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  • Check out unusual open-source vector design tool Graphite

    Check out unusual open-source vector design tool Graphite

    Need an alternative to your current vector design software? Check out Graphite.

    The unusual free, open-source app combines the approachability of layer-based workflows with the power and flexibility of an underlying node graph.

    It is currently available in alpha as a browser-based tool, although the developers plan to release a desktop edition this year, along with adding bitmap image editing tools.

    Graphite represents vector designs both as a layer stack and as an underlying node graph.

    A vector design tool that combines layer- and node-based workflows
    Graphite provides an interesting alternative to commercial vector design tools like Illustrator or Affinity Designer, or to open-source applications like Inkscape.

    Like them, it makes it possible to design vector shapes, either for graphic design or illustration, or to import into DCC software as sources for 3D modeling or texturing.

    Also like them, it provides an intuitive layer-based workflow, with artists able to organize shapes into layers and layer groups to keep complex designs organized.

    But unlike them, the layer stack is based on an underlying node graph, along the lines of those in tools like Substance 3D Designer or Fusion, making it possible to edit designs procedurally.

    According to the developers, users can “ignore the node graph, use it exclusively, or switch back and forth with the press of a button while creating content”.

    Exports in a range of standard file formats
    Graphite’s layer-based environment provides familiar set of tools for creating vector paths and geometric shapes, styling them, and filling them with solid colors or color gradients.

    Graphene, its node graph engine, provides nodes for generating and editing vector shapes, manipulating text, and instancing or animating objects, plus a range of math and utility nodes.

    Once created, artwork can be exported for use in other CG software in SVG, PNG or JPG format.

    The online documentation is currently fairly minimal, but you can open all of the demo artwork from the product website inside Graphite to see how it was constructed.

    Bitmap image editing and compositing functionality planned
    Graphite is currently purely a browser-based tool, although the developers plan to release it as a desktop application for Windows, Linux and macOS later this year.

    Future updates should also expand its scope beyond vector design: while the current build has a basic brush tool, a more fully featured bitmap image-editing toolset is planned.

    Other upcoming functionality listed in the online roadmap includes RAW video editing, SDF rendering and even live video compositing: the developers aim to make Graphite a “first-class content creation suite” for graphic design, motion graphics, page layout, and VFX compositing.

    While that is clearly a long-term goal – Graphite is currently getting one major alpha build a year, so it’s a way off beta, let alone a 1.0 release – it may be a tool worth keeping an eye on.

    License and system requirements
    Graphite is browser-based: the developers recommend Chrome, Edge or Opera. It will also run in Firefox, Safari and Brave, although you may encounter technical issues. It is currently in alpha.

    The online version is free to use, and the source code is available under an Apache 2.0 license, but you can donate to help support development.

    Read more about Graphite on the project website
    (Includes the link to launch Graphite in a web browser)

    Read more about Graphite in the online documentation

    Have your say on this story by following CG Channel on Facebook, Instagram and X (formerly Twitter). As well as being able to comment on stories, followers of our social media accounts can see videos we don’t post on the site itself, including making-ofs for the latest VFX movies, animations, games cinematics and motion graphics projects.

    Hat tip to Games from Scratch for bringing Graphite to our attention.


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  • 50 Years on the fast track: Nardò Technical Center celebrates special anniversary

    50 Years on the fast track: Nardò Technical Center celebrates special anniversary




    Nardò Technical Center (NTC), the South-Italian proving ground owned by Porsche and operated by Porsche Engineering, celebrates its 50th anniversary today. Originally opened on July 1, 1975, NTC has consistently set the benchmark in vehicle testing and development of the automotive industry worldwide.


    Today, NTC offers year-round testing services under a wide range of conditions, including high-speed endurance and complex handling scenarios as well as ADAS validation and autonomous driving testing. These capabilities ensure the development of high-performance, intelligent, connected, and safe vehicles. Its 700-hectare site today features 20 test tracks and facilities, including the iconic high-speed ring, a 6.2-kilometer handling course, and state-of-the-art simulation technologies.

    Taycan models, Nardò Technical Center, 2025, Porsche AG




    Iconic 12.6-kilometer high-speed ring at Nardò Technical Center

    “We are honored to celebrate this special anniversary and feel a deep sense of responsibility for what NTC represents,” says Antonio Gratis, Managing Director of NTC. “We are proud of its history, of its contribution to the industry and of the many people who shaped it over time,” adds Gratis. “This is not just a test center – it’s a place where technology and purpose come together to move the mobility forward and where the next chapters of innovation are already being written.”

