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While developments in the electric motorcycle space would not normally catch our eye, we were intrigued by Zapp EV’s press release announcing a new factory because of the company’s production strategy: a “microfactory” in a Bangkok Free Trade Zone industrial park. Zapp plans to create 20,000 made-to-order and personalized units per year in a 12,000-square-foot (1,100-square-meter) space. A typical motorcycle factory’s footprint is often an order of magnitude larger, with major facilities often at least 500,000 square feet. While Zapp faces its own set of challenges and the company’s success is uncertain, its progress raises a broader question: Are we in a back to local moment, with new automation allowing for much smaller factories making more bespoke products?

New technologies are enabling smaller-scale and more customized production. With high levels of automation, factories can be profitable at a much smaller scale and can be located much closer to the customer than previously feasible. While not all early ventures will succeed, second movers may find greater success. A growing number of microfactories show us that the concept is increasingly viable even if further refinement is necessary.

Companies across a wide swath of industries have opened microfactories, including:

• Food and beverage (Relocalize)
  • 1,200-square-foot autonomous units to make and package ice for grocery stores, with plans to expand to beverages
  • Value proposition: reduced logistics cost and sustainability
• Apparel (Rodinia Generation):
  • 2,150-square-foot highly automated microfactory capable of producing around 80% of all clothing categories
  • Value proposition: 48-hour turnaround, mitigation of global trade risks and costs, and enhanced sustainability
• Semiconductors (Nanotronics Cubefabs):
  • Facilities as small as 25,000 square feet with a capital requirement starting around $30 million
  • Value proposition: resiliency (countries or OEMs could own their own fabs) and scalable modular design
• Motorcycles (Zapp EV):
  • 12,000-square-foot facilities producing around 20,000 vehicles annually
  • Value proposition: customization, direct-to-consumer delivery, and premium quality
  • (Note: Not yet profitable; a similar effort in EV vans by Arrival folded despite early hype.)

Why now?

Significant shifts in technology and society suggest microfactories’ moment may be near. Four factors in particular help set the stage:

• Manufacturing technology: We’ve seen a shift from large, capital-intensive automation technologies toward more flexible automation. Emerging tools such as AI-driven robotics (and potentially 3D printing) lower scale thresholds significantly, and they’re rapidly improving in quality and declining in cost.
• Sales and marketing approaches: Precision online advertising and AI-enabled customization help companies target niche segments and build personalized ads for personalized products.
• Unmet consumer needs: Microfactories may better serve demand for localization, personalization, and speed. Experiences that were formerly only for the wealthy—such as tailored clothing or food prepared based on a custom nutrition plan—may become more affordable. Even the smallest customer segments, which are stuck with one-size-fits-all offerings today, could become commercially viable with a specialized offering.
• Regulatory pressure: Rising protectionism (tariffs, subsidies, and an array of nontariff barriers) and sustainability mandates all make logistics more costly and favor local production.

How could a back to local moment play out?

The US beer industry offers a parallel transformation—from dominance by macro breweries to a surge of craft breweries. While craft brewing has now become a mature industry, even suffering some recent declines, it is still a remarkable insurgent story over the last 20 years. From 1998 to 2008, the number of breweries held steady at around 1,500. Since then, 8,500 new breweries have launched, giving consumers greater choice and more local variety (see Figure 1). Craft beer’s market share grew from less than 3% in 1998 to 13% by 2024. The same forces that could drive microfactory expansion drove this growth:

• Manufacturing technology: more affordable and automated brewing equipment
• Sales and marketing approaches: Internet-enabled brand building and localized targeting
• Unmet consumer needs: flavor variety, “buy local” preferences, and new experiences (e.g., brewpubs)
• Regulatory pressure: legalization of homebrewing in 1979 and the subsequent deregulation at the state level

Widespread, cost-competitive, and highly localized production has the potential to reshape numerous industries. Imagine custom-fit clothing priced for the middle class, mainstream cars with the personalization of a gaming PC, or even individually designed protein bars. While many of these products are luxuries currently reserved for the wealthy, emerging technologies may soon make them accessible to a much broader market.

