022;13:2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13122228.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Due D, Polis GA. The biology of Vaejovis littoralis Williams, an intertidal scor­pion from Baja California, Mexico. J Zool. 1985;207:563–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04952.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starrett J, Hedin M. Multilocus genealogies reveal multiple cryptic species and biogeographical complexity in the California turret spider Antrodiaetus riversi (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae). Mol Ecol. 2007;16:583–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03164.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaltsas D, Mylonas M. Locomotory activity and orientation of Mesobuthus gibbosus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in central Aegean Archipelago. J Nat Hist. 2010;44:1445–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931003632732.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedin M, Starrett J, Hayashi C. Crossing the uncrossable: novel trans-valley biogeographic patterns revealed in the genetic history of low-dispersal mygalomorph spiders (Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus) from California. Mol Ecol. 2013;22:508–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12130.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill GE, Johnson JD. The mitonuclear compatibility hypothesis of sexual selection. Proc Biol Sci. 2013;280:20131314. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1314.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Avise J, Shapira J, Daniel S, Aquadro C, Lansman R. Mitochondrial DNA differentiation during the speciation process in Peromyscus. Mol Biol Evol. 1984. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040301.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamilo P, Nei M. Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1988;5:568–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040517.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddison WP, Knowles LL. Inferring phylogeny despite incomplete lineage sorting. Syst Biol. 2006;55:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500354928.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mas-Peinado P, García-París M, Ruiz JL, Buckley D. The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia). Zool J Linn Soc. 2022;195:1147–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab088.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz P. Mother species–father species: unidirectional hybridization in animals with female choice. Anim Behav. 1999;58:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1144.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Polis GA. The biology of scorpions. Stanford University, Stanford, CA; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLean CJ, Garwood RJ, Brassey CA. Sexual dimorphism in the arachnid orders. PeerJ. 2018;6:e5751. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5751.

  • Sullivan JP, Lavoué S, Arnegard ME, Hopkins CD. AFLPs resolve phylogeny and reveal mitochondrial introgression within a species flock of African electric fish (Mormyroidea: Teleostei). Evolution. 2004;58:825–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00415.x.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Papakostas S, Michaloudi E, Proios K, Brehm M, Verhage L, Rota J, et al. Integrative taxonomy recognizes evolutionary units despite widespread mitonuclear discordance: evidence from a rotifer cryptic species complex. Syst Biol. 2016;65:508–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw016.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahon D, Trompette R. Origin of siltstones: glacial grinding versus weathering. Sedimentology. 1982;29:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb01706.x.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrba ES. Evolution, species and fossils: how does life evolve? S Afr J Sci. 1980;76:61–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raszick TJ, Song H. The ecotype paradigm: testing the concept in an ecologically divergent grasshopper. Insect Syst Evol. 2016;47:363–87. https://doi.org/10.1163/1876312X-47032147.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Hernández VS, Villegas-Guzmán GA, Casasola-González JA, Vargas-Mendoza CF. Altitudinal distribution of alpha, beta, and gamma diversity of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Acta Oecol. 2020;103:103525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2020.103525.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasco-Aróstegui J, Prendini L. Glacial relicts? A new scorpion from Mount Olympus, Greece (Euscorpiidae: Euscorpius). Am Mus Novit. 2023;4003:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1206/4003.1

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobo JM, Martín-Piera F. Searching for a predictive model for species richness of Iberian dung beetle based on spatial and environmental variables. Conserv Biol. 2002;16:158–73. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00211.x.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Soberón J, Arroyo-Peña B. Are fundamental niches larger than the realized? Testing a 50-year-old prediction by Hutchinson. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0175138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175138.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Multigner LF, Gil-Tapetado D, Nieves-Aldrey JL, Gómez JF. The paths of the galls: differences in the ecology and distribution of two European oak gall wasps Andricus dentimitratus and Andricus pictus. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 2022;2022:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8488412.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

Continue Reading

  • Clyde & Co appoints Yvonne Lam as Partner : Clyde & Co

    Clyde & Co appoints Yvonne Lam as Partner : Clyde & Co

    Sydney, 23 October 2025: Partner appointment will further bolster the firm’s corporate insurance and regulatory offering in the Asia Pacific region.



    Clyde & Co appoints Yvonne Lam as Partner

    Global law firm Clyde & Co today announces the appointment of Yvonne Lam as partner. She re-joins the firm from Gilchrist Connell, where she was a Principal and the Head of Corporate Insurance & Insurtech, after previously spending over a decade specialising in advising on corporate insurance and regulatory matters at Clyde & Co in Australia.

    Yvonne will further grow the firm’s corporate insurance offering in the Asia Pacific region, with a focus on handling transactional, regulatory and commercial advisory matters for clients in the rapidly evolving insurance risk and regulatory environment across Australia and Singapore.

    In-depth Corporate Insurance and Regulatory Expertise

    Yvonne brings extensive experience in corporate insurance and regulatory matters and has advised clients on matters in the Australian insurance industry, including the Financial Services Royal Commission hearings and significant transactions arising from global mergers and acquisitions, corporate restructures and expansions into the Australian market. She acts for insurers and reinsurers, underwriting agents, insurance brokers and next-generation insurtech clients and fintech ventures in the Asia Pacific region.