    Antonio Gratis, Managing Director of Nardò Technical Center, 2025, Porsche AG




    Antonio Gratis, Managing Director of Nardò Technical Center

    Originally established by Fiat, the proving ground quickly earned a reputation for its groundbreaking 12.6-kilometer circular high-speed ring track — a revolutionary concept at that time and still unique in its shape and dimension. Over the decades, NTC has been enhancing its testing capabilities with additional tracks and facilities, serving as pivotal proving ground for diverse testing requirements and as the venue of numerous historic milestones – including multiple speed records and endurance tests that have shaped automotive engineering standards worldwide.

    Nardò Technical Center, 1975, Porsche AG




    Proving ground, founded on July 1, 1975 by FIAT as S.A.S.N..

    Porsche 928 GTS, Nardò Technical Center, 1993, Porsche AG




    In 1993, the Porsche 928 GTS beats the 24-hour world speed record on the ring track.

    Acquired by the Porsche Group in 2012, NTC became a core part of the comprehensive development and validation ecosystem of Porsche Engineering, an international engineering services provider for global B2B customers. The integration into Porsche Engineering’s global network marked a new chapter, driving significant investments in modernization, infrastructure, and digitalization. It also extended capabilities across the entire vehicle development process – including seamless, real and virtual development workflows. This solidified NTC’s vital role as a leading technology partner for next-generation mobility by addressing the evolving demands of the global automotive industry.

    In 2021, NTC transformed a former facility into a cutting-edge lithium-ion battery testing center. With the installation of a robust charging infrastructure, NTC has become a key partner for electric vehicle testing. In 2023, NTC broadened its technological footprint and expertise in Southern Italy by establishing a dedicated software unit in nearby Lecce. This addition enhanced NTC’s capabilities in software development, simulation, and digital innovation – while closely connecting it to the on-site validation solutions at the proving ground, including a 5G hybrid mobile private network.

    Software development, Nardò Technical Center, 2023, Porsche AG




    Software development in Lecce: Digital solutions for vehicle systems throughout the entire development process

    Beyond its technological impact, NTC plays an important role in Southern Italy’s economy and serves a local innovation hub. Over the last decade, it contributed an average of 20 million euros per year to the local economy. Through strong partnerships with local universities, technical schools (ITS), and via a dual education system, NTC actively fosters high-level talent and develops future-ready skills in the Salento region.

    About NTC

    Nardò Technical Center (NTC) is a vehicle testing and development facility located in Apulia, Southern Italy. It provides 20 state-of-the-art test tracks and facilities across 700 hectares, including a 12.6-kilometer high-speed ring that enables extreme-condition testing for automotive manufacturers and suppliers worldwide. Activities range from physical vehicle testing to simulation, software development, and digital innovation, supported by a dedicated software unit based in Lecce. Founded in 1975, NTC has been owned by Porsche and operated by Porsche Engineering since 2012 and currently employs over 200 professionals. It collaborates with more than 90 automotive companies globally and has hosted some of the most advanced testing and development programs in the industry. From high-speed trials to cutting-edge simulations, NTC continues to play a key role in shaping the future of connected, intelligent, and safe mobility.

    About Porsche Engineering

    Porsche Engineering Group GmbH is an international technology partner to the automotive industry. The subsidiary of Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG is developing and integrating technological solutions for its B2B customers within and beyond automotive industries – including systems, hardware, functions and software. Some 2,000 conceptual experts, engineers and software architects and developers are dedicated to the latest technologies, for example in the fields of highly automated driving functions, e-mobility and high-voltage systems, connectivity and artificial intelligence. Their aim is to carry the tradition of Ferdinand Porsche’s design office, founded in 1931, into the future and develop and integrate innovative solutions for the top tech challenges of their industry customers. In doing so, they combine in-depth vehicle and system expertise with digital and software expertise.