These technological shifts are arriving alongside broader systemic changes that favor decentralization. As pressure mounts on the global free-trade system, markets are fragmenting. Capital-heavy business models may face headwinds as an era marked by cheap and abundant financing comes to an end. In contrast, smaller, modular manufacturing setups offer greater agility. Companies will be able to move with talent pools, respond to local demand, and avoid trade barriers. That strategy stands in contrast to one of anchoring to a single, large location that requires a material portion of global demand to be profitable.

What industries are at greater risk of disruption?

Microfactories could reshape manufacturing footprints in many industries, but that does not necessarily equate to high risks for incumbents. Some incumbents may successfully adapt and even thrive as they embrace the ability to provide more personalization and local production under existing brand umbrellas. Others may cede share to agile new entrants, as seen in the craft beer industry. The way in which customers value brand recognition will be one key factor in the risk level to incumbents.

• Bragging rights from universal recognition: Brands that enjoy broad recognition combined with some level of exclusivity will be more likely to emerge strong from this transition (i.e., brands that consumers want everyone to know they’re buying).
• Few bragging rights or bragging rights from niche appeal: Industries in which brands may be widely recognized but lack prestige, or where brand value comes from limited recognition (e.g., that small-batch beer only a few beer connoisseurs know about).

What business leaders should be asking today:

• Where do consumers most value customization and localization, and how can we best serve that?
• How appealing are niche or generic alternatives in our industry?
• Are our long-term capex and manufacturing footprint plans robust in a world in which microfactories might have a competitive advantage?
• What does a blank-sheet view of a small-scale, localized, highly disruptive business model look like five years from now in my industry?

TOKYO and CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Oct. 13, 2025 /PRNewswire/ — Eisai Co., Ltd. (Headquarters: Tokyo, CEO: Haruo Naito, “Eisai”) and Biogen Inc. (Nasdaq: BIIB, Headquarters: Cambridge, Massachusetts, CEO: Christopher A. Viehbacher, “Biogen”) announced today that LEQEMBI^® IQLIK™, a subcutaneous autoinjector formulation of lecanemab (generic name), for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been selected by TIME as one of the “Best Inventions of 2025” in the Medical and Healthcare category.

TIME’s annual list of the Best Inventions features 300 extraordinary innovations changing lives. To compile the 2025 list, TIME solicited nominations from TIME editors and correspondents around the world, and through an online application process, paying special attention to growing fields such as health care and AI. TIME then evaluated each contender on a number of key factors, including originality, efficacy, ambition, and impact. For more information, please visit time.com/collections/best-inventions-2025/.

LEQEMBI IQLIK is the first and only anti-amyloid treatment to offer an at-home injection to help patients and their care partners continue to slow disease progression following the 18-month initial treatment period. The treatment was approved in the U.S. in August 2025 and launched on October 6. LEQEMBI IQLIK offers patients and their care partners the potential to shorten administration time (approximate injection time of 15 seconds), providing an option to continue treatment without having to worry about visiting an infusion center. Moreover, it has the potential to reduce healthcare resources associated with intravenous (IV) maintenance dosing, such as preparation for infusion and nurse monitoring, while increasing infusion capacity for new eligible patients to begin initiation treatment and streamlining the overall AD treatment pathway.

LEQEMBI, recognized as one of TIME’s “Best Inventions of 2023,” is the first approved anti-amyloid treatment for AD shown to slow disease progression and cognitive and functional decline in adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or mild dementia stage of disease (collectively referred to as early AD).  LEQEMBI has been approved in 50 countries and is under regulatory review in 10 countries. In early September, Eisai initiated a rolling Supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) to the U.S. FDA for LEQEMBI IQLIK as a subcutaneous starting dose for the treatment of early AD under Fast Track Status.

Eisai serves as the lead of LEQEMBI development and regulatory submissions globally with Eisai and Biogen co-commercializing and co-promoting the product and Eisai having final decision-making authority.

