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Fewer cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy improved patient-reported outcomes (PROs) vs a longer duration of therapy prior to maintenance avelumab (Bavencio) without compromising treatment efficacy in patients with advanced urothelial cancer, according to findings from the phase 2 DISCUS trial (NCT06892860) presented during the 2025 ESMO Congress.¹

Data from the study demonstrated that patients who received 3 cycles of chemotherapy (n = 98) experienced a mean change in The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) global health status/quality of life (QOL) score of 0.0 (95% CI, –5.0-5.2) compared with –8.5 (95% CI, –14.1 to –2.9) among those who received 6 cycles (n = 104). The difference of 8.5 (95% CI, 0.7-16.3; P = .016) significantly favored the 3-cycle arm, meeting the primary end point of the study. Notably, no difference for time to deterioration in global health status/QOL score was observed between groups based on EORTC QLQ-C30 outcomes (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.46-1.43).

“More patients [who received] 3 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy went on to receive maintenance avelumab, which may facilitate long-term efficacy,” Enrique Grande, MD, the director of the Department of Medical Oncology at Quirónsalud in Madrid, Spain, and an adjunct professor at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, said during the presentation. “The most important highlight coming from the DISCUS trial is that we can explore the need for [fewer] cycles of combination [chemotherapy] in the era of antibody-drug conjugates in metastatic urothelial cancer.”

Phase 2 DISCUS Trial: Key Takeaways

• The phase 2 DISCUS trial evaluated 3 vs 6 cycles of combination platinum-based chemotherapy prior to maintenance avelumab for the treatment of patients with advanced urothelial cancer.

• Patients who received 3 cycles experienced a significant difference of 8.5 points (95% CI, 0.7-16.3; P = .016) vs 6 cycles in terms of EORTC QLQ-C30 global health/QOL scores.

• Patients who received 3 cycles experienced similar OS, PFS, and response outcomes compared with those who received 6 cycles.

How was the DISCUS trial designed?

DISCUS was an adaptive, open-label study that enrolled patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer who were eligible for any platinum-based chemotherapy.^1,2 Patients needed to have not received any prior systemic therapy for metastatic disease, have an ECOG performance statis of 0 to 2, and have no contraindications for immunotherapy. Other key eligibility criteria included being at least 18 years old, having measurable disease per RECIST 1.1 criteria, and having adequate hematologic and organ function.²

Eligible patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive 3 or 6 cycles of gemcitabine plus cisplatin/carboplatin.¹ Patients in both arms also received maintenance therapy with avelumab for up to 2 years. Stratification occurred based on investigators’ choice of frontline chemotherapy (cisplatin vs carboplatin) and the presence of liver metastases (yes vs no).

The primary end points were changes in PROs per the EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status/QOL scale and overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included other PROs, safety and tolerability, progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate, and best overall response.

At baseline, the median age in the overall population (n = 267) was 71 years (range, 44-91). Most patients were 65 years or older (73%), male (72%), did not have liver metastases (81%), had an ECOG performance status of 0 (73%), and received cisplatin plus gemcitabine (59%).

What were the additional efficacy and safety data?

Preliminary OS data showed that the median OS values were similar between the 3- and 6 cycle arms, at 18.92 (95% CI, 12.81-not reached [NR]) and 18.86 months (95% CI, 13.93-NR), respectively (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.72-1.86; P = .56). Similarly, the median PFS was 8.0 months (95% CI, 6.70-11.89) vs 9.0 months (95% CI, 6.87-12.71), respectively (HR, 1.053; 95% CI, 0.725-1.527; P = .788).

Responses were also similar between the 2 arms. Response-evaluable patients who received 3 cycles of chemotherapy (n = 95) experienced a complete response (CR) rate of 13% and a partial response (PR) rate of 48%. The respective CR and PR rates in the 6-cycle arm (n = 100) were 13% and 46%.

