Our brains seem to respond to specific colours in a similar way. Credit: Hispanolistic/Getty
Is the colour you see the same as what I see? It’s a question that has puzzled both philosophers and neuroscientists for decades, but has proved notoriously difficult to answer.
Now, a study that recorded patterns of brain activity in 15 participants suggests that colours are represented and processed in the same way in the brains of different people. The findings were published in the Journal of Neuroscience on 8 September1.
“Now we know that when you see red or green or whatever colour, that it activates your brain very similarly to my brain,” says study co-author Andreas Bartels, a cognitive neuroscientist at the University of Tubingen and the Max Planck Institute, both in Tubingen, Germany. “Even at a very low level, things are represented similarly across different brains, and that is a fundamentally new discovery.”
Bartels and his colleague Michael Bannert wanted to explore how different colours are represented in parts of the brain associated with vision, and how consistent this is across different people.
Brand-new colour created by tricking human eyes with laser
The pair used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare activity in the brains of a group of participants while they viewed different colours. This allowed them to create a map of brain activity that showed how each hue was represented neurologically. They then trained a machine learning model called a linear classifier on this data, and used it to predict which colours were being viewed by members of a second group of study participants, on the basis of their brain activity.
ISLAMABAD, Sep 08 (APP):The Ministry of Railways on Monday inked Phase-I of the Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC), a flagship project set to boost freight capacity, speed up cargo movement to and from Karachi Port, and ease congestion on roads and terminals.
Addressing the ceremony, Federal Minister for Railways Muhammad Hanif Abbasi said the project will prove to be a milestone for Pakistan Railways. He added that it will not only modernize freight transportation but also strengthen Pakistan Railways’ revenue base through freight charges, track access fees, and revenue-sharing mechanisms.
The Minister emphasized that the government is fully committed to launching Phase-II of the DFC at the earliest, reflecting the prime minister’s vision of transforming Pakistan Railways into a key driver of trade facilitation and modernization.
He expressed deep gratitude to DP World and the Government of the UAE for their valuable support, stating that their collaboration marks the beginning of a new era for Pakistan Railways.
MILAN (Reuters) -Monte dei Paschi di Siena has secured 62% of Mediobanca, bourse data showed on Monday, paving the way for a shake-up at the helm of the bid target where long-standing CEO Alberto Nagel is preparing to step down.
Reuters reported last week Nagel would leave his post at the head of the merchant bank, which he has held since 2008, if Monte dei Paschi (MPS) secured a majority of Mediobanca’s capital.
The offer will run for a further week from September 16, giving MPS a chance to get closer to the two-thirds majority targeted by its Chief Executive Luigi Lovaglio.
(Reporting by Valentina Za and Gianluca SemeraroEditing by Keith Weir)
Siemens Healthineers is highlighting technology that increases early lung cancer diagnoses at the World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC) being held in Barcelona, Spain.
The technology was developed in collaboration with Intuitive Imaging Informatics and combines Ion robotic bronchoscopy with Cios Spin, a mobile C-arm that uses conebeam CT (CBCT) to generate three-dimensional CT-like images, the company said.
It is being used at the University Hospital of Zurich in Switzerland and has led to a 291% increase in stage 1A lung cancer diagnoses, as well as a 69% increase in overall diagnoses of the disease and a diagnostic performance rate of 89%, according to Siemens.
ISLAMABAD, Sep 08 (APP):A high-level delegation of investors from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) met with Chairman Capital Development Authority (CDA) and Chief Commissioner Islamabad, Muhammad Ali Randhawa, on Monday to explore investment opportunities in the federal capital.
During the discussions, CDA officials briefed the UAE delegation on potential projects across key sectors, including hotels and hospitality, commercial real estate, and tourism.
Officials underscored that Islamabad’s growing demand in the hospitality and real estate industries offers “excellent investment opportunities.”
Feasibility studies for major tourism projects, including a proposed theme park and a cable car system, have already been completed, officials informed the delegation.
They also assured that “robust financial and operational models” have been developed to secure investor capital in commercial ventures.
Chairman CDA Muhammad Ali Randhawa emphasized that the authority is committed to facilitating foreign investment.
“CDA is creating uniform and excellent opportunities for investors,” Randhawa said. “We are taking comprehensive measures to provide maximum incentives and facilitation. Gaining the confidence of investors in Islamabad is our top priority.”
He further noted that renowned consultancy firms have conducted studies to ensure the financial viability of the proposed projects.
