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  • Meghan Markle says it is ‘important’ to share story on Instagram

    Meghan Markle says it is ‘important’ to share story on Instagram

    Meghan Markle says it is ‘important’ to share story on Instagram 

    Meghan Markle admits she made a brave decision the moment she decided to share her life online.

    The Duchess of Sussex, who has joined Instagram this year and famously posted a video of herself twerking during pregnancy, says that it was a ‘big’ step.

    Speaking for Emily Chang for Bloomberg Originals, Meghan admitted: “Coming back on Instagram was a really big decision. But also, it’s just been joyful.”

    Meghan said. “And I’m really intentional in using it as a platform to share joy and to have fun as well. So I get to play and explore – I play in public.”

    “I waffle with some of my choices before I make them,” Meghan continued. “I’m generally very decisive, but social media is a great barometer for me, because putting out a video of myself, nine months pregnant, was a really big choice.

    “But I also wanted people to see themselves in my story and our story. And to be able to show that with all the noise that might happen in the world on a day-to-day basis, real life is still happening behind the scenes, really real life,” she opined.


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    August 28, 2025
  • This Ancient Practice of Blowing Through a Conch Shell Could Help Treat a Dangerous Sleep Condition

    This Ancient Practice of Blowing Through a Conch Shell Could Help Treat a Dangerous Sleep Condition

    A small randomized controlled trial suggests that regularly blowing a conch shell, an ancient yogic breathing practice known as shankh blowing, may ease symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Credit: Shutterstock

    Conch shell blowing eased sleep apnea symptoms and improved sleep quality. The practice may provide a simple alternative to machines or medication.

    A small randomized controlled trial published in ERJ Open Research found that individuals who practiced blowing through a conch shell for six months experienced improvements in their obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) symptoms.

    OSA is a widespread sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops during the night because of airway obstruction. It is linked to loud snoring, poor-quality sleep, and excessive tiredness during the day, and it raises the risk of high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

    Conch shell blowing, also known as shankh blowing, has been a traditional practice in India for thousands of years. The study revealed that people with moderate OSA who engaged in shankh blowing reported better sleep, greater alertness during the day, and fewer nighttime breathing disruptions. According to the researchers, this practice may represent a simple, affordable approach to easing symptoms without relying on medication or medical devices.

    Comparing with CPAP treatment

    The research was led by Dr. Krishna K Sharma at the Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute in Jaipur, India. He explained: “The standard treatment for OSA is a continuous positive airway pressure machine, or CPAP, which prevents airway collapse by delivering air through a facemask during sleep. Although highly effective, many patients find it uncomfortable and have difficulty using it consistently.

    Dr Krishna K Sharma
    Portrait of lead researcher Dr Krishna K Sharma. Credit: Krishna K Sharma / ERJ Open Research

    “In my clinical practice, several patients reported feeling more refreshed and noticing fewer symptoms after regularly engaging in shankh blowing – a traditional yogic breathing technique that involves exhaling into a conch shell. These reports prompted us to conduct a scientific study to carefully evaluate whether this ancient practice could provide a useful treatment option for people with OSA.”

    The trial enrolled 30 individuals with moderate OSA, aged 19 to 65, who were evaluated at the Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute between May 2022 and January 2024. Participants underwent polysomnography, a test that records sleep activity throughout the night, and completed assessments about their sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.

    Treatment groups and training

    Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 16 individuals were trained to practice blowing through a conch shell, while 14 were instructed in a deep breathing exercise. Eacpolysomnographyh person received a traditional shankh commonly used in yogic practices and was taught the technique in person at the clinic by a member of the study team before beginning at-home sessions. They were asked to practice for at least 15 minutes a day, five days a week. After six months of consistent practice, all participants were reassessed.

    Indian Man Blowing Through Conch Shell
    Conch shell blowing is a traditional yogic breathing exercise that generates sustained exhalation and vibrations, which may strengthen upper airway muscles and improve respiratory function. Credit: Shutterstock

    The results showed clear differences between the two groups. Those who practiced shankh blowing reported feeling 34% less sleepy during the day, experienced better overall sleep, and had four to five fewer nightly apnea episodes (pauses in breathing during sleep) on average compared with the deep breathing group. They also maintained higher nighttime blood oxygen levels.

