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Executive Summary

Private credit, especially direct lending, has experienced rapid growth and transformation in recent years. As the asset class becomes a mainstream allocation, investors are shifting their attention to optimizing portfolio construction, risk management, and value creation. At the same time, rising interest rates and market volatility have further broadened the appeal of direct lending, attracting a diverse investor base ranging from individuals to large capital allocators and sophisticated issuers.

Amidst this growth and precarious backdrop, market participants will need to continue to refine their approach to underwriting and portfolio construction. Disciplined risk management and thoughtful diversification are essential for navigating today’s evolving landscape. Managers must maintain vigilance in underwriting, employing dynamic, bottom-up due diligence that evolves as markets shift. Specifically, managers need a strong understanding of complex geopolitical developments (such as tariff and trade policy) and new transformative technologies (such as Generative AI) to anticipate and avoid credit mistakes. In addition, a disciplined, top-down approach to portfolio construction remains just as crucial. Diversification across industries and issuers and limiting exposure to sectors prone to cycles or regulatory risk helps reduce overall portfolio risk.

An often-overlooked consideration is the importance of structure in direct lending transactions. Given current market dynamics, maintaining a risk-first mindset is essential, and thoughtful structuring can be a powerful driver of value in direct lending. Features such as faster capital calls, more efficient deployment, and potentially lower fees can enhance net returns while reinforcing the robust risk management highlighted above.

Investor Challenges with Traditional Drawdown Structures

Historically, direct lending was only offered via traditional drawdown structures. However, the rise of business development companies and other liquid vehicles in recent years has provided credit investors with additional options. While each of these structures has pros and cons, we believe a hybrid solution, the Institutional Open-Ended Structure, can provide investors with the best of both worlds.

Key Considerations for Investors When Evaluating Direct Lending Structures:

• Familiarity:
  
  For investors accustomed to traditional drawdown structures, vehicles with defined investment and harvest periods offer a familiar experience.
• Simplicity:
  
  A well-designed structure can provide pure-play direct lending exposure. This approach avoids accelerated liquidity options (reducing cash drag), gates, and the need to hold liquid, non-direct lending investments.
• Optionality:
  
  Investors should be able to retain control over key decisions, including: (i) whether to receive distributions or recycle income, and (ii) whether to remain invested or begin harvesting exposures. Each investor’s choices should operate independently without affecting others.

Addressing the Challenges Investors Face with Traditional Closed-End Structures

Challenge 1: Slower deployment and the J-Curve

In traditional drawdown structures, capital is called in a pro-rata fashion, whether it was committed months ago or the day before the final close. As a result, it can often take an investor 3-4 years to reach specific deployment targets. While this has been the industry standard for locked-up capital, many investors today are looking for faster ways to put capital to work to generate income and manage asset allocation targets.

• Potential Solution:
  
  We believe it is preferable to use a structure where capital is called from next quarter’s tranche only after the previous quarter’s tranche is fully called. By calling capital in this fashion, investors who committed earlier get their capital called first and deployed faster. Importantly, new investors enter the existing portfolio at the latest quarterly NAV and avoid blind pool risk by underwriting an existing portfolio during their diligence process.

EXHIBIT 1: Visual Representation of Tranche and Queue System

Apple is set to report its first quarterly earnings since the release of its new lineup of iPhones on Thursday. After the company hit a $4tn market value this week for the first time, analysts are expecting it to demonstrate steady financial growth and a strong bottom line despite slow progress on artificial intelligence.

The slate of new iPhones, in particular the iPhone 17 and 17 Pro, have reinvigorated demand for Apple’s products, especially in China, where sales had been lagging behind projections. Demand for the ultra-thin iPhone Air remains the subject of speculation, with some analysts saying that the company has lowered production of the device and others asserting it has not.

Wall Street is anticipating Apple to report $102bn in revenue and earnings of $2.53 per share for the fourth quarter of 2025, according to analyst group LSEG.

John Belton, a portfolio manager at Gabelli Funds, said the positive estimates are due to increasing iPhone sales along with a price increase with the device’s newest model. “The most bullish data point coming out of Apple’s last earnings report was the iPhone revenue number,” Belton said. “The double-digit growth represented the best iPhone growth in at least three years.”

