Delay discounting correlates with depression but does not predict relapse after antidepressant discontinuation

  • WHO. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates (World Health Organization, 2017).

  • GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global. Regional, and National Burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry 2022;9,137–150.

  • Lépine J-P, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:3.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association, A.; Association, A. P. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5; Washington, DC: American psychiatric association, 2013; Vol. 10.

  • Geddes JR, Carney SM, Davies C, Furukawa TA, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, et al. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders: a systematic review. Lancet. 2003;361:653–61.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaymaz N, van Os J, Loonen AJ, Nolen WA. Evidence that patients with single versus recurrent depressive episodes are differentially sensitive to treatment discontinuation: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:6813.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Glue P, Donovan MR, Kolluri S, Emir B. Meta-analysis of relapse prevention antidepressant trials in depressive disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44:697–705.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sim K, Lau WK, Sim J, Sum MY, Baldessarini RJ. Prevention of relapse and recurrence in adults with major depressive disorder: systematic review and meta-analyses of controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;19:pyv076.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: A STAR* D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1905–17.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Olfson M, Marcus SC, Tedeschi M, Wan GJ. Continuity of antidepressant treatment for adults with depression in the United States. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:101–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults (Updated Edition). Leicester (UK): British Psychological Society. 2010.

  • Recommendations Depression in adults: treatment and management | Guidance | NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng222/chapter/Recommendations#preventing-relapse Accessed 2023-09-14.

  • Trinh N-HT, Shyu I, McGrath PJ, Clain A, Baer L, Fava M, et al. Examining the Role of Race and ethnicity in relapse rates of major depressive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2011;52:151–5.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Petkova E, Quitkin FM, Amsterdam JD, Fawcett J, et al. Predictors of relapse during fluoxetine continuation or maintenance treatment of major depression. J Clin Psychiat. 2000;61:518–24.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Joliat MJ, Schmidt ME, Fava M, Zhang S, Michelson D, Trapp NJ, et al. Long-term treatment outcomes of depression with associated anxiety: efficacy of continuation treatment with fluoxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1080.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fava M, Wiltse C, Walker D, Brecht S, Chen A, Perahia D. Predictors of relapse in a study of duloxetine treatment in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2009;113:263–71.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Amsterdam J, Fava M, Fawcett J, et al. Use of pattern analysis to predict differential relapse of remitted patients with major depression during 1 year of treatment with fluoxetine or placebo. Arch Gen Psychiat. 1998;55:334–43.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berwian IM, Walter H, Seifritz E, Huys QJ. Predicting relapse after antidepressant withdrawal–a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2017;47:426–37.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Viguera AC, Baldessarini RJ, Friedberg J. Discontinuing antidepressant treatment in major depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1998;5:293–306.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel WK, Athamneh LN, Basso JC, Mellis AM, DeHart WB, Craft WH, et al. Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process: update on the state of the science. Curr Opin Psychol. 2019;30:59–64.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost R, McNaughton N. The neural basis of delay discounting: a review and preliminary model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;79:48–65.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchfield TS, Kollins SH. Temporal discounting: basic research and the analysis of socially important behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 2001;34:101–22. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2001.34-101

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Koffarnus MN, Jarmolowicz DP, Mueller ET, Bickel WK. Changing delay discounting in the light of the competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory: a review: changing delay discounting. J Exp Anal Behav. 2013;99:32–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.2

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cáceda R, Durand D, Cortes E, Prendes-Alvarez S, Moskovciak T, Harvey PD, et al. Impulsive choice and psychological pain in acutely suicidal depressed patients. Psychosom Med. 2014;76:445–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000075

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelmann JB, Maciuba B, Vaughan C, Paulus MP, Dunlop BW. Posttraumatic stress disorder increases sensitivity to long term losses among patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e78292 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078292

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulcu E, Trotter PD, Thomas EJ, McFarquhar M, Juhász G, Sahakian BJ, et al. Temporal discounting in major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2014;44:1825–34.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Imhoff S, Harris M, Weiser J, Reynolds B. Delay discounting by depressed and non-depressed adolescent smokers and non-smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;135:152–5.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown HE, Hart KL, Snapper LA, Roffman JL, Perlis RH. Impairment in delay discounting in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder but not primary mood disorders. npj Schizophr. 2018;4:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0050-z

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Weidberg S, García-Rodríguez O, Yoon JH, Secades-Villa R. Interaction of depressive symptoms and smoking abstinence on delay discounting rates. Psychol Addictive Behav. 2015;29:1041–7. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000073

