WHO. Economic costs of malaria. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011.
Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K. Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10:1047–59.
Google Scholar
Wafula ST, Habermann T, Franke MA, May J, Puradiredja DI, Lorenz E, et al. What are the pathways between poverty and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review of mediation studies. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12:58.
Google Scholar
Sicuri E, Vieta A, Lindner L, Constenla D, Sauboin C. The economic costs of malaria in children in three sub-Saharan countries: Ghana, Tanzania and Kenya. Malar J. 2013;12:307.
Google Scholar
Asante FA, Asenso-Okyere K. Economic burden of malaria in Ghana. Technical report submitted to the World Health Organization, African Region. 2003;1–81.
Adjagba A, Onwujekwe O, Bocoum F, Osei-Akoto I, Matovu F. Economic cost of malaria in four countries in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative analysis. Afr J Health Economics. 2019;8:23–33.
Watts C, Atieli H, Alacapa J, Lee M-C, Zhou G, Githeko A, et al. Rethinking the economic costs of hospitalization for malaria: accounting for the comorbidities of malaria patients in western Kenya. Malar J. 2021;20:429.
Google Scholar
Obieche OA, Odili VU. Evaluation of cost of treatment of malaria in adults in Benin City, Nigeria: patients’ perspective. Malariaworld J. 2016;7:12.
Google Scholar
Chima RI, Goodman CA, Mills A. The economic impact of malaria in Africa: a critical review of the evidence. Health Policy. 2003;63:17–36.
Google Scholar
El-Houderi A, Constantin J, Castelnuovo E, Sauboin C. Economic and resource use associated with management of malaria in children aged < 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic literature review. MDM Policy Pract. 2019;4:2381468319893986.
Google Scholar
Andrade MV, Noronha K, Diniz BP, Guedes G, Carvalho LR, Silva VA, et al. The economic burden of malaria: a systematic review. Malar J. 2022;21:283.
Google Scholar
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71.
Google Scholar
CCEMG-EPPI-Centre cost converter; Version 1.7: The Campbell and Cochrane Economics Methods Group (CCEMG) and the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating Centre (EPPI-Centre). https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/costconversion/.
Yukich JO, Lengeler C, Tediosi F, Brown N, Mulligan JA, Chavasse D, et al. Costs and consequences of large-scale vector control for malaria. Malar J. 2008;7:258.
Google Scholar
Temperley M, Mueller DH, Njagi JK, Akhwale W, Clarke SE, Jukes MC, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of delivering intermittent preventive treatment through schools in western Kenya. Malar J. 2008;7:196.
Google Scholar
Scates SS, Finn TP, Wisniewski J, Dadi D, Mandike R, Khamis M, et al. Costs of insecticide-treated bed net distribution systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J. 2020;19:105.
Google Scholar
Salawu AT, Fawole OI, Dairo MD. Patronage and cost of malaria treatment in private hospitals in Ibadan North L.G.A. South Western, Nigeria. An Ib Postgrad Med. 2016;14:81–4.
Google Scholar
Nonvignon J, Aryeetey GC, Malm KL, Agyemang SA, Aubyn VN, Peprah NY, et al. Economic burden of malaria on businesses in Ghana: a case for private sector investment in malaria control. Malar J. 2016;15:454.
Google Scholar
Sicuri E, Yaya Bocoum F, Nonvignon J, Alonso S, Fakih B, Bonsu G, et al. The costs of implementing vaccination with the RTS, S malaria vaccine in five sub-Saharan African countries. MDM Policy Pract. 2019;4:2381468319896280.
Google Scholar
Devine A, Pasaribu AP, Teferi T, Pham HT, Awab GR, Contantia F, et al. Provider and household costs of Plasmodium vivax malaria episodes: a multicountry comparative analysis of primary trial data. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97:828–36.
Google Scholar
Mosha JF, Conteh L, Tediosi F, Gesase S, Bruce J, Chandramohan D, et al. Cost implications of improving malaria diagnosis: findings from north-eastern Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2010;5: e8707.
Google Scholar
Okogun GR, Amadi AN. Epidemiology, therapeutic agents and cost of management of paediatric malaria in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. J Vector Borne Dis. 2005;42:87–94.
Google Scholar
Chuma JM, Thiede M, Molyneux CS. Rethinking the economic costs of malaria at the household level: evidence from applying a new analytical framework in rural Kenya. Malar J. 2006;5:76.
Google Scholar
Stovold E, Beecher D, Foxlee R, Noel-Storr A. Study flow diagrams in Cochrane systematic review updates: an adapted PRISMA flow diagram. Syst Rev. 2014;3:54.
Google Scholar
Batura N, Kasteng F, Condoane J, Bagorogosa B, Castel-Branco AC, Kertho E, et al. Costs of treating childhood malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia in rural Mozambique and Uganda. Malar J. 2022;21:239.