    She has been a finalist for the Lawyers Weekly New Partner of the Year Awards (Big Law, 2025), Women in Law Awards for Partner of the Year (Big Law, 2024) and Special Counsel of the Year (2021) and the Lawyers Weekly 30 Under 30 Awards for Commercial Law (2018). She is the Asian Australian Lawyers Association NSW Branch President for 2025 and has been recognised as a finalist in the Legal & Professionals category of the Asian Australian Leadership Awards in 2024.

    Rebecca Kelly, Australia Managing Partner, Brisbane, said: “I’m delighted to welcome Yvonne back to the firm. Her return marks an exciting step for the firm in the continued growth of our corporate insurance and regulatory practice across Australia and the broader Asia Pacific region. With our enhanced capabilities, we are strongly positioned to support our clients in managing risk, responding to regulatory change, and navigating the complexities of today’s corporate landscape. Our clients rely on us for clear, commercially focused advice, and this appointment ensures we continue to deliver with confidence and clarity.”

    Gareth Horne, Head of Insurance, Australia, Sydney, said: “This growth will allow us to seize the opportunities arising from the rapidly changing regulatory environment, where we see strong client demand for help with navigating the evolving risk landscape.” 

    Yvonne Lam said: “I am pleased to return to Clyde & Co and draw on the firm’s global platform and international reach particularly for my clients in the Asia Pacific region, who operate across multiple jurisdictions and in complex regulatory environments.”

    Growing Corporate Insurance and Regulatory Offering

    The appointment further strengthens Clyde & Co’s regional transactional, corporate and regulatory capabilities servicing insurance clients across Australia and the wider Asia Pacific region. 

    Clyde & Co’s global insurance practice of 2,400 lawyers in over 70 offices around the world handles matters across all lines of insurance business, helping the insurance market navigate risk.

    Continue Reading

  • Drugs That Lower Cholesterol May Also Reduce Dementia Risk, Says Huge New Study : ScienceAlert

    Drugs That Lower Cholesterol May Also Reduce Dementia Risk, Says Huge New Study : ScienceAlert

    Reducing cholesterol levels might not just be good for your heart; they might also be effective at reducing your risk of dementia, according to a comprehensive meta-analysis involving close to a million participants.

    The results imply that…

    Continue Reading

  • AIIMS-Harvard trained expert reveals 3 unexpected drinks that may fight cancer and boost immunity |

    AIIMS-Harvard trained expert reveals 3 unexpected drinks that may fight cancer and boost immunity |

    Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide and remains the second-leading cause of death. Despite major progress in medical treatments, early detection, and preventive care, it continues to be a serious global health concern. Experts…

    Continue Reading

  • Xi Focus: Mastering China’s long game

    BEIJING, Oct. 21 — In 1985, the eastern Chinese city of Xiamen was a study in contrasts.

    A newly designated Special Economic Zone, it buzzed with the anxious energy of a nation just cracking…

    Continue Reading

  • Effect of three plant extracts on germination, vigour index and fungal infections of six soybean varieties (Glycine max L.) cultivated in Cameroon | BMC Plant Biology

    Effect of three plant extracts on germination, vigour index and fungal infections of six soybean varieties (Glycine max L.) cultivated in Cameroon | BMC Plant Biology

  • Regasa GH. A review on the economic Importance, epidemiology and management practices of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Int J Curr Res Acad Rev. 2021;9(9):26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Pizá MC, Prevosto…

  • Continue Reading

  • Tesla profits slide despite record revenue

    Tesla profits slide despite record revenue

    Tesla has seen its profits slide even as it reported record quarterly revenue after US buyers rushed to secure a key tax credit on electric car purchases before it ended last month.

    The firm said revenue for the three months to the end of September hit a record $28bn (£21bn), up 12% from the same time last year.

    But the company’s profits dropped by 37% for the same period, partly due to extra costs linked to tariffs and research.

    The results come ahead of a vote by shareholders in November on a new pay package for chief executive Elon Musk that could be worth as much as $1tn.

    Tesla shares were down by around 3.8% in extended trading after the results were announced.

    The company’s roughly $1.4tn stock market valuation has been driven in recent months by investor confidence that Musk can deliver on his ambitions to transform Tesla into a global leader in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics.

    But sales of vehicles currently remain its main source of income while those new products are being developed.

    Like other car makers around the world, Tesla is facing tough competition from Chinese rivals such as BYD.

    Tesla reversed a streak of declining quarterly sales as American buyers rushed to claim federal tax credits of up to $7,500 before they expired at the end of September. But rivals like Ford and Hyundai posted even stronger US sales growth during the same period.

    During the quarter, Tesla rolled out a six-seat version of its best-selling Model Y vehicle, which saw particular success in China.

    It also offered incentives to entice buyers like five-year interest-free loans and insurance subsidies.