INDICATION
LEQEMBI^® is indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Treatment with LEQEMBI should be initiated in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia stage of disease, the population in which treatment was initiated in clinical trials.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

C ONTRAINDICATION
Contraindicated in patients with serious hypersensitivity to lecanemab-irmb or to any of the excipients. Reactions have included angioedema and anaphylaxis.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

AMYLOID-RELATED IMAGING ABNORMALITIES
Medications in this class, including LEQEMBI, can cause ARIA-E, which can be observed on MRI as brain edema or sulcal effusions, and ARIA-H, which includes microhemorrhage and superficial siderosis. ARIA can occur spontaneously in patients with AD, particularly in patients with MRI findings suggestive of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), such as pretreatment microhemorrhage or superficial siderosis. ARIA-H generally occurs with ARIA-E. Reported ARIA symptoms may include headache, confusion, visual changes, dizziness, nausea, and gait difficulty. Focal neurologic deficits may also occur. Symptoms usually resolve over time.

Incidence of ARIA
Symptomatic ARIA occurred in 3% and serious ARIA symptoms in 0.7% with LEQEMBI. Clinical ARIA symptoms resolved in 79% of patients during the period of observation. ARIA, including asymptomatic radiographic events, was observed: LEQEMBI, 21%; placebo, 9%. ARIA-E was observed: LEQEMBI, 13%; placebo, 2%. ARIA-H was observed: LEQEMBI, 17%; placebo, 9%. No increase in isolated ARIA-H was observed for LEQEMBI vs placebo.

Incidence of ICH
ICH >1 cm in diameter was reported in 0.7% with LEQEMBI vs 0.1% with placebo. Fatal events of ICH in patients taking LEQEMBI have been observed.

Risk Factors of ARIA and ICH
ApoE ε4 Carrier Status
Of the patients taking LEQEMBI, 16% were ApoE ε4 homozygotes, 53% were heterozygotes, and 31% were noncarriers. With LEQEMBI, ARIA was higher in ApoE ε4 homozygotes (LEQEMBI: 45%; placebo: 22%) than in heterozygotes (LEQEMBI: 19%; placebo: 9%) and noncarriers (LEQEMBI: 13%; placebo: 4%). Symptomatic ARIA-E occurred in 9% of ApoE ε4 homozygotes vs 2% of heterozygotes and 1% of noncarriers. Serious ARIA events occurred in 3% of ApoE ε4 homozygotes and in ~1% of heterozygotes and noncarriers. The recommendations on management of ARIA do not differ between ApoE ε4 carriers and noncarriers.

Radiographic Findings of CAA
Neuroimaging findings that may indicate CAA include evidence of prior ICH, cerebral microhemorrhage, and cortical superficial siderosis. CAA has an increased risk for ICH. The presence of an ApoE ε4 allele is also associated with CAA.

The baseline presence of at least 2 microhemorrhages or the presence of at least 1 area of superficial siderosis on MRI, which may be suggestive of CAA, have been identified as risk factors for ARIA. Patients were excluded from Clarity AD for the presence of >4 microhemorrhages and additional findings suggestive of CAA (prior cerebral hemorrhage >1 cm in greatest diameter, superficial siderosis, vasogenic edema) or other lesions (aneurysm, vascular malformation) that could potentially increase the risk of ICH.

Concomitant Antithrombotic or Thrombolytic Medication
In Clarity AD, baseline use of antithrombotic medication (aspirin, other antiplatelets, or anticoagulants) was allowed if the patient was on a stable dose. Most exposures were to aspirin. Antithrombotic medications did not increase the risk of ARIA with LEQEMBI. The incidence of ICH: 0.9% in patients taking LEQEMBI with a concomitant antithrombotic medication vs 0.6% with no antithrombotic and 2.5% in patients taking LEQEMBI with an anticoagulant alone or with antiplatelet medication such as aspirin vs none in patients receiving placebo.

Fatal cerebral hemorrhage has occurred in 1 patient taking an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody in the setting of focal neurologic symptoms of ARIA and the use of a thrombolytic agent.

Additional caution should be exercised when considering the administration of antithrombotics or a thrombolytic agent (e.g., tissue plasminogen activator) to a patient already being treated with LEQEMBI. Because ARIA-E can cause focal neurologic deficits that can mimic an ischemic stroke, treating clinicians should consider whether such symptoms could be due to ARIA-E before giving thrombolytic therapy in a patient being treated with LEQEMBI.