The strong iPhone revenue comes even as Apple has lagged behind other tech companies in releasing artificial intelligence products. The company has yet to fully roll out an AI product to compete with companies like Meta, Google and Microsoft. Apple has also struggled with the up-and-down tariffs that Donald Trump has levied on China and India, where the vast majority of the company’s manufacturing takes place.

Nevertheless, Apple’s stock has risen over the past few weeks, inflating the company’s market cap, one of only three companies worldwide worth more than $4tn. Both Nvidia and Microsoft have also hit that milestone.

Apple’s share price has increased by more than 50% since a low point in April, which analysts credit to the debut of its latest products. Along with the iPhone 17, the company also launched new AirPod earbuds with live translation tools and upgrades to its Apple Watch lineup.

Apple is reporting earnings this week, along with other top tech behemoths, including Microsoft, Meta, Amazon and Alphabet, as the wider US stock market hits record highs. Microsoft and Alphabet posted strong results Wednesday, while Meta’s were more mixed, leading to a slump in share price.

By Scott DiSavino

NEW YORK (Reuters) – Oil prices held steady on Thursday as investors assessed a potential trade truce between the United States and China after U.S. President Donald Trump lowered tariffs on China following a meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping in South Korea. Brent futures rose 8 cents, or 0.1%, to settle at $65.00 a barrel, while U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude rose 9 cents, or 0.1%, to settle at $60.57. Trump agreed to reduce tariffs on China to 47% from 57% in a one-year deal in exchange for Beijing resuming U.S. soybean purchases, keeping rare earths exports flowing and cracking down on the illicit fentanyl trade. PVM analyst Tamas Varga said investors see the announced agreement between China and the U.S. as more of a de-escalation of tension than a structural change in the relationship.

Oil majors Shell and TotalEnergies posted quarterly profit falls of 10% and 2% respectively on Thursday, dragged down by lower oil prices, though Shell beat expectations, helped by better trading results in its huge gas division. FED RATE CUT LIFTS ECONOMIC OUTLOOK Also helping to boost the economic outlook, the U.S. Federal Reserve lowered interest rates on Wednesday, in line with market expectations. However, it signalled that it might be the last cut of the year as the ongoing government shutdown threatens data availability. Lower interest rates reduce consumer borrowing costs and could boost economic growth and oil demand. “The Fed’s decision underscores a broader turn in its policy cycle – one that favours gradual reflation and support over restraint, providing a tailwind to commodities sensitive to economic activity,” Rystad Energy’s chief economist Claudio Galimberti said in a note. In Europe and Asia, meanwhile, the European Central Bank and the Bank of Japan kept interest rates unchanged. The euro zone economy grew a touch more quickly than expected in the third quarter, lifted by buoyant growth in France and Spain that more than offset faltering exports and persistent struggles in Germany’s oversized industrial sector. In Germany, however, gross domestic product stagnated in the third quarter, data showed on Thursday, highlighting the struggle Europe’s biggest economy faces in regaining momentum as exports dwindle. OVERSUPPLY CONCERNS Both crude benchmarks were on track to decline by around 3% in October, which would be their third consecutive month of losses following concerns about oversupply. In the U.S., crude output hit a weekly record high of around 13.6 million barrels per day (bpd) last week. Investors said they were looking ahead to an OPEC+ meeting scheduled for November 2, where the alliance will likely announce another 137,000 bpd supply hike for December. OPEC+ includes the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and allies like Russia. In a series of monthly increases, eight OPEC+ members had boosted output targets by a total of more than 2.7 million bpd – or about 2.5% of global supply. In Saudi Arabia, the world’s top oil exporter, the budget deficit widened to 88.5 billion riyals ($23.60 billion) in the third quarter, a 160% rise from the previous quarter as spending increased and revenues fell, the finance ministry said on Thursday.

($1 = 3.7504 riyals)

(Reporting by Scott DiSavino in New York, Enes Tunagur in London, Mohi Narayan in New Delhi and Colleen Howe in Beijing; Editing by Edwina Gibbs, Jamie Freed, Bernadette Baum, Jane Merriman, Joe Bavier and Diane Craft)