    How shankh blowing may work

    Dr Sharma said: “The way the shankh is blown is quite distinctive. It involves a deep inhalation followed by a forceful, sustained exhalation through tightly pursed lips. This action creates strong vibrations and airflow resistance, which likely strengthens the muscles of the upper airway, including the throat and soft palate – areas that often collapse during sleep in people with OSA. The shankh’s unique spiraling structure may also contribute to specific acoustic and mechanical effects that further stimulate and tone these muscles.

    Conch Shell & Shankh Blowing
    Picture of a conch shell and a researcher demonstrating the practice of shankh blowing. Credit: Krishna K Sharma / ERJ Open Research

    “For people living with OSA, especially those who find CPAP uncomfortable, unaffordable, or inaccessible, our findings offer a promising alternative. Shankh blowing is a simple, low-cost breathing technique that could help improve sleep and reduce symptoms without the need for machines or medication.

    “This is a small study, but we are now planning a larger trial involving several hospitals. This next phase will allow us to validate and expand on our findings in a broader, more diverse population and assess how shankh blowing performs over longer periods. We also want to study how this practice affects airway muscle tone, oxygen levels, and sleep in greater detail. We’re particularly interested in comparing shankh blowing with standard treatments like CPAP, and in examining its potential help in more severe forms of OSA.”

    Professor Sophia Schiza, Head of the ERS group on sleep disordered breathing, based at the University of Crete, Greece, who was not involved in the research said: “Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disease around the world. We know that OSA patients have poor quality of sleep, and higher risks of high blood pressure, strokes, and heart disease. A proportion of patients experience sleepiness during the day. While CPAP and other treatments are available based on careful diagnosis of disease severity, there is still a need for new treatments.

    “This is an intriguing study that shows the ancient practice of shankh blowing could potentially offer an OSA treatment for selected patients by targeting muscle training. A larger study will help provide more evidence for this intervention, which could be of benefit as a treatment option or in combination with other treatments in selected OSA patients.”

    Reference: “Efficacy of blowing shankh on moderate sleep apnea: a randomised control trial” by Krishna K. Sharma, Rajeev Gupta, Titiksha Choyal, Krishna Kumar Sharma, Dinesh Sharma and Tapesh Sharma, 10 August 2025, ERJ Open Research.
    DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00258-2025

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    August 28, 2025
  • Older age and low fitness identified as independent risk factors for heart rhythm disorders

    Older age and low fitness identified as independent risk factors for heart rhythm disorders

    New research has revealed that older age and low aerobic fitness levels are strong and independent risk factors for a high burden of heartbeat irregularities, known as arrhythmias, that indicate future cardiovascular risk. The research was conducted in healthy participants between the ages of 40 and 60 years old with no heart symptoms. 

    The findings are being presented today at the 2025 European Society of Cardiology Congress in Madrid, Spain. 

    The researchers found that specific heart abnormalities, known as atrial arrhythmias, were closely associated with older age and fitness levels. Participants with lower fitness levels in particular had significantly higher risk of frequent and complex atrial arrhythmias. Old age was also a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias. 

    The results support age-based arrhythmia screening after the age of 50 to prevent heart disease, and highlights the important protective role of fitness in reducing arrhythmia risk – even for healthy individuals who do not yet have any heart symptoms. 

    The study was led by Dr. Amit Moses, from the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel. He explained, “These findings are a powerful reminder that the heart often whispers before it shouts. Subtle signs, such as frequent irregular heartbeats and complex arrhythmias, give us an early warning of future risk before symptoms occur. This could allow early intervention to alter the trajectory of disease, allowing us to move to a new era of anticipatory heart medicine.” 

    “We were particularly struck by the strength of the association between lower aerobic fitness levels and higher risk of frequent atrial ectopy and complex arrhythmias. This is further evidence that maintaining good physical fitness should be a priority for everyone to improve their heart health and prevent the development of arrhythmias later in life.” Dr Moses continued. “Exercise should be tailored to one’s age and capacity, and can involve simple and cheap activities such as walking, running, cycling or other aerobic activities performed consistently.” 

    1,151 healthy individuals aged between the ages of 40 and 65, without any heart symptoms or structural heart disease, took part in the study at the Institute for Medical Screening, Chaim Sheba Medical Center. Israel. The mean age of participants was 52 ± 7 years and 88% were men and 12% were female. 

    Participants’ fitness and heart health were monitored during exercise stress testing using portable and continuous electrocardiography (ECG) that records the heart’s electrical activity, also known as Holter monitoring. 