Caution should be exercised when considering the use of LEQEMBI in patients with factors that indicate an increased risk for ICH and, in particular, patients who need to be on anticoagulant therapy or patients with findings on MRI that are suggestive of CAA.

Radiographic Severity With LEQEMBI
Most ARIA-E radiographic events occurred within the first 7 doses, although ARIA can occur at any time, and patients can have >1 episode. Maximum radiographic severity of ARIA-E with LEQEMBI was mild in 4%, moderate in 7%, and severe in 1% of patients. Resolution on MRI occurred in 52% of ARIA-E patients by 12 weeks, 81% by 17 weeks, and 100% overall after detection. Maximum radiographic severity of ARIA-H microhemorrhage with LEQEMBI was mild in 9%, moderate in 2%, and severe in 3% of patients; superficial siderosis was mild in 4%, moderate in 1%, and severe in 0.4% of patients. With LEQEMBI, the rate of severe radiographic ARIA-E was highest in ApoE ε4 homozygotes (5%) vs heterozygotes (0.4%) or noncarriers (0%). With LEQEMBI, the rate of severe radiographic ARIA-H was highest in ApoE ε4 homozygotes (13.5%) vs heterozygotes (2.1%) or noncarriers (1.1%).

Monitoring and Dose Management Guidelines
Baseline brain MRI and periodic monitoring with MRI are recommended. Enhanced clinical vigilance for ARIA is recommended during the first 14 weeks of treatment. Depending on ARIA-E and ARIA-H clinical symptoms and radiographic severity, use clinical judgment when considering whether to continue dosing or to temporarily or permanently discontinue LEQEMBI. If a patient experiences ARIA symptoms, clinical evaluation should be performed, including MRI if indicated. If ARIA is observed on MRI, careful clinical evaluation should be performed prior to continuing treatment.

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema, bronchospasm, and anaphylaxis, have occurred with LEQEMBI. Promptly discontinue the infusion upon the first observation of any signs or symptoms consistent with a hypersensitivity reaction and initiate appropriate therapy.

INFUSION-RELATED REACTIONS (IRR s)
IRRs were observed—LEQEMBI: 26%; placebo: 7%—and most cases with LEQEMBI (75%) occurred with the first infusion. IRRs were mostly mild (69%) or moderate (28%). Symptoms included fever and flu-like symptoms (chills, generalized aches, feeling shaky, and joint pain), nausea, vomiting, hypotension, hypertension, and oxygen desaturation.

IRRs can occur during or after the completion of infusion. In the event of an IRR during the infusion, the infusion rate may be reduced or discontinued, and appropriate therapy initiated as clinically indicated. Consider prophylactic treatment prior to future infusions with antihistamines, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or corticosteroids.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

• The most common adverse reactions reported in ≥5% with LEQEMBI infusion every 2 weeks and ≥2% higher than placebo were IRRs (LEQEMBI: 26%; placebo: 7%), ARIA-H (LEQEMBI: 14%; placebo: 8%), ARIA-E (LEQEMBI: 13%; placebo: 2%), headache (LEQEMBI: 11%; placebo: 8%), superficial siderosis of central nervous system (LEQEMBI: 6%; placebo: 3%), rash (LEQEMBI: 6%; placebo: 4%), and nausea/vomiting (LEQEMBI: 6%; placebo: 4%)
• Safety profile of LEQEMBI IQLIK for maintenance treatment was similar to LEQEMBI infusion. Patients who received LEQEMBI IQLIK experienced localized and systemic (less frequent) injection-related reactions (mild to moderate in severity)

LEQEMBI (lecanemab-irmb) is available:

• Intravenous infusion: 100 mg/mL
• Subcutaneous injection: 200 mg/mL

Please see full Prescribing Information  for LEQEMBI, including Boxed WARNING.

Notes to Editors

1. About lecanemab (generic name, brand name: LEQEMBI ^® )
   Lecanemab is the result of a strategic research alliance between Eisai and BioArctic. It is a humanized immunoglobulin gamma (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against aggregated soluble (protofibril) and insoluble forms of amyloid-beta (Aβ).

