Summary: Researchers used AlphaFold3, the latest AI-based protein modeling system, to predict the structures of all 25 known human bitter taste receptors (T2Rs). Compared with AlphaFold2, AF3 consistently generated more accurate structural predictions when benchmarked against experimentally determined data.
The study revealed strong structural similarities in intracellular regions of T2Rs, with significant variation in extracellular regions, explaining how different receptors respond to diverse bitter compounds. These insights highlight T2Rs’ dual roles in taste and gut-brain signaling, opening pathways for research on appetite control, glucose metabolism, and lifestyle diseases such as diabetes.
Key Facts
- AI Upgrade: AlphaFold3 outperformed AlphaFold2 in predicting T2R structures.
- Structural Insights: Intracellular regions were highly conserved, while extracellular regions varied widely.
- Health Potential: Findings link bitter receptors to gut-brain signaling and possible diabetes research.
Source: Shibaura Institute of Technology
Receptor proteins, expressed on the cell surface or within the cell, bind to different signaling molecules, known as ligands, initiating cellular responses. Taste receptors, expressed in oral tissues, interact with tastants, the molecules responsible for the sensation of taste.
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are responsible for the sensation of bitter taste. However, apart from oral tissue, these receptors are also expressed in the neuropod cells of the gastrointestinal tract, which are responsible for transmitting signals from the gut to the brain. Thus, T2Rs might play a crucial role in maintaining the gut-brain axis.
25 types of human T2Rs have been identified to date. However, due to certain complexities, the structure of most of these receptors is not yet elucidated. In recent times, AI-based prediction models have been used to understand protein structure accurately.
Previously, a Nobel Prize-winning artificial intelligence (AI)-based model, AlphaFold2 (AF2), was utilized to decipher the structures of T2Rs. However, with the advancement in technology, the model has been updated to its latest version, AlphaFold3 (AF3). The latest model allows a more detailed structural prediction compared to the previous version.
Hence, in this study, a group of researchers, led by Professor Naomi Osakabe from Shibaura Institute of Technology, decided to analyze the structure of T2Rs using the AF3 model and compare the accuracy with the results from the AF2-based prediction study and the available three-dimensional structures of the two T2Rs, T2R14 and T2R46.
“The expression of bitter taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract indicates that they are involved in maintaining the gut-brain axis, glucose tolerance, and appetite regulation. Hence, understanding the structure can provide a better insight into its function,” mentioned Prof. Osakabe as the main motivation behind this study.
The paper was made available online on July 14, 2025, and was published in Volume 11 of the journal Current Research in Food Science on July 22, 2025.
This article has been co-authored by Takafumi Shimizu and Rio Ohno, from Shibaura Institute of Technology, and Professor Vittorio Calabrese, from the University of Catania.
The researchers obtained the amino acid sequences of all human T2Rs from the UniProt database and used the AF3 model to predict their three-dimensional structures. For comparison, previously generated AF2 prediction data were retrieved from the AlphaFold database.
The experimentally determined structures of T2R14 and T2R46 were sourced from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Various software tools were employed for structure visualization, alignment, and accuracy assessment.
The analysis revealed that AF3 provided consistently more accurate structural predictions than AF2. For T2R14, predictions were benchmarked against 115 cryo-EM structures, and AF3 showed the higher agreement with experimental data. Similarly, for T2R46, comparisons with three experimentally resolved structures confirmed that AF3 achieved the closest match in all cases.
Similarities in the structure of the T2Rs were also analyzed for this study. For these receptors, part of the protein remains inside the cell, known as the intracellular region, while another part stays outside the cell (extracellular region). The interaction with signal molecules happens in the extracellular region.
The study demonstrated that there are more structural similarities and consistencies among the intracellular regions of the T2Rs. The extracellular region of the receptors shows significant structural variation.
“Clustering of proteins is based on their structural similarity and dissimilarity. Based on our findings, we divided the T2Rs into three different clusters,” states Prof. Osakabe.
These patterns may help researchers understand how different T2Rs function and why certain receptors respond to specific compounds.
The structure of T2Rs probably allows them to recognize the thousands of different bitter substances via interaction with another taste receptor-specific G protein, α-gustducin.
“With the receptors’ involvement in detecting bitter tastants and maintaining the gut-brain axis, this can play an important role in health and pharmaceutical-based research, specifically targeting lifestyle diseases like diabetes,” mentioned Prof. Osakabe, explaining the importance of this study.
Further research, focusing on the relation between sequence and structure of the T2Rs and how individual perception of taste varies, will help in a more comprehensive understanding of T2R function.
Funding Information: This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number: 23H02166).
About this neuroscience research news
Author: Kohei Tsuchiya
Source: Shibaura Institute of Technology
Contact: Kohei Tsuchiya – Shibaura Institute of Technology
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“The three-dimensional structure prediction of human bitter taste receptor using the method of AlphaFold3” by Naomi Osakabe et al. Current Research in Food Science
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure prediction of human bitter taste receptor using the method of AlphaFold3
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs), a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors, are expressed not only in oral tissues but also in extraoral sites, playing key roles in physiological processes such as the gut-brain axis.
However, structural information on T2Rs is limited, with only two human T2Rs, T2R14 and T2R46, experimentally determined to date.
This study explores the potential of AlphaFold3 (AF3), an advanced AI-based protein structure prediction tool, to predict the structures of 25 human T2Rs and compares them with those of the earlier AlphaFold2 (AF2).
The accuracy of AF3 was evaluated by comparing the predicted structures of T2R14 and T2R46 with known experimental structures.
Our results show that AF3 provides more accurate structural predictions than AF2 for these receptors, though the predicted local distance difference test scores for AF3 were unexpectedly lower across all T2R subtypes.
Subsequent analysis indicated that significant structural variations were observed in the receptor’s extracellular region, in contrast to a higher degree of structural consistency in the intracellular region.
Clustering based on sequence identity and root mean square deviation highlighted distinct groupings among the receptors. The structural properties of these T2Rs may be related to their ability to recognize thousands of diverse bitter substances through interaction with the taste receptor-specific G protein, α-gustducin.
The present study provides evidence that AF3 can advance our understanding of T2R structure and research into the biological activity of T2R-ligand interactions in health-related processes, including risk reduction of obesity and diabetes.