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  • Scientists date the origin of Jupiter by studying the formation of “molten rock raindrops”

    Scientists date the origin of Jupiter by studying the formation of “molten rock raindrops”

    image: 

    Round chondrules visible in a thin section of the Allende meteorite under microscopic view. Credit: Akira Miyake, Kyoto University 


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    Credit: Akira Miyake, Kyoto University

    Four and a half billion years ago Jupiter rapidly grew to its massive size. Its powerful gravitational pull disrupted the orbits of small rocky and icy bodies similar to modern asteroids and comets, called planetesimals. This caused them to smash into each other at such high speeds that the rocks and dust they contained melted on impact and created floating molten rock droplets, or chondrules, that we find preserved in meteorites today.  

    Now, researchers at Nagoya University in Japan and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) have for the first time determined how these droplets formed and accurately dated the formation of Jupiter based on their findings. Their study, published in Scientific Reports, shows how the characteristics of chondrules, particularly their sizes and the rate at which they cooled in space, are determined by the water contained in the impacting planetesimals. This explains what we observe in meteorite samples and proves that chondrule formation was a result of planet formation. 

    Time capsules from 4.6 billion years ago 

    Chondrules, small spheres approximately 0.1-2 millimeters wide, were incorporated into asteroids as the solar system formed. Billions of years later, pieces of these asteroids would break off and fall to Earth as meteorites. How chondrules came to have their round shape has puzzled scientists for decades.  

    “When planetesimals collided with each other, water instantly vaporized into expanding steam. This acted like tiny explosions and broke apart the molten silicate rock into the tiny droplets we see in meteorites today,” co-lead author Professor Sin-iti Sirono from Nagoya University’s Graduate School of Earth and Environmental Sciences explained.  

    “Previous formation theories couldn’t explain chondrule characteristics without requiring very specific conditions, while this model requires conditions that naturally occurred in the early solar system when Jupiter was born.” 

    The researchers developed computer simulations of Jupiter’s growth and tracked how its gravity caused high-speed collisions between rocky and water-rich planetesimals in the early solar system.  

    “We compared the characteristics and abundance of simulated chondrules to meteorite data and found that the model spontaneously generated realistic chondrules. The model also shows that chondrule production coincides with Jupiter’s intense accumulation of nebular gas to reach its massive size. As meteorite data tell us that peak chondrule formation took place 1.8 million years after the solar system began, this is also the time at which Jupiter was born,” Dr. Diego Turrini, co-lead author and senior researcher at the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) said. 

    A new way to date when planets form 

    This study provides a clearer picture of how our solar system formed. However, the production of chondrules started by Jupiter’s formation is too brief to explain why we find chondrules of many different ages in meteorites. The most likely explanation is that other giant planets like Saturn also triggered chondrule formation when they were born.  

    By studying chondrules of different ages, scientists can trace the birth order of the planets and understand how our solar system developed over time. The research also suggests that these violent planet formation processes may occur around other stars and offers insights into how other planetary systems developed. 

    The study, “Chondrule formation by collisions of planetesimals containing volatiles triggered by Jupiter’s formation,” was published in the journal Scientific Reports, on August 25, 2025, at DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-12643-x. 

    Funding information: 

    This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25K07383, by the Italian Space Agency through ASI-INAF contract 2016-23-H.0 and 2021-5-HH.0 and by the European Research Council via the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme ERC Synergy “ECOGAL” Project GA-855130. 


    Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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  • Investment Performance Measurement, Attribution & Risk, 2 Day Online Training Course – October 15-17, 2025

    Investment Performance Measurement, Attribution & Risk, 2 Day Online Training Course – October 15-17, 2025

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    Key market opportunities include enhancing skills in investment performance reporting, risk measurement, and portfolio attribution. Participants with a firm grasp of securities and valuation reporting can leverage these skills for advanced performance analysis and client reporting in a competitive financial landscape.

    Dublin, Aug. 25, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — The “Investment Performance Measurement, Attribution & Risk (ONLINE EVENT: October 15-17, 2025)” training has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering.

    This is a comprehensive, hands-on business introduction to the concepts and application of Investment Performance Reporting, Equity Attribution and Ex-Post Risk. Although it includes brief coverage of Fixed Interest Attribution, Multi-Currency Attribution and Ex-Ante Risk, each of these more complex applications is given separate, dedicated one-day coverage in other workshops.

    The workshop includes numerous case studies which work from raw data. It also includes coverage of the data management implications of Performance and Attribution implementations.

    By attending this workshop you will gain an understanding of Performance, Attribution and Risk to allow you to follow through from Portfolio Valuation to Performance Report. In addition, you will be able to take the applications forward to ‘get to the next stage’ performance analysis, client reporting and user problem solving.