    This allowed researchers to look in detail at participants’ heart health – in particular to detect irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias, and identify whether they related to the ventricular or atrial heart muscles. 

    Researchers grouped participants by their ‘median ectopy daily burden’ which is the average percentage of premature or early heartbeats per day.  They categorised the participants into having a low or high ectopy (irregular heartbeat) burden. They found that 32% of participants had supraventricular tachycardia, 4% had atrial fibrillation and 6% had nonsustained ventriculatachycardia – all of which are complex arrhythmias. 

    Univariate analysis revealed that ‘high atrial ectopic burden’ was associated with older age, male sex, lower fitness levels, high blood pressure and a measure of reduced kidney health. High ventricular ectopic burden was associated with older age and a measure of reduced kidney health – but was not related to fitness levels. Multivariable analysis confirmed that older age and lower fitness levels were strong, independent risk factors for atrial ectopy burden. 

    The researchers found that the chance of arrhythmia increased by 9% per year for atrial and 4% per year for ventricular arrhythmia. Age-stratified analysis demonstrated a marked rise in arrhythmia prevalence starting from the 50–54 age group. 

    Our findings suggest that risk of arrhythmia begins to increase well before typical retirement age. They strongly support the need to screen older adults for arrhythmias, beginning at around age 50, to allow for timely intervention and improved long-term outcomes.”


    Dr. Amit Moses, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Israel

    Atrial and ventricular arrythmias are commonly observed in healthy individuals and were often considered harmless. However, it is now thought that a higher burden of irregular heartbeats, or ectopy, might be a precursor of heart disease. As a result, there is a need to find new ways to identify risk factors in healthy individuals where interventions may address long term risks.

    Dr. Moses noted that more research is needed to confirm these findings, “As this is an observational study, we need to be careful about drawing conclusions about causation, and it is also important to note this study was conducted in a population that was not very diverse, particularly with regards to gender. Future research will be needed to tell us whether it is possible to intervene early to reduce the risk of arrhythmias using lifestyle changes, exercise programs or pharmacological treatments.” 

    Source:

    European Society of Cardiology

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    August 28, 2025
  • AUSTAL AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA SIGN STRATEGIC SHIPBUILDING AGREEMENT

    AUSTAL AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA SIGN STRATEGIC SHIPBUILDING AGREEMENT

    COMPANY ANNOUNCEMENT

    28 AUGUST 2025

    AUSTAL AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA SIGN STRATEGIC SHIPBUILDING AGREEMENT

    Austal Limited (ASX: ASB) is pleased to announce the official signing of the Strategic Shipbuilding Agreement (SSA) between the Commonwealth of Australia (“the Commonwealth”) and Austal Defence Shipbuilding Australia (“Austal Defence Australia”), a newly created, wholly owned subsidiary of Austal Limited.

    This landmark agreement, signed on behalf of the Commonwealth by RADM Michael Houghton, Head Patrol Boats and Specialist Ships, Naval Shipbuilding and Sustainment Group and Paddy Gregg, Austal Limited CEO, formally appoints Austal Defence Australia as the Commonwealth’s strategic shipbuilder for Tier 2 surface combatants at Henderson, Western Australia.

    The SSA establishes the framework under which Austal Defence Australia will design, construct, integrate, and deliver key naval programs, beginning with the LAND8710 Landing Craft Medium (LCM) and Landing Craft Heavy (LCH) projects for the Australian Army. Subject to final contractual negotiations, these programs are expected to deliver:

    • 18 x LCMs over 8 years (contract finalisation expected Q1 FY2026), and
    • 8 x LCHs (contract finalisation expected by end of calendar year 2025)

    Austal Limited Chief Executive Officer Paddy Gregg said:

    “The signing of the SSA marks a defining moment in Austal’s history, establishing Austal Defence Australia as the Commonwealth’s shipbuilder of choice for Tier 2 surface vessels. This partnership not only reinforces Australia’s sovereign naval shipbuilding capability but also strengthens the Henderson precinct’s role in delivering continuous naval shipbuilding and strategic readiness.”

    Under the SSA, Austal Defence Australia will act as prime contractor and take responsibility for all aspects of program delivery—including design, construction, procurement, testing, and acceptance—while driving progressive cost reductions and efficiencies.