Google Scholar
Cirera L, Sacoor C, Meremikwu M, Ranaivo L, FME M, Arikpo D, et al. The economic costs of malaria in pregnancy: evidence from four sub-Saharan countries. Gates Open Res. 2023;7:47.
Google Scholar
Diawara H, Bocoum FY, Dicko A, Levin A, Lee C, Koita F, et al. Cost of introducing and delivering malaria vaccine (RTS, S/AS01(E)) in areas of seasonal malaria transmission, Mali and Burkina Faso. BMJ Gobal Health. 2023;8: e011316.
Duval L, Sicuri E, Scott S, Traoré M, Daabo B, Tinto H, et al. Household costs associated with seeking malaria treatment during pregnancy: evidence from Burkina Faso and The Gambia. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2022;20(1):42.
Google Scholar
Tsehay S, Hassen F, Hirigo AT, Abiy Z, Desta K. Blood transfusion-transmissible malaria and its cost analysis in Hawassa regional blood bank, Southern Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med. 2020;8:2050312120936930.
Google Scholar
Tefera DR, Sinkie SO, Daka DW. Economic burden of malaria and associated factors among rural households in Chewaka district, Western Ethiopia. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2020;12:141–52.
Google Scholar
Somi MF, Butler JR, Vahid F, Njau JD, Kachur SP, Abdulla S. Economic burden of malaria in rural Tanzania: variations by socioeconomic status and season. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:1139–47.
Google Scholar
Rahman R, Lesser A, Mboera L, Kramer R. Cost of microbial larviciding for malaria control in rural Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21:1468–75.
Google Scholar
Phiri MD, McCann RS, Kabaghe AN, van den Berg H, Malenga T, Gowelo S, et al. Cost of community-led larval source management and house improvement for malaria control: a cost analysis within a cluster-randomized trial in a rural district in Malawi. Malar J. 2021;20:268.
Google Scholar
Masimbi O, Schurer JM, Rafferty E, Ndahimana JA, Amuguni JH. A cost analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of malaria at public health facilities and communities in three districts in Rwanda. Malar J. 2022;21:150.
Google Scholar
Kodhiambo MO, Oyugi JO, Amugune BK. Modelling the household cost of paediatric malaria treatment in a rural county in Kenya: do non-user fee payments matter? A partial cost of illness analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10: e033192.
Google Scholar
Hennessee I, Chinkhumba J, Briggs-Hagen M, Bauleni A, Shah MP, Chalira A, et al. Household costs among patients hospitalized with malaria: evidence from a national survey in Malawi, 2012. Malar J. 2017;16:395.
Google Scholar
Hardy A, Haji K, Abbas F, Hassan J, Ali A, Yussuf Y, et al. Cost and quality of operational larviciding using drones and smartphone technology. Malar J. 2023;22:286.
Google Scholar
Hailu A, Lindtjørn B, Deressa W, Gari T, Loha E, Robberstad B. Economic burden of malaria and predictors of cost variability to rural households in south-central Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0185315.
Google Scholar
Guyatt HL, Kinnear J, Burini M, Snow RW. A comparative cost analysis of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying in highland Kenya. Health Policy Plan. 2002;17:144–53.
Google Scholar
Gunda R, Shamu S, Chimbari MJ, Mukaratirwa S. Economic burden of malaria on rural households in Gwanda district, Zimbabwe. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2017;9:e1–6.
Google Scholar
Drake TL, Okello G, Njagi K, Halliday KE, Jukes M, Mangham L, et al. Cost analysis of school-based intermittent screening and treatment of malaria in Kenya. Malar J. 2011;10:273.
Google Scholar
Deressa W, Hailemariam D, Ali A. Economic costs of epidemic malaria to households in rural Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:1148–56.
Google Scholar
Canana N. A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique. Malar J. 2021;20:8.
Google Scholar
Ayieko P, Akumu AO, Griffiths UK, English M. The economic burden of inpatient paediatric care in Kenya: household and provider costs for treatment of pneumonia, malaria and meningitis. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2009;7:3.
Google Scholar
Abdel-Hameed AA, Abdalla HM, Alnaury AH. Household expenditure on malaria case management in Wad-Medani, Sudan. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2001;30(Suppl):35–8.
Google Scholar
Broekhuizen H, Fehr A, Nieto-Sanchez C, Muela J, Peeters-Grietens K, Smekens T, et al. Costs and barriers faced by households seeking malaria treatment in the Upper River Region. The Gambia Malar J. 2021;20:368.
Google Scholar
Castellani J, Mihaylova B, Siribié M, Gansane Z, Ouedraogo AZ, Fouque F, et al. Household costs and time to treatment for children with severe febrile illness in rural Burkina Faso: the role of rectal artesunate. Malar J. 2018;17:380.