    Investment Performance, Attribution and Risk are complex topics. Each includes concepts distinct from, for example, Investment Reporting, Accounting or Fund Pricing. Accordingly, a simple spreadsheet as a guide is made available for prospective attendees pre-workshop to attempt and gain initial familiarity with key concepts.

    Learning Outcomes:

    By the end of the course you will be able to:

    • Calculate returns and use key metrics

    • Understand the benchmarks and indices and use them to measure performance

    • Calculate and measure risk

    • Track errors in performance

    • Apply portfolio attribution

    • Understand and apply Global Investment Performance Standards

    • Present performance results and prepare reports

    Who Should Attend:

    This Investment Performance Measurement, Attribution and Risk course should be attended by professionals who need to understand and calculate financial performance from the following types of institutions and departments:

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  • Hackers are looking to steal Microsoft logins using some devious new tricks – here’s how to stay safe

    Hackers are looking to steal Microsoft logins using some devious new tricks – here’s how to stay safe


    • A new phishing scheme successfully bypasses most security tools
    • It abuses ads and Microsoft’s Active Directory Federation Services tool
    • It is designed to steal login credentials, so users should take care

    Cybercriminals have found a clever way to make phishing sites look like legitimate login pages, successfully stealing Microsoft credentials, experts have warned.

    Cybersecurity researchers at Push Security recently published an in-depth report on how the scam works, outlining how the attackers created fake login pages that mimicked authentic Microsoft 365 sign-in screens.

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  • David Corenswet’s audition tape as Superman goes viral; fans say ‘He looks more Superman here than the movie’

    David Corenswet’s audition tape as Superman goes viral; fans say ‘He looks more Superman here than the movie’

    Fans are losing it after American actor David Corenswet’s Superman audition tape went public. The clip, uploaded by 21 Casting on YouTube, shows the actor in Clark Kent’s glasses and suit reading through an early draft of the famous interview scene, with his wife Julia Warner filling in as Lois Lane. The video has gone viral across social media, with many calling it undeniable proof that David was always meant to play the Man of Steel.

    A still from David Corenswet’s audition tape for Superman

    “You better be blown away by David Corenswet’s audition. This dude just oozes that Superman vibe,” one fan wrote. Another added, “You can always tell who went to Juilliard and who didn’t. Corenswet is such a theatre kid and it’s so great. He is channeling (Christopher) Reeve so much here it’s wild.” A third was even more direct: “Sorry to everyone else who auditioned because it couldn’t have been anyone else.”

    The excitement online has only reaffirmed what film’s director James Gunn already knew. “From the very beginning, he was the guy to beat,” he had told GQ. Even though he auditioned over 400 hopefuls, James admitted Corenswet was always ahead. His pairing with Rachel Brosnahan sealed the deal.

    “We mixed and matched these different actors and actresses to find out not only who was the best Clark and who was the best Lois, but who was the best ‘Clois,’ who was the best together. I do think that David was the best Clark, Rachel was the best Lois — but they also had the most chemistry together,” he had told Entertainment Weekly.

    David had also revealed what helped his tape stand out. “James has told me that the one thing that surprised him, that meant something to him initially, was the humor that I brought to that first scene. I immediately read it in the terms of the movies that I grew up on, which are Singin’ in the Rain and His Girl Friday, and the Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers movies. Just the timing and the patter and the style of humor—and it turned out that that was what he was imagining,” he had said.

    The actor’s debut as Superman has already crossed $331 million in the U.S., making it the highest-grossing Man of Steel film yet. Set three years into his superhero journey, the film shows Superman grappling with his first major loss while Nicholas Hoult’s Lex Luthor works to dismantle his public image. David said he was drawn to playing the character at his most vulnerable.

    “I had the same ideas about Superman, that he’s quite reserved and has ultimate control over his emotions and his reactions to things. I was very excited when James said all of that is true about Superman, but we get to meet him in this moment where those things are least true,” he had said.

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  • More than a dozen people killed in Israeli strikes on hospital in southern Gaza, including journalists

    More than a dozen people killed in Israeli strikes on hospital in southern Gaza, including journalists

    More than a dozen Palestinians were killed in a pair of Israeli strikes on a hospital in southern Gaza, according to the Nasser Medical Complex, including journalists from multiple outlets.

    The Palestinian Ministry of Health said at least 20 people were killed in the attack on Monday, with many more injured.

    Israel carried out back-to-back strikes on the hospital in Khan Younis separated by only a matter of minutes, the ministry said. The “double-tap” hits killed journalists, health workers, and emergency response crews who had rushed to the scene after the initial attack, the Nasser Hospital said.

