Guh AY, Mu Y, Winston LG, Johnston H, Olson D, Farley MM, et al. Trends in U.S. burden of clostridioides difficile infection and outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(14):1320–30.
Google Scholar
Suetens C, Latour K, Kärki T, Ricchizzi E, Kinross P, Moro ML, et al. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, estimated incidence and composite antimicrobial resistance index in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities: results from two European point prevalence surveys, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(46):1800516.
Google Scholar
Boven A, Simin J, Andersson FL, Vlieghe E, Callens S, Zeebari Z, et al. Clostridioides difficile infection, recurrence and the associated healthcare consumption in Sweden between 2006 and 2019: a population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):468.
Google Scholar
Keddis MT, Khanna S, Noheria A, Baddour LM, Pardi DS, Qian Q. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with chronic kidney disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(11):1046–53.
Google Scholar
Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, Beldavs ZG, Dumyati GK, Dunn JR, et al. Burden of clostridium difficile infection in the united States. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):825–34.
Google Scholar
Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Thota P, Pant C, Rolston DDK, Sferra TJ, et al. Community-associated clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(9):1951–61.
Google Scholar
Kelly CP. Can we identify patients at high risk of recurrent clostridium difficile infection? Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;18(Suppl 6):21–7.
Abou Chakra CN, Pepin J, Sirard S, Valiquette L. Risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98400.
Google Scholar
Finn E, Andersson FL, Madin-Warburton M. Burden of clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) – a systematic review of the epidemiology of primary and recurrent CDI. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):456.
Google Scholar
Guh AY, Li R, Korhonen L, Winston LG, Parker E, Czaja CA, et al. Characteristics of patients with initial clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) that are associated with increased risk of multiple CDI recurrences. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(4): ofae127.
Google Scholar
Fekety R, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Elmer GW, Mulligan ME. Recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea: characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24(3):324–33.
Google Scholar
Depestel DD, Aronoff DM. Epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection. J Pharm Pract. 2013;26(5):464–75.
Google Scholar
van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, et al. European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases: 2021 update on the treatment guidance document for clostridioides difficile infection in adults. Clin Microbiol Infect Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;27(Suppl 2):S1–21.
Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Garey KW, Kelly CP, et al. Clinical practice guideline by the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA) and society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of clostridioides difficile infection in adults. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2021;73(5):e1029–44.
Google Scholar
Drug Shortages | FDA . Available from: https://dps.fda.gov/drugshortages/discontinuations/bezlotoxumab-injection. [cited 2025 Jul 17].
van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(5):407–15.
Google Scholar
Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A. Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(8):693–702.
Google Scholar
Baunwall SMD, Terveer EM, Dahlerup JF, Erikstrup C, Arkkila P, Vehreschild MJ, et al. The use of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in europe: a Europe-wide survey. Lancet Reg Health. 2021;9: 100181.
CDI Vårdprogram. Available from: https://infektion.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/cdi-vardprogram-2023.pdf. [cited 2024 Oct 18].
Charlson ME, Carrozzino D, Guidi J, Patierno C. Charlson comorbidity index: a critical review of clinimetric properties. Psychother Psychosom. 2022;91(1):8–35.
Google Scholar
Rockwood K, Theou O. Using the clinical frailty scale in allocating scarce health care resources. Can Geriatr J. 2020;23(3):210.
Google Scholar
Jorup-Rönström C, Håkanson A, Sandell S, Edvinsson O, Midtvedt T, Persson AK, et al. Fecal transplant against relapsing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in 32 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(5):548–52.
Google Scholar
Ghosh S, Antunes A, Rinta-Kokko H, Chaparova E, Lay-Flurrie S, Tricotel A, et al. Clostridioides difficile infections, recurrences, and clinical outcomes in real-world settings from 2015 to 2019: the RECUR England study. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;140:31–8.
Google Scholar
Tricotel A, Antunes A, Wilk A, Dombrowski S, Rinta-Kokko H, Andersson FL, et al. Epidemiological and clinical burden of clostridioides difficile infections and recurrences between 2015–2019: the RECUR Germany study. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):357.
Google Scholar
Feuerstadt P, Boules M, Stong L, Dahdal DN, Sacks NC, Lang K, et al. Clinical complications in patients with primary and recurrent clostridioides difficile infection: a real-world data analysis. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9: 2050312120986733.
Google Scholar
Haran JP, Zeamer A, Ward DV, Dutta P, Bucci V, McCormick BA. The nursing home older adult gut microbiome composition shows time-dependent dysbiosis and is influenced by medication exposures, age, environment, and frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(11):1930–8.
Google Scholar
Belga S, Majumdar SR, Kahlon S, Pederson J, Lau D, Padwal RS, et al. Comparing three different measures of frailty in medical inpatients: multicenter prospective cohort study examining 30-day risk of readmission or death. J Hosp Med. 2016;11(8):556–62.
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Cotarelo MJ, Jackson-Akers JY, Nagy-Agren SE, Warren CA. Interaction of Clostridioides difficile infection with frailty and cognition in the elderly: a narrative review. Eur J Med Res. 2023;28(1):439.
Google Scholar
Figueroa I, Johnson S, Sambol SP, Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Gerding DN. Relapse versus reinfection: recurrent clostridium difficile infection following treatment with Fidaxomicin or Vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(Suppl 2):S104-109.
Google Scholar
Kamboj M, Khosa P, Kaltsas A, Babady NE, Son C, Sepkowitz KA. Relapse versus reinfection: surveillance of clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(10):1003–6.
Google Scholar
van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Dekkers OM, Kuijper EJ, Keller JJ, et al. Prognostic factors for severe and recurrent clostridioides difficile infection: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(3):321–31.
Google Scholar
Eyre DW, Walker AS, Wyllie D, Dingle KE, Griffiths D, Finney J, et al. Predictors of first recurrence of clostridium difficile infection: implications for initial management. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2012;55(Suppl 2):S77–87.
Google Scholar