   Lecanemab has been approved in 50 countries and is under regulatory review in 10 countries. The supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) for intravenous (IV) maintenance dosing of the treatment was approved in the U.S.in January 2025 and China in September 2025, and applications have been filed in 5 countries and regions.

   LEQEMBI’s approvals in these countries was based on Phase 3 data from Eisai’s, global Clarity AD clinical trial, in which it met its primary endpoint and all key secondary endpoints with statistically significant results. The primary endpoint was the global cognitive and functional scale, Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB). In the Clarity AD clinical trial, treatment with lecanemab reduced clinical decline on CDR-SB by 27% at 18 months compared to placebo. The mean CDR-SB score at baseline was approximately 3.2 in both groups. The adjusted least-squares mean change from baseline at 18 months was 1.21 with lecanemab and 1.66 with placebo (difference, −0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.67 to −0.23; P<0.001). In addition, the secondary endpoint from the AD Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Scale for Mild Cognitive Impairment (ADCS-MCI-ADL), which measures information provided by people caring for patients with AD, noted a statistically significant benefit of 37% compared to placebo. The adjusted mean change from baseline at 18 months in the ADCS-MCI-ADL score was −3.5 in the lecanemab group and −5.5 in the placebo group (difference, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.8; P<0.001). The ADCS MCI-ADL assesses the ability of patients to function independently, including being able to dress, feed themselves and participate in community activities. The most common adverse events (>10%) in the lecanemab group were infusion reactions, ARIA-H (combined cerebral microhemorrhages, cerebral macrohemorrhages, and superficial siderosis), ARIA-E (edema/effusion), headache, and fall.

   The subcutaneous maintenance dosing approval is based on LEQEMBI subcutaneous (SC) sub-studies of the Phase 3 Clarity AD open-label extension (OLE) trial in individuals with early AD which evaluated a range of subcutaneous doses. Data shows that transitioning to the weekly LEQEMBI IQLIK^TM autoinjector after 18 months of the initiation dose (10 mg/kg IV every two weeks) maintains clinical and biomarker benefits comparable to continued IV dosing. The safety of LEQEMBI IQLIK autoinjector was studied in over 600 patients at a range of doses as part of the Clarity AD OLE. Across all subcutaneous doses, the safety profile was similar to that of the IV maintenance treatment with one key difference: systemic reactions were much less common with subcutaneous dosing—less than 1% compared to approximately 26% with IV infusions. ARIA rates in patients who received a weekly 360 mg subcutaneous maintenance dose were similar to ARIA rates reported in patients who continued with the IV dose after 18 months and are similar to the background rates of ARIA in patients without treatment.

   Since July 2020, the Phase 3 clinical study (AHEAD 3-45) for individuals with preclinical AD, meaning they are clinically normal and have intermediate or elevated levels of amyloid in their brains, is ongoing. AHEAD 3-45 is conducted as a public-private partnership between the Alzheimer’s Clinical Trial Consortium that provides the infrastructure for academic clinical trials in AD and related dementias in the U.S, funded by the National Institute on Aging, part of the National Institutes of Health, Eisai, and Biogen. Since January 2022, the Tau NexGen clinical study for Dominantly Inherited AD (DIAD), that is conducted by Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Trials Unit (DIAN-TU), led by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, is ongoing and includes lecanemab as the backbone anti-amyloid therapy.

2. About the Collaboration between Eisai and Biogen for AD
   Eisai and Biogen have been collaborating on the joint development and commercialization of AD treatments since 2014. Eisai serves as the lead of lecanemab development and regulatory submissions globally with both companies co-commercializing and co-promoting the product and Eisai having final decision-making authority.
3. About the Collaboration between Eisai and BioArctic for AD
   Since 2005, Eisai and BioArctic have had a long-term collaboration regarding the development and commercialization of AD treatments. Eisai obtained the global rights to study, develop, manufacture and market lecanemab for the treatment of AD pursuant to an agreement with BioArctic in December 2007. The development and commercialization agreement on the antibody lecanemab back-up was signed in May 2015.
4. About Eisai Co., Ltd.
   Eisai’s Corporate Concept is “to give first thought to patients and people in the daily living domain, and to increase the benefits that health care provides.” Under this Concept (also known as human health care (hhc) Concept), we aim to effectively achieve social good in the form of relieving anxiety over health and reducing health disparities. With a global network of R&D facilities, manufacturing sites and marketing subsidiaries, we strive to create and deliver innovative products to target diseases with high unmet medical needs, with a particular focus in our strategic areas of Neurology and Oncology.