    Dr. Mohammad Saqer, a Nasser Hospital spokesman and head of nursing, said that five journalists and four health workers had died.

    The journalists killed include Mohammad Salama, a cameraman from Al Jazeera, Hussam Al-Masri who was a contractor for Reuters, and Mariam Abu Dagga, who has worked with the Associated Press (AP) and other outlets throughout the war. Moath Abu Taha, a freelance journalist, was also killed, the hospital added.

    The Israeli attacks hit a balcony on the hospital used by reporters for an elevated view of Khan Younis.

    Gaza’s Civil Defense organization said one of their crew members also died in the attack.

    A first strike on the hospital hit the fourth floor of Nasser Medical Complex, the Palestinian health ministry said, followed by a second attack a short time later that hit ambulance crews and emergency responders.

    The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) said in a statement that it “carried out a strike in the area of” the hospital. The IDF said it “does not target journalists as such,” and that the military chief has instructed an initial inquiry to be opened as soon as possible.

    The IDF statement does not acknowledge hitting the hospital directly, fails to mention the two consecutive strikes on the facility and makes no mention of what the military was targeting.

    An Israeli security official with knowledge of the details of an initial inquiry said IDF forces identified a camera on the roof of the hospital that they claim was being used by Hamas to monitor the Israeli military.

    The forces received authorization to strike the camera with a drone, the source said. But instead, Israeli forces fired two tank shells: the first at the camera and the second at rescue forces.

    The details of the inquiry are a remarkable admission from an Israeli official that it intentionally targeted the first responders that arrived at the scene after the first strike.

    Mohammad Salama

    Video from the scene shows Dr. Saqer holding up a blood-soaked cloth after the first strike when another explosion rocks the building, filling the air with smoke and sending people running for cover.

    A live camera from Al Ghad TV shows emergency workers on a damaged staircase at the hospital when the second attack hits the building.

    The Palestinian Journalists Syndicate condemned the attack, calling it a “heinous massacre perpetrated by the Israeli occupation forces… which directly targeted media and journalistic crews.”

    Francesca Albanese, the United Nations special rapporteur for the occupied Palestinian territories, said on social media: “Scenes like this unfold every moment in Gaza, often unseen, largely undocumented. I beg STATES: how much more must be witnessed before you act to stop this carnage?”

    “This has gone on far too long,” said Israel’s Foreign Press Association. “Too many journalists in Gaza have been killed by Israel without justification. Israel continues to block international journalists from independent access to Gaza.”

    CNN profiled Abu Dagga last year as one of the journalists chronicling the conflict as a growing number of her colleagues were killed in Israeli attacks. Then 31 years old, she said: “We are covering the war on Gaza because this is our journalistic duty. It is entrusted upon us.”

    At the time, Abu Dagga worked for the Independent Arabic. She also freelanced for AP since the war began. “We challenged the Israeli occupation. We challenged the difficult circumstances and the reality of this war, a genocidal war,” Abu Dagga told CNN in 2024.

    Moath Abu Taha
    Hussam Al-Massri

    AP said it was “shocked and saddened” to learn of Abu Dagga’s death along with several other journalists. Her 12-year-old son was evacuated from Gaza earlier in the war, the news agency said.

    “(Abu) Dagga reported on Nasser Hospital doctors struggling to save children with no prior health issues who were wasting away from starvation,” AP said in a statement.

    Al Jazeera condemned the killings as a “horrific crime” committed by Israeli forces who have “directly targeted and assassinated journalists.”

    The network said in a statement: “The ongoing campaign by the Israeli occupation against journalists has violated all international norms and laws, amounting to war crimes under the Rome Statute and the Geneva Conventions, both of which strictly prohibit the deliberate targeting of civilians and journalists in conflict zones.”

    In a statement, Hamas said: “The cowardly enemy aims to deter journalists from conveying the truth and covering war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and the catastrophic living conditions of our Palestinian people in Gaza.”

    According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Israel has killed 192 journalists since the start of the Gaza war, prior to Monday’s attack. The organization added that: “Israel is engaging in the deadliest and most deliberate effort to kill and silence journalists that CPJ has ever documented.”

    Two weeks ago, Israel killed several Al Jazeera journalists in a strike in Gaza City, including one of the network’s most prominent correspondents, Anas Al-Sharif. It came after the IDF accused Al-Sharif of being the leader of a Hamas rocket cell, an accusation he vehemently denied.


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  • Molten droplets in meteorites help date Jupiter’s planetary birth

    Molten droplets in meteorites help date Jupiter’s planetary birth

    For the first time, researchers have dated the formation of Jupiter by studying tiny, bead-like spheres found preserved in meteorites.