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  • Trump suggests DOGE look at subsidies for Musk's companies to save money – Reuters

    1. Trump suggests DOGE look at subsidies for Musk’s companies to save money  Reuters
    2. Musk vows to unseat lawmakers who support Trump’s ‘big beautiful bill’  The Guardian
    3. Elon Musk just made his starkest political threat since the election  CNN
    4. Elon Musk slams Trump’s ‘Big Beautiful Bill’, calls for new political party  Al Jazeera
    5. Musk blasts Trump’s ‘insane’ $5tr splurge, floats people-first party  Geo.tv

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  • ECB commits to distributed ledger technology settlement plans with dual-track strategy

    ECB commits to distributed ledger technology settlement plans with dual-track strategy

    1 July 2025

    • Short-term track (Pontes) to pilot link between distributed ledger technology platforms and TARGET Services by end-2026
    • Long-term track (Appia) to shape future-ready, innovative, integrated financial ecosystems
    • Initiatives will deliver on Eurosystem’s continuing commitment to safe, efficient settlement in central bank money

    The ECB’s Governing Council has approved a plan that will enable settling distributed ledger technology (DLT) transactions using central bank money. The initiative follows a two-track approach: the first track “Pontes” provides a short-term offering to the market – including a pilot phase – and the second track “Appia” focuses on a potential long-term solution. The decision is in line with the Eurosystem’s commitment to supporting innovation without compromising on safety and efficiency in financial market infrastructures.

    Pontes will offer a Eurosystem DLT-based solution, linking DLT platforms and TARGET Services to settle transactions in central bank money. The Eurosystem plans to launch a pilot for Pontes by the end of the third quarter of 2026. It will offer a single Eurosystem solution which incorporates features used in the Eurosystem’s exploratory work on DLT in 2024. During the pilot, the Eurosystem will also explore the feasibility of further enhancements in line with the TARGET Services operational, legal and technical standards. Between now and the launch of the Pontes pilot, the Eurosystem will consider requests for further DLT-related trials and experiments.

    Appia focuses on a long-term approach for an innovative and integrated ecosystem in Europe that also facilitates safe and efficient operations at the global level. The Eurosystem will actively continue to analyse DLT-based solutions and collaborate with public and private stakeholders.

    To ensure continuous dialogue with the market, the Eurosystem will establish dedicated market contact groups for both Pontes and Appia. A call for expressions of interest in participating in the Pontes contact group will be published soon.

    Pontes and Appia will build on the Eurosystem’s exploratory work on new technologies for wholesale central bank money settlement, which was conducted between May and November 2024. In this exploratory work, 64 participants conducted over 50 trials and experiments. A dedicated report outlining the results of the exploratory work has been published today.

    For media queries, please contact Alessandro Speciale, tel.: +49 172 1670791.

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  • Ubisoft Adds AI Agents to ‘Captain Laserhawk’ Game That Vote and Govern

    Ubisoft Adds AI Agents to ‘Captain Laserhawk’ Game That Vote and Govern

    In brief

    • Ubisoft’s Captain Laserhawk: The G.A.M.E. now has NFT-linked AI agents that autonomously vote and govern.
    • Players can interact with or override their agents’ decisions, blending AI agency with human control.
    • The game explores decentralized storytelling and AI governance, adapting to each player’s actions and skills.

    Ubisoft is handing control to AI in its latest blockchain experiment, Captain Laserhawk: The G.A.M.E., launching a new text-based governance experience to the Ethereum-based game this week at ETHCC in Paris.

    In the game, AI agents tied to NFT-based characters don’t just exist—they vote, govern, and evolve based on player choices.

    Developed in partnership with French AI developer LibertAI, the latest Captain Laserhawk twist introduces AI-powered features to the existing NFT characters called Niji Warriors. The agents connected to each of the 10,000 NFTs can act autonomously and make in-game decisions on behalf of their owners, analyzing proposals, casting votes, and logging actions on-chain.

    Set in the dystopian universe of Ubisoft’s Netflix animated series “Captain Laserhawk: A Blood Dragon Remix”—which is inspired by a game in the Far Cry series—the project spans two interconnected experiences: a top-down multiplayer shooter launched in December on Ethereum’s Arbitrum network, and a new text-based governance simulator debuting in July.

    Both experiences rely on the same Niji Warrior NFTs. But while the shooter emphasizes action and crossover content from other Ubisoft franchises, the upcoming text-based component focuses on decentralized storytelling and AI-driven decision-making, all built on LibertAI’s technology.

    The teams showed a first glimpse of the planned AI governance experience back at the ETH Denver conference in February.

    “What’s changed since Denver is that NFTs and PFPs can now vote on Snapshot,” Didier Genevois, Technical Director and Executive Producer at Ubisoft, told Decrypt. “The NFTs are initialized with personas tied to their metadata—this is the first iteration—so they have distinct personalities. If you don’t vote, your NFT will vote based on that persona and explain why.”