    Key features of the signed SSA include:

    • A 15-year maximum term, supporting a continuous naval shipbuilding capability in WA
    • Use of a Target Cost Incentive model with performance-based gainshare/painshare mechanisms
    • Development of a sovereign and resilient local supply chain
    • Establishment of intellectual property rights, governance, and oversight via a ‘Sovereign Share’ held by the Commonwealth
    • Ongoing alignment with broader Defence programs including Collins Class sustainment and fleet support

    Austal Defence Australia will employ a dedicated workforce focused on delivering the Commonwealth’s Tier 2 naval programs, while Austal’s other group companies continue commercial and defence shipbuilding operations across Australia, Asia, and the United States.

    This agreement confirms Austal’s long-standing commitment to supporting Australia’s strategic defence capability and industrial sovereignty, with enhanced opportunities for Australian industry, workforce, and innovation over the coming decades.

    Austal will provide further updates to the market as contractual milestones are achieved under the SSA.

    This ASX announcement has been approved and authorised for release by Paddy Gregg, Austal Limited’s Chief Executive Officer.

     

     

     

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    August 28, 2025
  • ‘Thunderbolts*’ director gets honest about creating grey characters

    ‘Thunderbolts*’ director gets honest about creating grey characters

    Jake Schreier on making ‘Thunderbolt*’ grey characters

    A superhero film is commonly about good guys, but not Thunderbolts*. It features a band of characters that falls into what may be called ‘grey areas.’

    Jake Schreier, director behind the Marvel movie, explained the complex characters in an interview with Empire.

    “You’re talking about a group of characters that have done a lot of bad things, and maybe are struggling with feeling good about themselves,” the filmmaker said.

    However, the director noted, “There’s an element that does speak to mental health, and loneliness.”

    “And how some of the darkness that we experience in our lives can’t be necessarily fixed, but can only really be made lighter through connection and finding others,” he shared.

    As far as lessons are concerned, Jake said he learned from filming Thunderbolts* that “there are so many things that I didn’t know about before I started the film.”

    He continued, “The biggest learning curve for me was the proportion of the action to the more emotional, character-driven scenes.”

    The filmmaker noted, “And how, even though it’s more shooting days than I’ve ever had, they get eaten up quite quickly by the action stuff.”

    “By the time we got to the end of it, it felt like, ‘Oh, now I feel like we get how to do this a little bit better,” he shared.

    “(On Thunderbolts*) we’re in the middle of nowhere in Utah, in a gorgeous location, owning a road, and filming in 100-degree heat,” Jake added. 

    “Or finding yourself on the second-tallest building in the world. These are very special experiences,” the director concluded.

    Thunderbolts* is streaming on Disney+.


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    August 28, 2025
  • Govt seeks $7b ADB loan for ML-I

    Govt seeks $7b ADB loan for ML-I


    ISLAMABAD:

    Pakistan on Wednesday requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to fully finance the nearly $7 billion Mainline-I (ML-I) railways project in consortium with other multilateral lenders after failing to secure funding from China.

    The country waited almost a decade for China’s 85% financing commitment for the project. The government has now returned to the ADB, which was keen to fund in 2016 but withdrew due to Beijing’s insistence on sole financing.

    The Manila-based lender, along with the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), has shown willingness to provide about 60% funding for the Karachi-Rohri section, said sources.

    They added that the ADB may also consider financing other sections, but due to the project’s size, the lender may take a section-wise approach.

    Pakistan raised the issue of complete financing from the ADB, AIIB, and other multilateral agencies during Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Finance Minister Muhammad Aurangzeb’s meeting with ADB President Masato Kanda.

    The early completion of the Karachi-Rohri section is critical for transporting copper and gold from the Reko Diq mines, said sources. The Reko Diq Mining Company plans to begin production by 2028, requiring a railway network for smooth and timely transportation.

    The ADB has asked for detailed design documents of the Karachi-Rohri section to assess actual funding needs. It may partner with the AIIB to provide 60% of the funding, around $1.2 billion, for this section, they added.

    The Planning Commission is expected to receive revised project cost documents this week to determine the true cost.

    For mineral transportation, Pakistan needs rail links from Reko Diq to Gwadar and Reko Diq to Karachi, which require quality infrastructure at ML-I and ML-III. But the government has not found financing for ML-III, which will largely handle copper and gold transport and may not be commercially viable, said the sources.

    The ADB has promised a $10 million Project Readiness Facility by November to validate the earlier Chinese feasibility study of ML-I, vet the project’s detailed design, and review the Rohri-Multan section. Based on its findings, the ADB is expected to approve multi-tranche loan facilities with AIIB and the European Investment Bank, sources added.

