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England’s water company ratings have fallen to the lowest level on record after sewage pollution last year rose to a new peak, with eight of nine water companies rated as poor and needing improvement by the Environment Agency.

The cumulative score of just 19 stars out of a possible 36 is the lowest since the regulator began auditing the companies using the star rating system in 2011.

Only one water company, Severn Trent, achieved full marks. The company did so despite having presided over 62,085 sewage spills, averaging seven hours each, in 2024.

Struggling Thames Water was the only company to be awarded just one star for its performance. In 2023-24, its serious sewage pollution incidents more than doubled from 14 to 33.

Thames is on the brink of collapse as the company struggles to secure a deal to write off its debt and secure its future. It has been crippled by huge debts built up over two decades by owners who have been criticised for paying out dividends without investing enough in its leaking pipes and malfunctioning treatment works.

The report blames the wet and stormy weather in 2024, underinvestment and poor maintenance of infrastructure, and also increased monitoring and inspection, for the decrease in performance.

Ofwat’s performance report was also published on Thursday and the regulator found pollution incidents remained at unacceptable levels, with only two companies having reported a reduction in incidents over the five-year period.

It found that so far during the 2020-25 period, water companies had increased the amount of sewage spilled despite having promised to cut it by 30%.

The report says: “Companies committed to reduce pollution incidents by 30% in the 2020-25 period. Companies achieved a reduction of 15% in the first three years, but the increase in the final two years has led to an overall 27% increase in numbers across the 2020-25 period.”

The Environment Agency’s ratings have been criticised as not fit for purpose by pollution experts because they allow top marks to be awarded to companies that illegally spill sewage.

Bosses presiding over companies found to “recklessly” discharge sewage have been able to justify their large pay packets because of being awarded the top rating, while companies that preside over sewage spills can call themselves “industry leaders”.

From 2027 the Environment Agency will introduce new ratings, replacing the star system with a descriptor and number rating.

At present, companies are given one to four stars. As part of the new methodology, they will instead be given a numeric rating from one to five, with only those that achieve the highest standards across the board rated “excellent” and the worst performers rated as “failing”.

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The Environment Agency chair, Alan Lovell, said: “This year’s results are poor and must serve as a clear and urgent signal for change. What is needed now from every water company is bold leadership, a shift in mindset and a relentless focus on delivery. We will support them however we can but will continue to robustly challenge them when they fall short.”

Companies are judged on seven metrics, including drought resilience and transparency over sewage spills. If they score highly on some of these, they can get top marks even if they have discharged large amounts of untreated waste into England’s rivers and seas.

Severn Trent has used the company’s four-star rating to justify the pay packet and bonus of its chief executive. Last year, Liv Garfield was awarded a £3.2m pay deal, including a £584,000 bonus, despite the company being fined £2m for spilling 260m litres of sewage into the River Trent.

This week the chancellor, Rachel Reeves, told regulators to focus on helping businesses achieve economic growth rather than enforcing regulations. She announced that the government would set growth targets and publish a league table.

The government plans to overhaul regulation by abolishing Ofwat and creating a “super regulator” by merging the powers of the existing bodies.

Campaigners have questioned how effective this will be, as the privatised water system has allowed large bonuses and dividends to be paid by water companies at the expense of investment in sewage infrastructure. This has led to increasing sewage pollution into England’s rivers and seas.

An isolate of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of three high-impact coronaviruses with pandemic potential to have emerged in recent years, has been added to the WHO BioHub System.

Through the BioHub, countries can voluntarily share and request biological materials with epidemic or pandemic potential. This initiative, set up by the Director-General of WHO during the COVID-19 pandemic, directly supports pathogen characterization and research, surveillance and risk assessments, and in the future will contribute to the development of medical countermeasures such as diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics by enabling rapid access to verified biological materials and data essential for advancing research, validation, and product development.

MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus and can be transmitted between dromedary camels and humans. Infection in people may lead to acute respiratory disease and even death, with a fatal outcome in 37% of cases reported to date. There are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics against MERS.

“Since its identification, outbreaks caused by MERS-CoV have been sporadic. As such MERS-CoV isolates have been challenging to obtain, making it all the more important that the WHO BioHub System provides researchers with access to this virus isolate,” said Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, Acting Director of WHO’s Epidemic and Pandemic Management Department. “By supporting timely and transparent sharing of biological materials like the MERS-CoV isolate, the WHO BioHub is supporting research that helps the world prepare for epidemics and, potentially, pandemics.”

Most MERS research to date has used clade A isolates, which are believed tohave been extinct since 2015. The isolate now available in the BioHub was derived from a camel and is of clade C, which is the clade found to be widely circulating in African camel populations.

Recent pandemics and emergencies underscored the urgent need for faster, fairer, and more reliable sharing of pathogens to accelerate global response efforts. In an increasingly interconnected world where new infectious threats continue to emerge, timely access to biological materials is essential for science and public health action.

The WHO BioHub System provides a functional, trusted, and scalable mechanism that minimizes administrative burdens through standardized agreements and procedures, ensuring rapid exchange while maintaining biosafety, supporting research and equity. Since its establishment, the BioHub has grown significantly in both participation and impact. To date, 76 laboratories from 30 countries across all WHO regions have engaged in the system through sharing and requesting biological materials with epidemic or pandemic potential. The BioHub has already played a key role in supporting global responses to major public health events – for example by supporting the sharing of SARS-CoV-2 variants isolates during the COVID-19 pandemic, and by facilitating access to mpox materials during the 2023-2024 outbreak, which enabled diagnostic validation and basic research across multiple laboratories worldwide.

In line with its guiding principles, the BioHub has also served as a bridge for scientific collaboration, fostering equitable partnerships between providers and requestors of biological materials with epidemic or pandemic potential. This has enabled the inclusion of providers in joint scientific projects and publications, reinforcing acknowledgement and co-authorship, transparency, equity and fairness, collaboration and cooperation as well as ensuring shared benefits across the system.

Today, the BioHub’s collection includes 33 variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19; mpox clades Ia, Ib, IIb; the Oropouche virus; and now MERS-CoV. These additional pathogens reflect the evolving capacity of the WHO Biohub System to support preparedness for known and emerging pathogens.

Currently, the Spiez Laboratory in Switzerland serves as the central WHO BioHub Facility, responsible for storing, characterizing, and distributing materials. Looking ahead, WHO aims to expand the network by establishing BioHub Facilities in each WHO region, ensuring all regions have equitable access and the capacity to respond rapidly to future health threats.

This next phase will build on the BioHub’s strong foundation – advancing regional scientific collaboration, strengthening biosafety and biosecurity capacities, and enhancing global health security.