   In addition, we demonstrate our commitment to the elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), which is a target (3.3) of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), by working on various activities together with global partners.

   For more information about Eisai, please visit www.eisai.com (for global headquarters: Eisai Co., Ltd.), and connect with us on X, LinkedIn and Facebook. The website and social media channels are intended for audiences outside of the UK and Europe. For audiences based in the UK and Europe, please visit www.eisai.eu and Eisai EMEA LinkedIn.

5. About Biogen
   Founded in 1978, Biogen is a leading biotechnology company that pioneers innovative science to deliver new medicines to transform patient’s lives and to create value for shareholders and our communities. We apply deep understanding of human biology and leverage different modalities to advance first-in-class treatments or therapies that deliver superior outcomes. Our approach is to take bold risks, balanced with return on investment to deliver long-term growth.

   The company routinely posts information that may be important to investors on its website at www.biogen.com. Follow Biogen on social media – Facebook, LinkedIn, X, YouTube.

   Biogen Safe Harbor
   This news release contains forward-looking statements, including about the potential clinical effects of lecanemab; the potential benefits, safety and efficacy of lecanemab; potential regulatory discussions, submissions and approvals and the timing thereof including for lecanemab-irmb (LEQEMBI IQLIK); the potential to streamline the  Alzheimer’s disease treatment pathway; the anticipated benefits and potential of Biogen’s collaboration arrangements with Eisai; the potential of Biogen’s commercial business and pipeline programs, including  lecanemab; and risks and uncertainties associated with drug development and commercialization. These forward-looking statements may be accompanied by such words as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “guidance,” “hope,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “prospect,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and other words and terms of similar meaning. Drug development and commercialization involve a high degree of risk, and only a small number of research and development programs result in commercialization of a product. Results in early-stage clinical trials may not be indicative of full results or results from later stage or larger scale clinical trials and do not ensure regulatory approval. You should not place undue reliance on these statements. Given their forward-looking nature, these statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties that may be based on inaccurate assumptions and could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in such statements. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to management. Given their nature, we cannot assure that any outcome expressed in these forward-looking statements will be realized in whole or in part. We caution that these statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control and could cause future events or results to be materially different from those stated or implied in this document, including, among others, uncertainty of long-term success in developing, licensing, or acquiring other product candidates or additional indications for existing products; expectations, plans and prospects relating to product approvals, approvals of additional indications for our existing products, sales, pricing, growth, reimbursement and launch of our marketed and pipeline products; our ability to effectively implement our corporate strategy; the successful execution of our strategic and growth initiatives, including acquisitions; the risk that positive results in a clinical trial may not be replicated in subsequent or confirmatory trials or success in early stage clinical trials may not be predictive of results in later stage or large scale clinical trials or trials in other potential indications; risks associated with clinical trials, including our ability to adequately manage clinical activities, unexpected concerns that may arise from additional data or analysis obtained during clinical trials, regulatory authorities may require additional information or further studies, or may fail to approve or may delay approval of our drug candidates; the occurrence of adverse safety events, restrictions on use with our products, or product liability claims; and any other risks and uncertainties that are described in other reports we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

   These statements speak only as of the date of this press release and are based on information and estimates available to us at this time. Should known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize or should underlying assumptions prove inaccurate, actual results could vary materially from past results and those anticipated, estimated or projected. Investors are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking statements. A further list and description of risks, uncertainties and other matters can be found in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and in our subsequent reports on Form 10-Q and Form 10-K, in each case including in the sections thereof captioned “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” and in our subsequent reports on Form 8-K. Except as required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

SOURCE Eisai Inc.