    Government estimates put the Karachi-Rohri section at $2 billion and the Rohri-Multan section at $1.6 billion, bringing just these two to $3.6 billion. However, it is expected that due to international competitive bidding, the total cost will be still less than the projected cost under the bilateral framework.

    The prime minister was keen to hold the groundbreaking ceremony of the ADB-funded ML-I in June next year, but the railways ministry and ADB gave December as the timeframe, said the sources.

    The ADB president linked funding to the outcomes of the Project Readiness Facility report.

    China had earlier asked Pakistan to reduce the ML-I cost from nearly $10 billion to $6.7 billion to make it financially viable. It was the only declared “strategically important” project under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and Islamabad demanded a concessional loan.

    The project has faced over seven years of delay due to Pakistan’s high indebtedness. Pakistan had sought a loan equal to 85% of the cost from China, but Beijing refused concessional terms.

    Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and President Xi Jinping had agreed a couple of years ago to advance the ML-I project in phases.

    The original ML-I track was 1,872 kilometres long but was later reduced to cut costs.

    Sources warned that even with ADB and other multilateral funding, arranging rupee cover from the finance ministry will be difficult due to the small size of the public sector development programme. The ministry must provide over Rs600 billion in rupee cover for just the Karachi-Rohri section in the next three years.

    ADB’s president also met Finance Minister Aurangzeb, who requested an enhanced guarantee limit to issue Panda bonds. Initially planned at $250 million this year, the ministry is now considering raising $750 million to bridge funding gaps.

    Aurangzeb said he would travel to China with the prime minister to discuss floating Panda bonds, requiring higher ADB guarantee limits.

    A finance ministry handout said Aurangzeb highlighted Pakistan’s priorities for deeper collaboration with ADB in energy transition, climate resilience, transport, human capital, and resource mobilisation.

    He expressed appreciation for ADB’s consistent partnership and reiterated Pakistan’s determination to build climate resilience and improve disaster preparedness after recent floods.

    Aurangzeb also thanked ADB’s president for prioritising Pakistan as the first country he visited after assuming office, recalling earlier meetings in Washington in April.

    The minister acknowledged ADB’s substantial support in recent years, citing reforms in resource mobilisation, women’s financial inclusion, disaster risk financing, and clean energy transition.

    The ADB president appreciated Pakistan’s economic reforms and resilience, commending progress in stabilising the economy and advancing structural changes, the ministry said.

    He assured continued ADB support in climate adaptation, population challenges, infrastructure, and resource mobilisation.

    Kanda also pledged readiness to assist Pakistan in launching its first Panda Bond and other innovative financing tools.

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    August 28, 2025
  • Shooter kills two Minneapolis school children in Catholic church, wounds 17 others – World

    Shooter kills two Minneapolis school children in Catholic church, wounds 17 others – World

    MINNEAPOLIS: An assailant armed with three guns fired through stained-glass windows into a Catholic church where parish school students were attending Mass on Wednesday, killing two children and wounding 17 other people, officials said.

    The shooting ended when the lone suspect, identified as Robin Westman, 23, “took his own life” at the rear of the church, according to Minneapolis Police Chief Brian O’Hara, who declined to offer a possible motive for the attack.

    A videotaped message by the suspect showed Westman struggled with depression and was fascinated by the perpetrators of past mass shootings.

    FBI Director Kash Patel said his agency was investigating the attack as an “act of domestic terrorism and hate crime targeting Catholics.”

    Two victims, aged 8 and 10, were slain where they sat as the gunfire turned the morning Mass into pandemonium. It sent worshipers diving behind pews for cover while older children scrambled to shield younger ones, officials said.

    At least two of the church exits were blocked by wooden planks barricaded outside the doors, O’Hara said.

    The violence struck at the start of an all-school Mass held annually on the first Wednesday of the academic year at Annunciation Catholic School.

    “This was a deliberate act of violence against innocent children and other people worshiping. The sheer cruelty and cowardice of firing into a church full of children is absolutely incomprehensible,” O’Hara said.

    In addition to the two children killed, 17 other people were struck by gunfire – 14 of them students ages 6 to 18 and three parishioners in their 80s, O’Hara said. All the injured were expected to recover, according to the chief.

    A 2017 yearbook from the school showed that Westman, who went by the first name Robert at the time, had been a student there, the Minneapolis Star Tribune reported.