In terms of safety, grade 1/2 treatment-related adverse effects (TRAEs) occurred at respective rates of 37% and 46% in the 3- and 6-cycle arms. Serious adverse effects (AEs; 35% vs 37%), grade 5 AEs (2% vs 0%), and discontinuation of chemotherapy due to TRAEs (2% vs 10%) were also reported. In the overall population (n = 1197), the most common any-grade TRAEs included anemia (9%), neutropenia (9%), nausea (8%), and fatigue (6%).

“We cannot claim noninferiority [in terms of OS] because of the trial design, [however] OS is still evolving. We will need more data with longer follow-up,” Grande said

Disclosures: Grande received honoraria for speaker engagements, advisory roles, or funding of continuous medical education from AbbVie, Adium, Advanced Accelerator Applications, Astellas, AstraZeneca, AVEO, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis-Oncology, Dr. Reddy’s Eisai, Esteve, Eusa Pharma, GSK, IMVAX, IPSEN, ITM-Radiopharma, Janssen, Lilly, Merck KGaA, MSD, Novartis, Palex, Pfizer, Raffo, Roche, Rovi, and Tecnofarma. He received research grants from Astellas, AstraZeneca, IPSEN, Merck KGaA, Nanostring Technologies, Pfizer, and Roche. He has leadership roles in ENETS, ESMO, GETNE, Grupo Centro Tumores Genitourinarios, and GUARD consortium. He has stock or ownership interst in Amarin Corp, Bicycle Therapeutics, and Phamamar S.A.

References

1. Grande E, Hussain S, Climent MA, et al. DISCUS: a phase II study comparing 3 vs 6 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy prior to maintenance avelumab in advanced urothelial cancer.Presented at: 2025 ESMO Congress; October 17-25, 2025; Berlin, Germany. Abstract LBA109.
2. Comparing 3 vs 6 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy prior to maintenance avelumab in advanced urothelial cancer (DISCUS). ClinicalTrials.gov. Updated March 25, 2025. Accessed October 21, 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06892860

NEW YORK — NEW YORK (AP) — If someone left a government job with a black eye, literally, ran a company with shrinking profits, and suddenly had federal investigators crawling over their business, you might say they’re having a bad year.

But most people are not Elon Musk.

The world’s richest man has only gotten richer this year and shareholders at Tesla, his electric car company, may make him wealthier yet by approving a trillion-dollar pay package in a bet he will succeed with new plans for a “robot army” and other technological breakthroughs even as some past promises remain unfulfilled.

“The genius of Elon Musk is keeping investors focused on what the company might look in like 5 or 10 years — while ignoring very near-term challenges,” marvels Garrett Nelson of CFRA Research. Or put more bluntly by Zacks Investment’s Brian Mulberry, “Your average CEO would likely not survive this.”

Musk started out the year with a side hustle — promising to cut $2 trillion in government spending as head of President Donald Trump’s Department of Government Efficiency, before cutting that pledge in half. In the end, DOGE posted only $240 billion in savings, according to its own notoriously unreliable estimates, and it’s not even clear those savings will hold as the Trump administration scrambles to refill many essential jobs DOGE cut that it shouldn’t have.

“There is a pattern of them announcing great big firings, and then turning about and saying, ’No, that’s a mistake,’” said Elaine Kamarck, a Brookings Institute senior fellow who has compiled a list of 17,000 positions being refilled. “They cut without a plan, without regard to function.”

Musk used the same slash-and-burn tactics after he took over Twitter and evidence of that backfiring has emerged this year, too.

In the past two months, he’s settled a pair of lawsuits filed by 2,000 former Twitter employees and executives alleging that they were pushed out under false pretenses or never given severance as promised. The amount the ex-workers got was undisclosed, but if they received even a fraction of the combined $628 million they were demanding, the cost will cut deeply for a company whose advertising has plunged since his takeover.

More bad news for Musk came Wednesday when Tesla announced earnings had plunged 37% in the third quarter. Vehicle sales rose 6% as customers rushed to take advantage of a federal tax credit before it expired last month, but the figure for the full year is expected to drop significantly as car buyers turned off by Musk’s right-wing political stances have boycotted the business.

This time a year ago Musk was telling investors sales could grow 20% to 30%.