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Amlung M, Marsden E, Holshausen K, Morris V, Patel H, Vedelago L, et al. Delay discounting as a transdiagnostic process in psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:1176–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lempert KM, Pizzagalli DA. Delay discounting and future-directed thinking in anhedonic individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41:258–64.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Szuhany KL, MacKenzie Jr D, Otto MW. The impact of depressed mood, working memory capacity, and priming on delay discounting. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2018;60:37–41.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Felton JW, Strutz KL, McCauley HL, Poland CA, Barnhart KJ, Lejuez CW. Delay discounting interacts with distress tolerance to predict depression and alcohol use disorders among individuals receiving inpatient substance use services. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;18:1416–21.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody L, Franck C, Bickel WK. Comorbid depression, antisocial personality, and substance dependence: relationship with delay discounting. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:190–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dombrovski AY, Szanto K, Siegle GJ, Wallace ML, Forman SD, Sahakian B, et al. Lethal forethought: delayed reward discounting differentiates high-and low-lethality suicide attempts in old age. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70:138–44.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Oono H, Inoue T, Boku S, Kako Y, Kitaichi Y, et al. Depressive patients are more impulsive and inconsistent in intertemporal choice behavior for monetary gain and loss than healthy subjects–an analysis based on Tsallis’ statistics. Neuro Endocrinology Letters 2008;29:351–8.

  • Owen GS, Martin W, Gergel T. Misevaluating the future: affective disorder and decision-making capacity for treatment–a temporal understanding. Psychopathology. 2019;51:371–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowen PJ, Browning M. What has serotonin to do with depression? World Psychiatry. 2015;14:158.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhé HG, Frokjaer VG, Haarman BCM, Jacobs GE, Booij J, Molecular Imaging of Depressive Disorders. In PET and SPECT in Psychiatry; Dierckx, RAJO, Otte, A, et al. Eds.; Cham: Springer International Publishing:, 2021; pp 85–207.

  • Neumeister A, Nugent AC, Waldeck T, Geraci M, Schwarz M, Bonne O, et al. Neural and behavioral responses to tryptophan depletion in unmedicated patients with remitted major depressive disorder and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:765–73.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowen PJ. Serotonin and depression: pathophysiological mechanism or marketing myth? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008;29:433–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweighofer N, Bertin M, Shishida K, Okamoto Y, Tanaka SC, Yamawaki S, et al. Low-serotonin levels increase delayed reward discounting in humans. J Neurosci. 2008;28:4528–32.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Crockett MJ, Clark L, Lieberman MD, Tabibnia G, Robbins TW. Impulsive choice and altruistic punishment are correlated and increase in tandem with serotonin depletion. Emotion. 2010;10:855–62.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka SC, Schweighofer N, Asahi S, Shishida K, Okamoto Y, Yamawaki S, et al. Serotonin differentially regulates short- and long-term prediction of rewards in the ventral and dorsal striatum. PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e1333.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlisi CO, Chantiluke K, Norman L, Christakou A, Barrett N, Giampietro V, et al. The effects of acute fluoxetine administration on temporal discounting in youth with ADHD. Psychological Med. 2016;46:1197–209.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki KW, Miyazaki K, Tanaka KF, Yamanaka A, Takahashi A, Tabuchi S, et al. Optogenetic activation of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons enhances patience for future rewards. Curr Biol. 2014;24:2033–40.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki K, Miyazaki KW, Sivori G, Yamanaka A, Tanaka KF, Doya K. Serotonergic projections to the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices differentially modulate waiting for future rewards. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eabc7246.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wogar MA, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E. Effect of lesions of the ascending 5-hydroxytryptaminergic pathways on choice between delayed reinforcers. Psychopharmacology. 1993;111:239–43.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mobini S, Chiang T-J, Ho M-Y, Bradshaw CM, Szabadi E. Effects of central 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion on sensitivity to delayed and probabilistic reinforcement. Psychopharmacology. 2000;152:390–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Denk F, Walton ME, Jennings KA, Sharp T, Rushworth MFS, Bannerman DM. Differential involvement of serotonin and dopamine systems in cost-benefit decisions about delay or effort. Psychopharmacology. 2005;179:587–96.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berwian IM, Wenzel JG, Kuehn L, Schnuerer I, Seifritz E, Stephan KE, et al. Low predictive power of clinical features for relapse prediction after antidepressant discontinuation in a naturalistic setting. Sci Rep. 2022;12:1–11.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berwian IM, Wenzel JG, Collins AG, Seifritz E, Stephan KE, Walter H, et al. Computational mechanisms of effort and reward decisions in patients with depression and their association with relapse after antidepressant discontinuation. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:513–22.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Berwian IM, Wenzel JG, Kuehn L, Schnuerer I, Kasper L, Veer IM, et al. The relationship between resting-state functional connectivity, antidepressant discontinuation and depression relapse. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1–10.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakefield JC, Schmitz MF. When does depression become a disorder? using recurrence rates to evaluate the validity of proposed changes in major depression diagnostic thresholds. World Psychiatry. 2013;12:44–52.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JB. A structured interview guide for the hamilton depression rating scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:742–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Delay Discounting Analysis Plan. https://github.com/doronelad/AIDA_analysis_discouting/blob/main/AnalysisPlan_Discounting.pdf.