    A study by Japan’s Nagoya University and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) found that the gas giant was most likely born 1.8 million years after the solar system began.

    The evidence came from studying chondrules, which are 0.1-2 millimeter-wide “molten rock droplets” found in meteorites that fell to Earth’s surface.

    Chondrules have long puzzled scientists. How did these tiny spheres form?

    The study’s modeling revealed that the immense gravitational forces of a rapidly forming Jupiter were responsible for creating these molten rock droplets. 

    Jupiter’s gravity caused planetesimal collisions that melted rock into droplets dispersed by expanding water vapor. Diego Turrini and Sin-iti Sirono

    The violent start

    Roughly 4.5 billion years ago, our solar system was a chaotic nursery. 

    In this swirling disk of gas and dust, a gaseous giant, Jupiter, was coming into existence. 

    As Jupiter grew to its massive size, its powerful gravity stirred the pot, disrupting the orbits of countless smaller bodies called planetesimals — similar to the asteroids and comets. 

    These planetesimals, made of rock, dust, and ice, smashed into each other at incredible speeds. The force of these collisions was so immense that the rocks and dust they contained melted instantly.

    The impact vaporized the water in the smaller bodies, creating a steam explosion that shattered the molten silicate into microscopic droplets. 

    The droplets then cooled and solidified, which were later incorporated into asteroids that eventually broke apart and fell to Earth as meteorites.

    “When planetesimals collided with each other, water instantly vaporized into expanding steam. This acted like tiny explosions and broke apart the molten silicate rock into the tiny droplets we see in meteorites today,” said Professor Sin-iti Sirono, the co-lead author from Nagoya University.  

    “Previous theories couldn’t explain chondrule characteristics without requiring very specific conditions, while this model requires conditions that naturally occurred in the early solar system when Jupiter was born,” Sirono added. 

    Dating planet formation

    The new study used computer simulations to model Jupiter’s growth and collisions between rocky and water-rich planetesimals in the early solar system.

    The model spontaneously generated realistic chondrules, matching the characteristics and abundance found in meteorite data.

    The research found that water within the colliding planetesimals was crucial in forming chondrules. 

    It also proves that chondrule formation was a direct result of planet formation.

    The team could pinpoint Jupiter’s birth by correlating the timing of these simulated collisions with the age of chondrules found in meteorites.

    “The model also shows that chondrule production coincides with Jupiter’s intense accumulation of nebular gas to reach its massive size. As meteorite data tell us that peak chondrule formation took place 1.8 million years after the solar system began, this is also the time at which Jupiter was born,” said Dr. Diego Turrini, co-lead author and senior researcher at INAF. 

    This research offers a new way to date the formation of other planets.

    While Jupiter’s formation explains a major period of chondrule creation, meteorites contain chondrules of various ages.

    Scientists can now study chondrules of different ages to trace the birth order of the giant planets in our solar system and possibly in other star systems. 

    The findings were reported in the journal Scientific Reports.

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  • IWGA announces seven elected members of the Athletes Committee 2025–2029

    IWGA announces seven elected members of the Athletes Committee 2025–2029

    Lausanne, Switzerland – 25 August 2025 — The International World Games Association (IWGA) is pleased to announce the seven athletes who have been elected to serve on the IWGA Athletes Committee for the 2025–2029 term.


    Following the voting period held during The World Games 2025 in Chengdu, China, from 3–16 August, accredited athletes from across the Games cast their votes online to select their representatives.


    This election reinforces the IWGA’s ongoing commitment to athlete inclusion and participation in the governance of The World Games.


    The seven elected members of the Athletes Committee are:


    • Xaioxaio (Sunny) Lai (CHN) – Wushu
    • Sandra Sánchez (ESP) – Karate
    • Petra Senánszky (HUN) – Underwater Sports
    • Catherine Phillips (AUS) – Flying Disc
    • Andrea Busa (HUN) – Kickboxing
    • Yves Martial Tadissi (HUN) – Karate
    • Max Poschart (GER) – Underwater Sports


    These athletes were chosen from a pool of 20 candidates representing a wide range of sports and countries, all nominated by their respective International Federations. Their election ensures a diverse and experienced Committee that can effectively represent athlete interests across the IWGA Family.


    In line with the IWGA Constitution, up to two additional members may be appointed by the IWGA President by October 2025 to ensure balanced representation in terms of gender, sport, and geographical diversity.


    Once the final composition of the Athlete Committee is confirmed, the first meeting of the new Athletes Committee will be held, during which the members will elect their Chair. The elected Chair will also serve as a member of the IWGA Executive Committee for the duration of the term, from 2025 to 2029.