    Genevois described the game as an experiment in AI governance, set within a world that blends characters and content from various Ubisoft IPs, including Far Cry 3: Blood Dragon, Watch Dogs 2, Assassin’s Creed, Rayman, and Rainbow Six.

    Each AI agent is built with specific traits—such as age, profession, personality, and values—and powered by LibertAI’s models. These agents cast votes using compatible wallets and justify their choices using memory, game context, and player history. All decisions and memory states are logged on Aleph Cloud to ensure transparency and prevent tampering.

    “The goal is to connect in-game actions to governance. Unlocking content in the text-based game can influence how your Niji votes in the future,” LibertAI Lead Contributor Jonathan Schemoul told Decrypt. “Eventually, Nijis could govern the game world itself. The game will likely evolve based on their decisions, which are shaped by your in-game actions.”

    While AI agents act autonomously, players can intervene if they choose. Genevois emphasized that the tension between AI agency and human control is central to the experience.

    “It’s important for us to leave room for humans,” he added. “If you want to have an impact and you’re concerned, then you can vote, propose ideas, and find a way to push back against a world ruled by AI agents. That tension is what interests us.

    Both Genevois and Schemoul stressed that each player’s experience is distinct. Unlike recent AI gaming mishaps—such as an AI-controlled Darth Vader in Fortnite that spiraled into hate speech—the Captain Laserhawk AI agents are isolated to each user’s environment.

    “If you make it derail, it will only be for your own experience,” Genevois said. “It won’t affect the experience of other players. So if you make it curse, then you’ll see some curses on your terminal—but that’s it.”

    Ubisoft and LibertAI have built guardrails into the system to protect players from inappropriate content. While decentralized AI allows for uncensored models, Genevois said the models used in Captain Laserhawk are curated.

    “In decentralized AI, anybody can provide uncensored models. But for this experience, the model used is censored, and for good reason,” he said. “If players aren’t adults, you don’t want the model to say weird or inappropriate things. The world prompt and the way the model is used are designed to avoid that.”

    Captain Laserhawk is also designed to meet players where they are. Whether you’re a seasoned in-game hacker or a curious beginner, the game adapts its difficulty and dialogue in real time based on skill level.

    “If you don’t know anything about hacking, you can just say, ‘I want to enter the system,’ and the LLM will guide you,” Genevois said. “If you’re a real hacker, it will challenge you more. Everyone gets a different experience, but the goal is the same.”

    Edited by Andrew Hayward

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  • Nissan Formula E Team to field Abbi Pulling and Gabriele Minì in Berlin Rookie Test

    Nissan Formula E Team to field Abbi Pulling and Gabriele Minì in Berlin Rookie Test

    YOKOHAMA, Japan – Abbi Pulling and Gabriele Minì will be back in action for Nissan Formula E Team in the upcoming FIA Formula E Rookie Test. The pair will return to the wheel of the Nissan e-4ORCE 05 on Monday 14 July at Berlin’s Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit.

    Reigning F1 Academy champion Pulling impressed by finishing top of the timesheets at the all-women’s session in Jarama last November. This will be her first on-track appearance with the Japanese outfit in her new role as Nissan Formula E Team’s rookie and simulator driver. The British racer is currently competing in GB3 Championship, where she scored a strong fifth on debut at Silverstone.

    In addition, Minì returns to the squad for a third time thanks to Nissan Formula E Team’s collaboration with Alpine Racing. The Italian driver will be looking to develop the skills he learned in his previous two outings in a Formula E car, having taken a top-10 finish in last year’s Berlin Rookie Test, before securing an impressive second in FP0 in Jeddah. Minì has enjoyed a solid debut FIA Formula 2 campaign so far, earning a podium finish in the Monaco Sprint Race.

    The pair will take on two sessions at the 2.343-kilometre circuit, which features 15 corners and runs anti-clockwise. Drivers’ tire management will be tested by the famously abrasive surface, which will add another level of difficulty for the rookies.

    On-track action begins at 09:00 local time (UTC+2) before the checkered flag at 12:00. Testing resumes with the second three-hour session at 13:00, running until 16:00. 

    Tommaso Volpe, managing director and team principal, Nissan Formula E Team: “We’re very happy to have Abbi and Gabriele with us for the Berlin rookie test this year. It will be Abbi’s first on-track action since joining us as our rookie and simulator driver, and we’re happy to welcome Gabriele again thanks to our close collaboration with Alpine Racing. We’ve worked with them separately in the past with a lot of success, so it will be great to see them teaming up for this test. They’re both very talented drivers and for us it is great to have continuity with our rookies, so they can keep developing at the same time as doing a better job for the team every time.”

