Nutritional and inflammatory indices in gestational and pregestational diabetes: emphasis on the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: A World Health Organization Guideline. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(3):341–63.

Google Scholar 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Supplement1):S19–40.

Google Scholar 

Practice Bulletin No. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;180(1):e17.

Google Scholar 

Moon JH, Jang HC. Gestational diabetes mellitus: diagnostic approaches and maternal-offspring complications. Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):3–14.

Google Scholar 

Jiwani A, Marseille E, Lohse N, Damm P, Hod M, Kahn JG. Gestational diabetes mellitus: results from a survey of country prevalence and practices. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(6):600–10.

Google Scholar 

Linnenkamp U, Guariguata L, Beagley J, Whiting DR, Cho NH. The IDF diabetes atlas methodology for estimating global prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(2):186–96.

Google Scholar 

Li W, Li M, Wang T, Ma G, Deng Y, Pu D, et al. Controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score is a prognostic factor in patients with resected breast cancer. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6633.

Google Scholar 

Karabay G, Bayraktar B, Seyhanli Z, Sucu ST, Cakir BT, Aktemur G, et al. Evaluation of controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score in the prognosis of hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024;310(3):1499–507.

Google Scholar 

Shirakabe A, Hata N, Kobayashi N, Okazaki H, Matsushita M, Shibata Y, et al. The prognostic impact of malnutrition in patients with severely decompensated acute heart failure, as assessed using the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score. Heart Vessels. 2018;33(2):134–44.

Google Scholar 

Johns EC, Denison FC, Norman JE, Reynolds RM. Gestational diabetes mellitus: mechanisms, treatment, and complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29(11):743–54.

Google Scholar 

Tokgöz Çakır B, Aktemur G, Karabay G, Şeyhanlı Z, Topkara Sucu S, Coşkun A et al. Evaluation of prognostic nutritional status and lipid profile in gestational diabetes. Ginekol Pol. 2024;VM/OJS/J/99832.

Karatas E, Tanacan A, Ozkavak OO, Ozdal BB, Ucar HB, Kara O, et al. Predictive value of first-trimester aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) and other inflammatory indices for gestational diabetes mellitus and associated obstetric outcomes. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2025;93(4):e70069.

Google Scholar 

Wang L, Yao H, Shen W, Wang X, Huang C, Yu X, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with blood inflammatory indicators in a Chinese pregnant women population. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022;38(2):153–7.

Google Scholar 

Xiu X, Lin Y, Chen Z, Lin L, Zu Y, Yan J. Serum parameters of inflammatory markers as prognostic biomarkers with maternal-neonatal outcome in patients with GDM. Front Med. 2024;11:1406492.

Google Scholar 

Hashemipour S, Kalantarian SS, Panahi H, Kelishomi SE, Ghasemi A, Chopani SM, et al. The association of inflammatory markers in early pregnancy with the development of gestational diabetes: Qazvin maternal and neonatal metabolic study (QMNS). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2025;25(1):135.

Google Scholar 

Song S, Luo Q, Zhong X, Huang M, Zhu J. An elevated triglyceride-glucose index in the first-trimester predicts adverse pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2025;311(3):915–27.

Google Scholar 

Ye YX, Wang Y, Wu P, Yang X, Wu L, Lai Y, et al. Blood cell parameters from early to middle pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2023;108(12):e1702–11.

Google Scholar 

Mandić-Marković V, Dobrijević Z, Robajac D, Miljuš G, Šunderić M, Penezić A, et al. Biochemical markers in the prediction of pregnancy outcome in gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicina. 2024;60(8):1250.

Google Scholar 

Fashami MA, Hajian S, Afrakhteh M, Khoob MK. Is there an association between platelet and blood inflammatory indices and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus? Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2020;63(2):133–40.

Google Scholar