Google Scholar
Dalaba MA, Welaga P, Oduro A, Danchaka LL, Matsubara C. Cost of malaria treatment and health seeking behaviour of children under-five years in the Upper West Region of Ghana. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0195533.
Google Scholar
Dambach P, Schleicher M, Stahl HC, Traoré I, Becker N, Kaiser A, et al. Routine implementation costs of larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis against malaria vectors in a district in rural Burkina Faso. Malar J. 2016;15:380.
Google Scholar
De Allegri M, Marschall P, Flessa S, Tiendrebéogo J, Kouyaté B, Jahn A, et al. Comparative cost analysis of insecticide-treated net delivery strategies: sales supported by social marketing and free distribution through antenatal care. Health Policy Plan. 2010;25(1):28–38.
Google Scholar
Ezenduka CC, Falleiros DR, Godman BB. Evaluating the treatment costs for uncomplicated malaria at a public healthcare facility in Nigeria and the implications. PharmacoEconomics – open. 2017;1(3):185–94.
Google Scholar
Ismail NE, Jimam NS, Goh KW, Tan CS, Ming LC. Economic Burdens of Uncomplicated Malaria in Primary Health Care (PHC) Facilities of Plateau State, Nigeria: Patients’ Perspectives. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2023;20(2).
Kahn JG, Harris B, Mermin JH, Clasen T, Lugada E, Grabowksy M, et al. Cost of community integrated prevention campaign for malaria, HIV, and diarrhea in rural Kenya. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:346.
Google Scholar
Maccario R, Rouhani S, Drake T, Nagy A, Bamadio M, Diarra S, et al. Cost analysis of a school-based comprehensive malaria program in primary schools in Sikasso region, Mali. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):572.
Google Scholar
Moukoumbi Lipenguet G, Ngoungou EB, Ibinga E, Engohang-Ndong J, Wittwer J. Evaluation of direct costs associated with the management of clinical stage of malaria in children under five years old in Gabon. Malar J. 2021;20:334.
Google Scholar
Mulligan JA, Yukich J, Hanson K. Costs and effects of the Tanzanian national voucher scheme for insecticide-treated nets. Malar J. 2008;7:32.
Google Scholar
Mustafa MH, Babiker MA. Economic cost of malaria on households during a transmission season in Khartoum State. Sudan East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13(6):1298–307.
Google Scholar
Obieche OA, Odili VU. Evaluation of cost of treatment of malaria in adults in Benin City, Nigeria: patients’ perspective. Malariaworld J. 2016;7:12.
Google Scholar
Onwujekwe O, Hanson K, Uzochukwu B, Ichoku H, Ike E, Onwughalu B. Are malaria treatment expenditures catastrophic to different socio-economic and geographic groups and how do they cope with payment? A study in southeast Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:18–25.
Google Scholar
Onwujekwe O, Uguru N, Etiaba E, Chikezie I, Uzochukwu B, Adjagba A. The economic burden of malaria on households and the health system in Enugu State southeast Nigeria. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e78362.
Google Scholar
Onyia VU, Ughasoro MD, Onwujekwe OE. The economic burden of malaria in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;33:92–5.
Google Scholar
Sicuri E, Davy C, Marinelli M, Oa O, Ome M, Siba P, et al. The economic cost to households of childhood malaria in Papua New Guinea: a focus on intra-country variation. Health Policy Plan. 2012;27:339–47.
Google Scholar
Silumbe K, Yukich JO, Hamainza B, Bennett A, Earle D, Kamuliwo M, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of a large-scale mass testing and treatment intervention for malaria in Southern Province. Zambia Malar J. 2015;14:211.
Google Scholar
Stevens W, Wiseman V, Ortiz J, Chavasse D. The costs and effects of a nationwide insecticide-treated net programme: the case of Malawi. Malar J. 2005;4:22.
Google Scholar
Tawiah T, Asante KP, Dwommoh RA, Kwarteng A, Gyaase S, Mahama E, et al. Economic costs of fever to households in the middle belt of Ghana. Malar J. 2016;15:68.
Google Scholar
Yukich JO, Zerom M, Ghebremeskel T, Tediosi F, Lengeler C. Costs and cost-effectiveness of vector control in Eritrea using insecticide-treated bed nets. Malar J. 2009;8:51.
Google Scholar
Castellani J, Mihaylova B, Evers SM, Paulus AT, Mrango ZE, Kimbute O, et al. Out-of-pocket costs and other determinants of access to healthcare for children with febrile illnesses: a case-control study in rural Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0122386.
Google Scholar
Orem JN, Kirigia JM, Azairwe R, Zikusooka CM, Bataringaya J, Ogwang PO. Cost of malaria morbidity in Uganda. J Econom Sustain Dev. 2012;3:58–80.
Teklehaimanot A, Mejia P. Malaria and poverty. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2008;1136:32–7.
Google Scholar