    Abbi Pulling, rookie and simulator driver, Nissan Formula E Team: “I’m really excited to get out on track and to work with the team again. I’ve driven street circuits before but never in such a high-powered car, so it will be an amazing opportunity. Berlin looks like a fun track – Gabriele has been there with the team before, so it will be interesting to work with him and get up to speed from his previous experience. I’ll be there for the race weekend prior to the test as well, so my goal is mainly to pick up as much information as possible, improve my understanding of the car, and make the most of the experience for both the team and myself.”

    Gabriele Minì: “It’s great to be back, I’ve enjoyed my two previous outings with the team, so I’m delighted to work with them again. It’s a track I know well, having driven there in the Rookie Test last year. I also had the chance to drive the GEN3 Evo in the FP0 session in Jeddah, with the 350kW power mode, new tires, and all-wheel drive, so I will be aiming to put these two experiences together. My main goal is to keep learning and to help the team complete its program for the day, like we did in Jeddah, while also showing my pace.”

    # # #

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  • Latest: Earthquake jolts Lahore and parts of Punjab – Samaa TV

    1. Latest: Earthquake jolts Lahore and parts of Punjab  Samaa TV
    2. No casualties reported as 4.4-magnitude earthquake jolts Lahore  Dawn
    3. Twin earthquakes hit Balochistan, damage homes and injure four  Pakistan Today
    4. 4.8 Magnitude earthquake jolts Zhob and surrounding areas; no casualties reported  nation.com.pk
    5. Earthquake of 4.4 magnitude jolts Lahore, other parts of Punjab  Geo.tv

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  • Firebreak Despite Low Steam Numbers

    Firebreak Despite Low Steam Numbers

    As stated by Remedy’s Communications Director Thomas Puha in an interview with GameSpot, the team is aware of Firebreak’s less-than-stellar performance on Steam, however, while the platform is a “very important part of the business” for Remedy, “it isn’t everything.” “We aren’t naive, we had hoped for a better launch,” Puha said, “but the team here is super-motivated to continue building the game and responding to player feedback.”

    Although the game’s SteamDB numbers are currently in double digits, which almost certainly indicates the game failed to capture attention and probably reflects similar trends on other platforms as well, the spokesman noted that “there is a good number of new players coming in every day on consoles,” though what exactly this number is hasn’t been disclosed.

    When asked how Remedy plans to change Firebreak’s course and attract new audiences, Puha explained that the team is betting heavily on post-launch content, aiming to expand the experience with new features going forward.

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  • Prince Edward receives special title after completing King Charles key mission

    Prince Edward receives special title after completing King Charles key mission



    Prince Edward receives special title after completing King Charles key mission

    Prince Edward received a special title as he performed key tasks assigned by King Charles during his seven-day trip to Canada.

    The Prince of Edinburgh visited Prince Edward Island where he was requested by a lady for a hug.

    As per CBC, Edward met local resident Barbara Bernard who recalled a sweet interaction with the Prince and shared he was a “good hugger,” a new title for the King’s youngest brother.

    She said, “He came over and he was talking and the gesture of his hands went like this.”

    Barbara shared that Edward’s gesture represented that he was about to give a hug. “And of course, I said: ‘Is that for me?’”

    The woman asked Edward, “Do you want a hug?” She added, “And then he goes ‘ok!’… so, I got to hug him.”

    While reacting to the lady’s comments, one fan wrote on X formerly known as Twitter, “How really cute! Nice she got to hug him, he really seems like a warm, charming guy after all so why not.”

    Notably, Prince Edward is set to travel to Canada’s capital, Ottawa, on Tuesday to participate in Canada Day celebrations.

    Prince Edward is on his first major solo overseas tour since being named Duke of Edinburgh in 2023.

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  • Headache Common After Hemorrhagic Stroke, Often Overlooked

    Headache Common After Hemorrhagic Stroke, Often Overlooked

    MINNEAPOLIS — Roughly half of the patients experience headaches following a hemorrhagic stroke, with more than one third reporting severe pain — yet headache management remains a largely neglected aspect of post-stroke care.

    “What we found is that headaches are far more common after hemorrhagic stroke than people might think. For many, the headache lingers even for months-years.” study investigator Bradley Ong, MD, a neurology resident at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, told Medscape Medical News.