    José Perurena, IWGA President and Chair of the Electoral Committee, commented on the outcome:


    “I extend my congratulations to the seven elected athletes and thank all the candidates who stood for election. The strong engagement of athletes during the voting period shows how important this Committee is for the future of The World Games. We look forward to working closely with the newly elected members.”


    Jan Fransoo and John Liljelund, members of both the IWGA Executive Committee and the Electoral Committee, added:


    “This election has once again underlined the importance of athlete input in shaping the direction of our organisation. The Athletes Committee serves as a vital bridge between the IWGA and the competitors who bring the Games to life. We’re excited to collaborate with this new group over the coming years.”


    The IWGA thanks all 20 candidates for their dedication and willingness to serve, and applauds all participating athletes who exercised their right to vote.

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  • Marczyk to “fight to the end” for ERC title gold

    Marczyk to “fight to the end” for ERC title gold

    Marczyk, who is co-driven by Szymon Gospodarczyk, completed Barum Czech Rally Zlín in an event personal-best seventh place and with his points advantage still intact.

    However, having been 22 points ahead starting the sealed-surface contest, the Michelin-equipped star leads Andrea Mabellini by a reduced 11-point margin with two rounds remaining.

    But when dropped scores are factored in, Marczyk actually trails Mabellini by two points based on the Pole having to discount 13 points from his current total and Mabellini having zero points to drop following his non-finish on ERC Staff House Rally Hungary in May.

    Marczyk reckoned he could have gone faster on Czech ERC round

    © ERC

    Speaking following Barum Czech Rally Zlín, which Pirelli-supplied Mabellini finished in third place, 29-year-old Marczyk said: “Four or five stages were good but it was necessary to be consistent all the time with this pace to fight for the podium places, like Andrea has done. We had four or five stages where we lost too much, especially on Bunč and [the final] morning loop. For sure it was the best Barum Rally in my life because we lost around 3/10ths per kilometre to Jan [Kopecký, the event winner], which is overall good driving, but to fight [for the title] it’s necessary to fight for the win in each race and this is why I am not fully happy. But I am open for good competition and I would really like to show the potential of our driving in Wales. I am motivated, it’s the moment of the season where it will be necessary to take more risk.I will fight to the end.”

    Italian Mabellini, 26, said: “This [result] was really important, we gained some good points and it’s been great. It could be better with the Hungarian result but, as I said many times, we can be proud of the result we have done because we catch our possibilities but there are still two rallies to go.”

    Mabellini is two points ahead of Marczyk on dropped scores

    Mabellini is two points ahead of Marczyk on dropped scores

    © ERC

    JDS Machinery Rali Ceredigion hosts the penultimate round of the ERC season from 5 – 7 September.

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  • The surprising foods that lead to better sleep

    The surprising foods that lead to better sleep

    Most of us know going to bed on a full stomach can affect our sleep. Changing what we eat and the time of day we eat certain foods can help us sleep better.

    We’ve all woken up the morning after a large, late night meal feeling tired out. The extra energy required to digest big portions of rich food can eat into our kip, leading to a disturbed night’s sleep.

    Thankfully, there are also ways we can try to improve our sleep through our diet by avoiding certain foods and drinks known to keep us awake, such as those containing caffeine. But can we also eat other foods – particularly before we go to bed – to boost the quality of our sleep further?

    Food or diet?

    Several studies have narrowed in on certain suppers that could improve our sleep. Some small trials have found that tart cherry juice, for example, can help people sleep better, and others find that eating kiwifruit before bed is beneficial. There’s also some research showing that warm milk can help us sleep. It is thought the high levels of tryptophan – from which the “sleep hormone” melatonin is synthesised by the body – in milk may help to induce sleep onset.

    Melatonin regulates our sleep/ wake cycle. Our bodies produce more of it later in the day, when it starts to get dark. But we can also get melatonin directly from foods, including eggs, fish, nuts and seeds.

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  • Why can’t we walk through walls if atoms are mostly empty space?

    Why can’t we walk through walls if atoms are mostly empty space?

    In movies, people phase through walls like ghosts — think Vision from “Avengers” or Harry Potter going through Platform 9¾. It looks effortless. But in the real world, trying that trick would just leave you with a bruised nose and a lot of questions.

    One question, for instance, might be why can’t we walk through walls? Atoms, which are the building blocks of matter, are mostly empty space. The tiny nucleus — which is about 100,000 times smaller than the whole atom — sits at the center, while the electrons orbit far away. So why do solid objects feel so … solid?

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