    “I have no information to share on a motive, other than to say there was some kind of manifesto timed to come out on YouTube,” O’Hara said, adding that it had been taken down by authorities.

    Suicide message

    Online videos reviewed by Reuters showed the text of a suicide note in which the shooter expressed feeling depressed and wanting to carry out a mass shooting.

    Names of previous school shooters were scrawled on a rifle magazine, along with erratic and wide-ranging political grievances.

    In a statement on X, U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Kristie Noem said the suspect was “claiming to be transgender.” She continued: “This deranged monster targeted our most vulnerable: young children praying in their first morning Mass of the school year.”

    Shooting reported at church in Minneapolis; suspect ‘contained’

    Court records showed Westman’s name was changed from Robert in 2020 because Westman identified as female.

    Appearing with the police chief and other officials at a news conference on Wednesday afternoon, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey cautioned against bringing gender politics into the tragedy.

    “Anybody who is using this as an opportunity to villainize our trans community, or any other community out there, has lost their sense of common humanity,” he said.

    Frey also cited the easy availability of firearms as a root cause of the mass shootings that are commonplace in the United States.

    The shooting at Annunciation, a parochial school with about 395 students, marked the 146th incident of gun violence at a place of primary or secondary education since January, according to the K-12 School Shooting Database.

    But Wednesday’s carnage differed in one notable respect from most school shootings: The assailant fired from outside into the building.

    Westman fired dozens of rounds with a rifle, shotgun and pistol, all legally and recently purchased, O’Hara said. Authorities said more weapons were recovered at other locations associated with the suspect.

    Fifth-grader Weston Halsne told CBS News his friend was wounded while trying to protect him.

    “The shots were like, right next to me,” Halsne said. “I think I got like gunpowder on my neck.”

    Public records showed Westman’s mother, Mary Westman, had worked as an administrative assistant at Annunciation Church. Relatives contacted by Reuters declined to comment.

    Officials said Westman did not have a criminal record and appeared to have acted alone. The suspect was employed for several months this year at a Minnesota cannabis dispensary, but was no longer working there, the company, RISE, said.

    U.S. President Donald Trump ordered U.S. flags to be flown at half-staff nationwide as a sign of mourning.

    Authorities said the attack did not appear to be related to three other shootings over the past 24 hours in Minneapolis, including one at a Jesuit high school.

    Homicides have risen in Minneapolis since the 2020 police killing there of George Floyd, which prompted nationwide civil disturbances and staff shortages in the city’s police department.

    Minnesota experienced political violence in May. A gunman posing as a police officer killed the Democratic state House speaker and her husband and wounded a Democratic state senator and his wife, in what authorities said were targeted assassinations. The suspect has pleaded not guilty to federal murder charges.

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    August 28, 2025
  • Chinese scientists develop high-performance iron catalyst for fuel cells

    Chinese scientists develop high-performance iron catalyst for fuel cells

    proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), often referred to as “hydrogen power banks,” are clean energy devices that generate electricity from hydrogen and oxygen with only water as a byproduct. Characterized by high efficiency, rapid start-up, and zero emissions, they hold great promise in transportation, portable electronics, and stationary power generation. Unfortunately, PEMFCs currently rely heavily on scarce and expensive platinum as a catalyst, making their widespread adoption impractical.

    Construction of CS Fe/N-C

    ZHAO Yasong

    Now, however, a team of Chinese scientists has developed a high-performance iron-based catalyst for these fuel cells that could potentially reduce reliance on platinum. The new design, described as “inner activation, outer protection,” enables record efficiency and long-term durability.

    Traditional Fe/N-C catalysts typically rely on outer surface of graphene or carbon supports, limiting the exposure of active sites and hindering their practical application. In general, PEMFCs have also been hampered by overly strong binding with oxygen intermediates, poor reaction kinetics, and vulnerability to Fenton reactions in oxidative environments (e.g., H2O2 and ·OH), leading to metal leaching and performance degradation.

    To address these challenges, the research team led by Prof. WANG Dan (currently at Shenzhen University) and Prof. ZHANG Suojiang from the Institute of Process Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences developed an inner curved-surface single-atom iron catalyst (CS Fe/N-C) with a unique nanoconfined hollow multishelled structure (HoMS). Each nano hollow particle, about 10 nm × 4 nm in size, consists of multiple shells where Fe atoms are concentrated on the inner layers at high density.