The stock fell earlier this year as the bad news piled up. But after Musk appeared in the Oval Office in May for his farewell to DOGE sporting a shiner, it has doubled and is now posting a year-to-date gain of nearly 9% after the close of regular trading Wednesday. His net worth has also jumped — up $62 billion this year to $483 billion, according to Forbes magazine.

Investors are mostly buying Musk’s line that plunging car sales don’t matter as much now because the future of the company lies more with his new driverless robotaxis service, the energy storage business and building robots for the home and factory. To make his task worth while, Tesla’s directors are asking shareholders to sign off on his enormous new pay package at an annual meeting next month.

But there are big questions surrounding these endeavors, particularly the driverless cabs.

Musk’s robotaxis, which began picking up passengers in Austin, Texas, and San Francisco this summer, can’t yet be called driverless because they still require “safety monitors” who are ready to seize control in case something goes wrong, which occasionally happens. One of them drove down the opposing lane, for example.

The robotaxi plans need approval from regulators in various states even as the ones in Washington have swarmed the company.

They’ve opened four investigations into Tesla so far this year, including one into why it hasn’t reported accidents involving its self-driving software quickly to the government as required. Another launched earlier this month is looking into dozens of reported accidents in which Teslas using self-driving software ran red lights and broke other traffic rules, occasionally crashing into other vehicles and causing injuries.

Musk has disappointed before, talking big and missing deadlines repeatedly, only to deliver for shareholders eventually. Tesla investors who held on through a tough 2018 as the company struggled to produce its Model 3 vehicle at a profit, eventually saw their stock soar as sales jumped.

One money manager who rode that earlier surge then bought again earlier this year, says she’s confident Musk’s magic is still there and he can pull off the seemingly impossible again.

“He frequently teeters on the edge of disaster,” said Nancy Tengler in a statement, “and then pulls back just in the nick of time.”

One difference now is most other Tesla investors also believe this and have bought up the stock, leaving little room for error.

Shares of U.S. companies in the S&P 500 index are valued at 24 times what investors expect them to earn next year. By contrast, Tesla is trading at 250 times expected profits, enough to make you believe that Musk, instead of having a very bad year is having a spectacular one.

DURBAN, South Africa — A top executive at Africa’s biggest drug company shared a few home truths with the continent’s health policymakers about the obstacles to local manufacturing at the Conference on Public Health in Africa (CPHIA) 2025.

Aspen Pharmacare’s Dr Stavros Nicolaou blamed regulatory bottlenecks and procurement policies for the failure of drug manufacturers on the continent to realise their potential.

“It is unacceptable for African manufacturers to undergo a six-year [qualification] process before you get to market. We can do this in half the time,” he told a conference plenary session on local manufacturing on Thursday.

He is both Aspen’s group senior executive for strategic trade and chair of the industry body, the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers in South Africa.

It is a myth that African manufacturers are uncompetitive, added Nicolaou. For example, Aspen is active in 55 markets, reaches patients in over 150 countries, and is the global leading supplier of generic anaesthetics outside of the US.

Shift procurement

Nicolaou called for a shift in multilateral procurement, including by Gavi, UNICEF and the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

He told delegates that the establishment last year of the African Vaccine Manufacturing Accelerator (AVMA) was “a start”, but that the accelerator is “not fit for purpose” in its present form.

AVMA is a financing mechanism set up to raise $1.2 billion for manufacturers over 10 years. Nicolaou told Health Policy Watch that this amount  – earmarked for “fill-and-finish” drug manufacturers – was rather modest. 

He feels that there is insufficient incentive to spur the growth of the sector, upon which the future expansion of the medical products value chain depends.

“We can’t have African solutions compiled elsewhere and imposed on Africa. It won’t work.”

Pooled procurement of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics must be established “with speed”, he said.

‘Nothing has happened’

Nicolaou noted that more than four years had passed and “nothing” had happened since the African Union and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) announced their ambition to ensure the continent manufactures 60% of its vaccine needs by 2040. 

