WHO. World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI). Ethiopia: malaria operational plan FY 2024. Washington DC: United States Agency for International Development (USAID); 2024.
WHO. Disease outbreak news: malaria in Ethiopia 2024 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.
Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia. Malaria elimination strategic plan 2021–2025. Addis Ababa: Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia; 2020.
Taffese HS, Hemming-Schroeder E, Koepfli C, Tesfaye G, Lee MC, Kazura J, et al. Malaria epidemiology and interventions in Ethiopia from 2001 to 2016. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7:103.
Google Scholar
Alemu K, Worku A, Berhane Y, Kumie A. Spatiotemporal clusters of malaria cases at village level, northwest Ethiopia. Malar J. 2014;13:223.
Google Scholar
Ministry of Health. National malaria elimination programme. Addia Ababa: Ministry of Health; 2021.
Zhou G, Taffese HS, Zhong D, Wang X, Lee MC, Degefa T, et al. Resurgence of clinical malaria in Ethiopia and its link to Anopheles stephensi invasion. Pathogens. 2024;13:748.
Google Scholar
Emiru T, Getachew D, Murphy M, Sedda L, Ejigu LA, Bulto MG, et al. Evidence for a role of Anopheles stephensi in the spread of drug- and diagnosis-resistant malaria in Africa. Nat Med. 2023;29:3203–11.
Google Scholar
Balkew M, Mumba P, Dengela D, Yohannes G, Getachew D, Yared S, et al. Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:35.
Google Scholar
Merga H, Degefa T, Birhanu Z, Abiy E, Lee MC, Yan G, et al. Urban malaria and its determinants in eastern Ethiopia: the role of Anopheles stephensi and urbanization. Malar J. 2024;23:303.
Google Scholar
Sedda L, QiQ TAJ. A geostatistical analysis of the association between armed conflicts and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Africa. Malar J. 2015;14:500.
Google Scholar
Teka H, Golassa L, Medhin G, Balkew M, Sisay C, Gadisa E, et al. Trend analysis of malaria in urban settings in Ethiopia from 2014 to 2019. Malar J. 2023;22:235.
Google Scholar
Tadesse FG, Ashine T, Teka H, Esayas E, Messenger LA, Chali W, et al. Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes as vectors of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27:603–7.
Google Scholar
Brhane BG, Fola AA, Nigussie H, Leonetti A, Kassa M, Hailgiorgis H, et al. Rising prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum artemisinin partial resistance mutations in Ethiopia. Commun Med. 2025;5:297.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.
Hay SI, Cox J, Rogers DJ, Randolph SE, Stern DI, Shanks GD, et al. Regional warming and malaria resurgence. Nature. 2002;420:627–8.
Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G. Climate variability and malaria epidemics in the highlands of East Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2005;21:54–6.
Google Scholar
Cohen JM, Smith DL, Cotter C, Ward A, Yamey G, Sabot OJ, et al. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes. Malar J. 2012;11:122.
Google Scholar
Raouf S, Mpimbaza A, Kigozi R, Sserwanga A, Rubahika D, Katamba H, et al. Resurgence of malaria following discontinuation of indoor residual spraying of insecticide in an area of Uganda with previously high-transmission intensity. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:453–60.
Google Scholar
Sherrard-Smith E, Hogan AB, Hamlet A, Watson OJ, Whittaker C, Winskill P, et al. The potential public health consequences of COVID-19 on malaria in Africa. Nat Med. 2020;26:1411–6.
Google Scholar
Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Laman M, Poespoprodjo JR, William T, Simpson JA, et al. Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria. BMC Med. 2020;18:239.
Google Scholar
Minwuyelet A, Eshetu T, Milikit D, Aschale Y. Prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection in Gondar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3969–75.
Google Scholar
Solomon A, Kahase D, Alemayehu M. Trend of malaria prevalence in Wolkite health center: an implication towards the elimination of malaria in Ethiopia by 2030. Malar J. 2020;19:112.
Google Scholar
Minwuyelet A, Abiye M, Zeleke AJ, Getie S. Plasmodium gametocyte carriage in humans and sporozoite rate in anopheline mosquitoes in Gondar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0306289.
Google Scholar
Yalew AW. Achievements, gaps, and emerging challenges in controlling malaria in Ethiopia. Front Trop Dis. 2022;2:771030.