    This catalyst is composed of numerous nano HoMS dispersed on 2D carbon layers, with single-iron-atom sites primarily embedded within the inner curved surface of the nano HoMS. The outer graphitized carbon layer of the nano HoMS not only effectively weakens the binding strength of the oxygenated reaction intermediates but also reduces the hydroxyl radical production rate, forming a distinctive “inner activation, outer protection” microenvironment. The Fe/N-C catalyst delivers one of the best-performing platinum-group-metal-free PEMFCs.

    Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that these inner Fe atoms predominantly exhibit a +2 oxidation state and an FeN4C10 coordination structure. Mössbauer spectroscopy further confirmed that 57.9% of the Fe sites are in a catalytically active low-spin D1 state.

    Theoretical calculations showed that increasing curvature alone strengthens intermediate binding and hinders desorption, thereby reducing catalytic activity. However, introducing a nitrogen-doped carbon outer shell with Fe vacancies induces significant electrostatic repulsion (0.63–1.55 eV) between the outer-layer nitrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms of adsorbed intermediates on the inner shell. This repulsion weakens the binding strength, breaks the linear scaling relationship among ΔG*OH, ΔG*O, and ΔG*OOH, and significantly enhances the catalytic performance.

    According to the researchers, the catalyst achieved an oxygen reduction overpotential as low as 0.34 V, which is far better than that of planar structure. It also suppressed hydrogen peroxide formation and improved selectivity and durability. Additionally, it delivered a record power density of 0.75 W cm-2 under 1.0 bar H2-air with 86% activity retention after more than 300 hours of continuous operation.

    This work establishes a new type of CS Fe/N-C for highly active and durable oxygen reduction catalysis in fuel cells. The graphitized outer N-C layer effectively weakens the binding strength of oxygenated intermediates and suppresses ·OH generation, thereby improving both activity and stability. It provides a new paradigm for developing high-performance catalysts for next-generation electrocatalyst.

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    August 28, 2025
  • Tunable metafibers for power-controlled remote light focusing

    Tunable metafibers for power-controlled remote light focusing

    Precise control of light focus is essential for applications ranging from microscopy and laser surgery to quantum optics and telecommunications. However, existing solutions often rely on large, complex external components that limit integration and speed.

    Figure 1. Illustration of the Tunable Metafiber concept.

    Sun, J., Huang, W., Lorenz, A. et al.

    In a new study, researchers led by Professor Markus A. Schmidt from the Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology and Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany have introduced a novel solution: the tunable Metafiber. This fully fiber-integrated device uses a 3D nanoprinted phase-only hologram directly on the end face of a dual-core fiber to achieve remote focus control by simply adjusting the relative power between the fiber’s guided modes.

    The hologram is designed to be sensitive to changes in the interference pattern of the light emitted from each core, enabling a shift in the focal spot’s position without the need for any moving parts. Experimental results confirm that precise and continuous focus modulation of over 3 microns can be achieved while maintaining high beam quality.

    This new approach allows for compact, robust, and fast tunable focusing using optical fibers, significantly advancing the field of reconfigurable photonics. Potential applications include high-speed optical trapping, integrated endoscopic tools for minimally invasive diagnostics or surgery, and improved signal routing in fiber communication systems.

    The Metafiber’s tunability arises entirely from power modulation — a method much faster than traditional mechanical or liquid-crystal-based approaches — and is compatible with existing fiber systems. This makes it ideal for rapid implementation in both research and industrial applications.

    The study marks a milestone in on-fiber photonic integration and opens exciting avenues for developing next-generation fiber-based optical systems.

    Original publication

    Jun Sun, Wenqin Huang, Adrian Lorenz, Matthias Zeisberger, Markus A. Schmidt; “Tunable metafibers: remote spatial focus control using 3D nanoprinted holograms on dual-core fibers”; Light: Science & Applications, Volume 14, 2025-7-7

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    August 28, 2025
  • Key genetic shifts that enabled human bipedalism revealed

    Key genetic shifts that enabled human bipedalism revealed | The Jerusalem Post

    Jerusalem Post/Science

    Scientists have now identified two innovations that occurred long ago in the human evolutionary lineage that helped facilitate this defining characteristic.

     Illustrative depiction of the Australopithecus Afarensis
    Illustrative depiction of the Australopithecus Afarensis
    (photo credit: Wikimedia Commons)
    ByREUTERS
    AUGUST 28, 2025 06:39



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    August 28, 2025
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Twenty Twenty-Five

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