The AVMA launch came in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed the continent’s 99% reliance on foreign vaccine manufacturers and how its urgent needs were relegated to the back of the world procurement queue.

Nicolaou also responded to comments by South Africa’s Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation, Dr Blade Nzimande, who gave the session’s keynote address.

Nzimande called for efforts to “build sovereign capacity” in R&D, science and technology, including across the “whole health manufacturing value chain…  be it therapeutic, diagnostic or vaccines we need for our continent”.

He described as “historic” the 60% by 2040 plan to develop tools to secure the continent’s health. He sketched how the initiative sought to expand capacity, implement health standards, and harmonise regulations — all themes elaborated on by other speakers and panellists at the session.

Nzimande toasted the initiative with a glass of water while at the lectern, encouraging his audience to join with applause.

“Government has an important role to play by acquiring locally produced therapeutics, diagnostics and vaccines,” he said.

Serial importer

Nicolaou said he was disappointed that Africa had the highest disease burden yet remained a serial importer and “every year the trade deficit in pharmaceuticals grows”.

South Africa and Egypt have the continent’s largest pharmaceutical markets.

“If you’re talking about security of supply for the continent, South Africa is immensely important. Charity starts at home in that we need to fix our own [national] procurement legislation first,” he said.

“Most of the volumes are procured via the state, and yet we continue to be a serial importer of pharmaceutical products in South Africa. The market is valued at R70-billion (manufacturers’ exit price)… and our trade deficit is more than 50% or around R39-billion.”

There was big potential for local production, yet South Africa continued to import high-volume products like antiretrovirals and vaccines, putting the brakes on local manufacturing development.

“There’s a heavy weighting towards importers, and we now have the data,” he said, citing customs figures, including information on imports from India.

Import reliance

“It demonstrates the extent of the problem. So we import significant and vast sums of our antiretrovirals. We have the largest HIV population of any country in the world; 17% of the world’s HIV population; there are about eight million infected people; about 6.6 million on treatment; and yet we continue to import most of our antiretrovirals.”

These imports were growing every year and, apart from antiretrovirals, included other high-volume products such as vaccines, TB medicines, and insulins.

He said this was despite local companies often being price competitive or representing “best value”: an opportunity to grow the local economy through the multiplier effect.

He proposed a three-point plan to remedy matters. First, the introduction of a priority review and parallel submission to expedite the licensing of medicines. The review of drugs by the national regulator should happen at the same time as the World Health Organisation’s review, instead of sequentially, which can add two to three years of costly delays.

Second, increase Gavi subsidies for the local production of vaccines to stimulate the market.

Third, establish a pool for procurement for the entire continent — as was successfully done during COVID-19 — to unlock economies of scale.

Also addressing the plenary, Nhlanhla Msomi, president of AfricaBio, called for a compact with the manufacturing industry to localise innovation.

However, Nicolaou said that it was premature to expect expansion of the value chain.

It was first necessary to support African manufacturers with fill-and-finish products to allow them to develop capacity and grow volume.  In time, they could then invest in extending the value chain.

“Unless you start getting orders and you start succeeding in fill-and-finish first, companies are not going to backwardly integrate into drug [active] substance development,” he said.

Nicolaou said progress was not happening fast enough, and this was sapping momentum to achieve the “60% by 2040” aim.

“There’s a domestic issue to sort out, and then a continent,” he said.

Also at the plenary session, Dr Serge Blaise Emaleu, a global and public health and infectious diseases expert, said sustainable development could shift Africa from being an epicentre of disease to the centre of innovation.

Local manufacture was the “backbone of a sovereign health ecosystem”, but he cautioned that the commitment by African leaders to promote manufacture and invest in research “must be backed by financing” and that governance and leadership were required, and these things must be “moving in lockstep”.

Emaleu identified five interconnected pillars upon which Africa’s R&D self-reliance must be built: linking science to production; funding for research and development; investing in human resources; *building infrastructure and technology, and finally a regulatory framework to safeguard and sustain momentum.

Image Credits: Africa CDC, Rwanda Ministry of Health.