    Patients often mention headaches while recovering from hemorrhagic stroke, but post-stroke headache tends to not be a focus of care, Ong added.

    The findings were presented at American Headache Society (AHS) Annual Meeting 2025.

    Knowledge Gap

    “So much of stroke research focuses on the acute event, like how to stop the bleeding, and reduce disability, but I kept thinking about what happens after,” said Ong.

    Ong added that when he looked into the literature he was “struck by how little we know about post-stroke headaches — particularly following hemorrhagic stroke.” This aspect of the patient experience has been largely overlooked, with surprisingly little research available on post-stroke headaches, particularly following hemorrhagic stroke.

    The researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, identifying 24 studies published through December 2024. The databases included MEDLINE (1964-2024), Embase (1947-2024), and Central (1996-2024).

    In all there were data on 4671 individuals who experienced a hemorrhagic stroke and were assessed for acute and chronic post-stroke headache. The majority patients were women (58.2%) living in Europe (70.8%) with a mean age of 56.9 years.

    Results showed 47% (95% CI, 39%-87%) developed a headache after a hemorrhagic stroke, with 56% of patients (95% CI, 42%-97%) developing an acute or subacute headache within 30 days post-stroke, and 39% of patients (95% CI, 30%-48%) developing a chronic headache more than 3 months post-stroke. Patients developed severe headache in over one third of cases (36.9%; 95% CI, 14.4%-67.0%), which was defined as a Numeric Rating Scale score ≥ 8.

    Among patients who developed post-stroke headache, 48% experienced it following a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), whereas 38% developed it after an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

    In both cases, post-stroke headache often progressed to a chronic, persistent condition, with nearly 38% continuing into the chronic phase, the researchers reported.

    “In aneurysmal SAH, most headaches had a migrainous phenotype; in contrast, most headaches in ICH had tension-type features, which ranged from moderate to severe in intensity,” the researchers noted.

    Little Clinical Guidance

    The likelihood of developing a post-stroke headache after a hemorrhagic stroke was influenced by several factors. Male sex was associated with lower odds of headache (pooled odds ratio [OR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.99), while a prior history of headache significantly increased the risk (pooled OR, 4.83; 95% CI, 2.10-11.10).

    Although the researchers observed considerable heterogeneity among the studies reviewed, the meta-regression analysis showed no statistically significant differences related to the risk of bias, region, population source, or human development index.

    Headache does not get the same level of urgency in neurology as other symptoms such as weakness, speech problems, or seizures. “But for patients, these headaches are very real and can be debilitating. We just haven’t done enough to listen to that part of their recovery,” said Ong.

    More prospective studies are necessary to improve the understanding of headaches, which frequently receive insufficient attention in research. Ong emphasized that treating headaches in stroke patients is challenging because common over-the-counter medications like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often unsuitable for those who have suffered a brain bleed.

    “Long-term follow-up data would also be incredibly valuable, especially since a lot of these patients continue to struggle with headaches well after discharge,” said Ong.

    Clinicians should be more intentional in including headache treatment as a part of stroke rehabilitation, he added.

    “Right now, there’s very little guidance on how to even define post-stroke headache, and that makes it harder to study and treat. Most of the existing research also comes from a few regions in the world, so we’re missing a truly global picture. We need better, more consistent data from diverse populations to really understand how common this is and what treatments might help,” he added.

    More Data Needed

    Commenting on the research, Robert G. Kaniecki, MD, founder and director of the UPMC Headache Center in Pittsburgh, noted that the study’s size and scope were strengths. He added that the data are valuable because they specifically focus on patients who have experienced hemorrhagic stroke and subsequently develop headaches.

    “Most prior papers have addressed headaches following stroke of any kind — hemorrhagic or the more common ischemic nonhemorrhagic stroke cases,” Kaniecki told Medscape Medical News.

    The finding that acute or subacute headache affected 56% of patients was surprising — Kaniecki said he had anticipated a higher rate — while the 39% prevalence of chronic headache was also unexpected, as he had predicted it would be lower.

    One limitation in the research was that the studies were mostly published before the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) were developed and post-stroke headache was defined with specific criteria, Kaniecki said.

    More data on patients with preexisting headaches are also needed, Kaniecki said, and he is interested in knowing how many patients in the study with post-stroke depression ended up developing headaches. “Post-stroke depression is common, and headache a frequent symptom reported by patients with depression,” Kaniecki said.

    Ong reported no relevant financial relationships. Kaniecki reported no relevant financial relationships.

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