    Tesla is also grappling with the levies imposed on imports of car parts and raw materials by US President Donald Trump.

    In a call with investors on Wednesday, Tesla’s finance chief Vaibhav Taneja said tariffs cost the firm more than $400m in the last quarter.

    Higher expenses linked to research and development, particularly in its AI initiatives, also weighed on Tesla’s profits.

    Mr Taneja said he expected that kind of spending to continue to rise.

    In October, Tesla unveiled cheaper models of two of its best-selling cars in the US, in a bid to lift sales as federal incentives expire.

    The company rolled out new versions of its Model Y and Model 3 cars, which are priced at about $5,000 less than earlier versions.

    Still, Tesla’s shares fell as investors were underwhelmed by the new cars.

    The company has been criticised for being slow in offering more affordable cars, often seen as a reason that it has lost ground to competitors.

    Continue Reading

  • Midlife metabolism reset plan: 5 wellness tips to reignite your inner fire without extreme diets or supplements

    Midlife metabolism reset plan: 5 wellness tips to reignite your inner fire without extreme diets or supplements

    5 Natural Ways to Reset Your Midlife Metabolism for Vitality and Energy (Image: iStock)

    If you notice creeping fatigue, stubborn weight, brain fog and mood swings in your midlife, it is a nudge that you are not alone as many people face this…

    Continue Reading

  • PacificLight Appoints a Consortium of Mitsubishi Power and Jurong Engineering Limited to build 670 MW CCGT Power Plant in Singapore

    PacificLight Appoints a Consortium of Mitsubishi Power and Jurong Engineering Limited to build 670 MW CCGT Power Plant in Singapore

    From left (seated): Daichi Nakajima, EVP, Mitsubishi Power, Yu Tat Ming, CEO, PacificLight Power, Koichi Watanabe, CEO and MD, Jurong Engineering Limited at the EPC contract signing.

    Singapore, October 23, 2025 – A consortium comprising Mitsubishi Power, a power solutions brand of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) and Jurong Engineering Limited (JEL) has been awarded an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) contract by PacificLight Power Pte. Ltd. (PLP) to develop the largest, high efficient combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) facility in Singapore. The power plant will be the first CCGT unit in Singapore integrated with a large-scale battery energy storage system (BESS), enabling dynamic energy management to align electricity supply with grid demand.

    Located on Jurong Island, Singapore, the 670MW facility, capable of powering more than 965,000 four-room flats, is scheduled to begin operations in 2029. It will have the ability to operate on 30% hydrogen and will be capable of shifting to run entirely on hydrogen in future.

    The new CCGT power plant will deploy Mitsubishi Power’s state-of-the-art M701JAC gas turbine with hydrogen co-firing potential, as the power sector works towards net zero carbon emissions. This gas turbine is recognized as the world’s most efficient large-frame gas turbines, with more than 64% combined cycle efficiency and proven reliability through three million operational hours.

    Yu Tat Ming, CEO of PLP said, “This project represents a significant leap forward in PacificLight’s decarbonization journey and our commitment to powering Singapore with cleaner, more resilient energy. By investing in large-scale energy storage and hydrogen-ready technology, we are future-proofing our infrastructure to meet future energy demands. We are proud to partner Mitsubishi Power and Jurong Engineering in advancing Singapore’s sustainable future for generations to come.”

    Daichi Nakajima, Executive Vice President, Mitsubishi Power, said, “Mitsubishi Power is honored to partner JEL to build PLP’s monumental project that would support Singapore’s growing electricity needs and broader energy transition goals. Our hydrogen-ready gas turbines, along with the innovative integration of BESS, contribute to future-proof infrastructure crucial to Singapore’s decarbonization goals. We are committed to working alongside our partners to support this large-scale development that is making history in Singapore’s energy sector.”

    Koichi Watanabe, CEO and MD of JEL, added, “The development of the CCGT plant marks an important step in advancing the nation’s cleaner energy goals. Drawing on our proven experience in large-scale EPC projects along with Mitsubishi Power’s track record in highly efficient gas turbines, this collaboration reflects a strong synergy and shared commitment to delivering this large-scale facility to the highest standards. In support of PLP, we look forward to helping to enhance the resilience and flexibility of Singapore’s power systems.”

    PLP currently owns and operates an 830MW CCGT facility and a 100MW Fast Start Ancillary Services facility on Jurong Island. The 830MW CCGT facility is one of the most efficient and reliable combined cycle power plants currently operating in Singapore.

    Mitsubishi Power has maintained a longstanding presence in Singapore, supporting the nation’s energy infrastructure by providing advanced power generation systems for CCGT power plants since the early 2000s. Together with JEL, the consortium will have delivered two M701F gas turbines and a total of three M701JAC gas turbines, including those supplied for this latest project. This strong track record and proven collaboration in Singapore have been key contributors to securing the current contract.

    The PLP CCGT project is a key step in advancing the nation’s goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2050 and reflects a combined commitment by PLP, Mitsubishi Power and JEL to accelerate Singapore’s transition toward net-zero.

    Continue Reading