Dembélé L, Franetich J-F, Lorthiois A, Gego A, Zeeman A-M, Kocken CH, et al. Persistence and activation of malaria hypnozoites in long-term primary hepatocyte cultures. Nat Med. 2014;20:307–12.
Google Scholar
Minwuyelet A, Yewhalaw D, Atenafu G. Retrospective analysis of malaria prevalence over ten years (2015–2024) at Bichena Primary Hospital, Amhara region, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0322570.
Google Scholar
Moltot T, Bekele G, Gebreegziabher ZA, Lemma T, Sisay M, Silesh M, et al. A five-year malaria surveillance data analysis of North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia: July 2018 to June 2023. Malar J. 2024;23:187.
Google Scholar
Abere A, Ayalew S, Wondale B, Tigabu F, Gizachew N, Tesfaye T, et al. Dynamic shift of malaria cases in northwest Ethiopia: a 10-year retrospective cohort data analysis from 2012 to 2021. Front Malar. 2025;3:1460491.
Nigussie TZ, Zewotir TT, Muluneh EK. Seasonal and spatial variations of malaria transmissions in northwest Ethiopia: evaluating climate and environmental effects using generalized additive model. Heliyon. 2023;9:e15252.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Malaria surveillance, monitoring & evaluation: a reference manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.
Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at Wereda level from 2014–2017. Addis Ababa: CSA; 2013.
NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global 1 arc second number. NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. 2013.
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia. Population and housing census 2023/2024: Amhara Region. Addis Ababa: CSA; 2024.
Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19:335–51.
Google Scholar
Duyar İ. A Bayesian approach in model selection. Ankara Univ J Fac Educ Sci (JFES). 1995;28(1):95–106.
WHO. World malaria report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.
USAID President’s Malaria Initiative. Ethiopia malaria operational plan FY 2023. Washington, DC: USAID; 2023.
EPHI. Ethiopia national malaria indicator survey 2015. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Public Health Institute; 2016.
Bhatt S, Weiss DJ, Cameron E, Bisanzio D, Mappin B, Dalrymple U, et al. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 2015;526:207–11.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
WHO. World malaria report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Price RN, Commons RJ, Battle KE, Thriemer K, Mendis K. Plasmodium vivax in the era of the shrinking P. falciparum map. Trends Parasitol. 2020;36:560–70.
Google Scholar
Howes RE, Battle KE, Mendis KN, Smith DL, Cibulskis RE, Baird JK, et al. Global epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(6 Suppl):15–34.
Google Scholar
White NJ. Determinants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malar J. 2011;10:297.
Google Scholar
Yenew C, Mulatu S, Alamneh A. The trend of malaria cases, positivity rate, and determinant factors in the Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia: a mixed method. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2021;2021:2131720.
Google Scholar
Ahmed A, Khogali R, Elnour M-AB, Nakao R, Salim B. Emergence of the invasive malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in Khartoum State, Central Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14:511.
Google Scholar
Haileselassie W, Parker DM, Taye B, David RE, Zemene E, Lee MC, et al. Burden of malaria, impact of interventions, and climate variability in western Ethiopia: an area with large irrigation-based farming. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:196.
Google Scholar
Gething PW, Smith DL, Patil AP, Tatem AJ, Snow RW, Hay SI. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 2010;465:342–5.
Google Scholar
Jalilian A, Ayana GM, Ashine T, Hailemeskel E, Ebstie YA, Molla E, et al. Waning success: a 2013–2022 spatial and temporal trend analysis of malaria in Ethiopia. Infect Dis Poverty. 2024;13:93.
Google Scholar
Bousema T, Griffin JT, Sauerwein RW, Smith DL, Churcher TS, Takken W, et al. Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001165.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines for malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
Shretta R, Avancena AL, Hatefi A. The economics of malaria control and elimination: a systematic review. Malar J. 2016;15:593.
Google Scholar
Okell LC, Ghani AC, Lyons E, Drakeley CJ. Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1509–17.
Google Scholar
Cox J, Craig M, Le Sueur D, Sharp B. Mapping malaria risk in the highlands of Africa. Durban: MARA/HIMAL Technical Report; 1999.
Lindsay SW, Martens WJ. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76:33–45.
Google Scholar