  • Kirby KN, Petry NM, Bickel WK. Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1999;128:78.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pooseh S, Bernhardt N, Guevara A, Huys QJ, Smolka MN. Value-based decision-making battery: a bayesian adaptive approach to assess impulsive and risky behavior. Behav Res Methods. 2018;50:236–49.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinvest NS, Anderson IM. The effects of real versus hypothetical reward on delay and probability discounting. Q J Exp Psychol. 2010;63:1072–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903276350

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson MW, Bickel WK. Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. J Exp Anal Behav. 2002;77:129–46. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Madden GJ, Raiff BR, Lagorio CH, Begotka AM, Mueller AM, Hehli DJ, et al. Delay discounting of potentially real and hypothetical rewards: II. Between- and within-subject comparisons. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;12:251–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.12.4.251

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagorio CH, Madden GJ. Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards III: steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards. Behav Process. 2005;69:173–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.003

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazur JE. An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. Quant Anal Behav. 1987;5:55–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bos W, McClure SM. Towards a general model of temporal discounting. J Exp Anal Behav. 2013;99:58–73.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • McKerchar TL, Green L, Myerson J, Pickford TS, Hill JC, Stout SC. A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans. Behav Process. 2009;81:256–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Huys QJ, Cools R, Gölzer M, Friedel E, Heinz A, Dolan RJ, et al. Disentangling the roles of approach, activation and valence in instrumental and pavlovian responding. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7:e1002028.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guitart-Masip M, Huys QJ, Fuentemilla L, Dayan P, Duzel E, Dolan RJ. Go and No-Go learning in reward and punishment: interactions between affect and effect. Neuroimage. 2012;62:154–66.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillan CM, Kosinski M, Whelan R, Phelps EA, Daw ND. Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control. elife. 2016;5:e11305.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Akam T, Rodrigues-Vaz I, Marcelo I, Zhang X, Pereira M, Oliveira RF, et al. The anterior cingulate cortex predicts future states to mediate model-based action selection. Neuron. 2021;109:149–63.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden, D Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior. 1973.

  • Myerson J, Baumann AA, Green L. Discounting of delayed rewards:(A) theoretical interpretation of the kirby questionnaire. Behav Process. 2014;107:99–105.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AG, Franck CT, Mueller ET, Landes RD, Kowal BP, Yi R, et al. Predictors of delay discounting among smokers: education level and a utility measure of cigarette reinforcement efficacy are better predictors than demographics, smoking characteristics, executive functioning, impulsivity, or time perception. Addict Behav. 2015;45:124–33.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tibshirani R. Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso. J R Stat Soc Ser B Stat Methodol. 1996;58:267–88.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Saddichha S, Schuetz C. Impulsivity in remitted depression: a meta-analytical review. Asian J Psychiatry. 2014;9:13–16.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Altaweel N, Upthegrove R, Surtees A, Durdurak B, Marwaha S. Personality traits as risk factors for relapse or recurrence in major depression: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:709.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum AL. Delay discounting: trait variable? Behav Proc. 2011;87:1–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelino BW, Schlitzer RD, Reed DD, Strickland JC. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of test–retest reliability and stability of delay and probability discounting. J Exp Anal Behav. 2024;121:358–72.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149–60.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guiard BP, Mansari ME, Murphy DL, Blier P. Altered response to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram in mice heterozygous for the serotonin transporter: an electrophysiological and neurochemical study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15:349–61.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, HM Investigation of the Behavioural and Neurobiological Effects of SSRI Discontinuation in Mice. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford, 2023. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:97caafe1-ea12-460b-8c1d-0de202db5592. Accessed 2023-09-24)

  • Trouvin JH, Gardier AM, Chanut E, Pages N, Jacquot C. Time course of brain serotonin metabolism after cessation of long-term fluoxetine treatment in the rat. Life Sci. 1993;52:PL187–PL192.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Caccia S, Fracasso C, Garattini S, Guiso G, Sarati S. Effects of short-and long-term administration of fluoxetine on the monoamine content of rat brain. Neuropharmacology. 1992;31:343–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosker FJ, Tanke MA, Jongsma ME, Cremers TI, Jagtman E, Pietersen CY, et al. Biochemical and behavioral effects of long-term citalopram administration and discontinuation in rats: role of serotonin synthesis. Neurochem Int. 2010;57:948–57.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Elad, D; Story, GW; Berwian, IM; Stephan, KE; Walter, H; Huys, Q Delay discounting correlates with depression but does not predict relapse after antidepressant discontinuation. OSF. 2024. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5buq4.

  • Continue Reading