The UAE investors expressed strong interest in Islamabad’s real estate, hotel, and tourism sectors.
According to CDA, the primary aim of the meeting was to promote foreign investment and attract international-standard projects to boost the city’s development.
The meeting, held at CDA Headquarters, was attended by senior CDA officials, including Member Administration and Estate Talat Mahmood, Member Engineering Syed Nafasat Raza, and Member Planning and Design Dr. Khalid Hafiz.
Summary: A new study shows that observing violence can make individuals more likely to act aggressively later, but the effect depends on familiarity. Male mice who watched familiar peers attack others became more violent afterward, driven by amygdala neurons that “prime” aggression.
When these neurons were inhibited, the learned aggression disappeared, while activating them heightened violent responses. These findings highlight how social context and brain circuits combine to shape the spread of violence.
Key Facts:
Familiarity Matters: Only observing aggression by familiar peers—not strangers—led to later violence.
Amygdala Link: Aggression-priming neurons in the amygdala activated during familiar attacks.
Intervention Potential: Manipulating these neurons suppressed or promoted later aggressive behavior.
Source: SfN
People who repeatedly observe aggression have a higher likelihood of engaging in violent behavior later in life.
In a new Journal of Neuroscience paper, Jacob Nordman and colleagues, from Southern University of Illinois School of Medicine, used mice to explore the environmental factors and neural mechanisms that lead to the aggression that witnesses later acquire.
In a behavioral paradigm created by this research group, mice observed known peers or unfamiliar strangers attack intruder mice.
Only male witnesses later displayed increased aggression themselves, and this happened only after watching familiar peers attack intruders.
What neural mechanism might be driving this behavior in the bystander males? As male mice behaved in the paradigm, the researchers recorded activity from neurons in a part of the amygdala that is implicated in aggression priming.
Elaborating on this, says Nordman, “We previously found that these neurons are involved in an ‘aggression priming’ effect, meaning that being a perpetrator of an attack increases the likelihood of attacking again. For example, imagine getting in an argument with a coworker or family member.
“Afterwords, your agitation and frustration make you more likely to have another outburst.”
The researchers theorized that these neurons might be active in male witnesses observing violent peers because the familiarity makes them mirror their friends’ own aggression priming. Indeed, these neurons were active in males as they saw familiar—but not unfamiliar—attacks.
Notably, artificially inhibiting these neurons suppressed later aggression after witnessing peers, and activating these neurons while males watched violent strangers promoted attacking behavior in observers later.
These findings shed light on aggression learned via observation, suggesting that not only proximity, but also familiarity of attackers may be risk factors for behaving violently later, at least in males.
According to the authors, this neural mechanism could inform the development of neural and behavioral treatment interventions for learned violence.
About this neuroscience and aggression research news
Author: SfN Media Source: SfN Contact: SfN Media – SfN Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: The findings will appear in Journal of Neuroscience
Maggie O’Farrell’s lauded 2020 novel Hamnet is a dense and lyrical imagining of the lives of William Shakespeare’s family, full of interior thought and lush descriptions of the physical world. It would seem, upon reading, near impossible to adapt into a film. Or, at least, a film worthy of O’Farrell’s so finely woven sensory spell. Film-maker Chloé Zhao has attempted to do so anyway, and the result is a stately, occasionally lugubrious drama whose closing minutes are among the most poignant in recent memory.
Zhao is a good fit for the material. She, too, is a close observer of nature and of the many aching, yearning people passing through it. But she has previously not made anything as traditionally tailored and refined as this. The humbler dimensions of her films The Rider and Nomadland are missed here; Hamnet too often gives off the effortful hum of prestige awards-bait.
But Zhao’s hallmark compassion and curiosity remains, qualities necessary to Hamnet, which could easily tilt into the realm of manipulative tearjerkers. Hamnet was, records tell us, Shakespeare’s son, who died at a young age and is thought to have inspired, at the very least, the title of Hamlet, the story of a young prince who meets a tragic end. What O’Farrell and now Zhao imagine is that the writing of Hamlet was an exercise in grieving, a way for Shakespeare to honor his son and bid him adieu.
It’s a persuasive idea, even if it takes some literary contortions to really buy into it. While Zhao sometimes strains to sell the notion – a scene in which a weeping Shakespeare stands on the banks of the Thames and speaks a snippet of the “to be or not to be” soliloquy is perhaps a bit over-egged – she has mostly convinced us by the end. Or, at least, Hamnet has justified the bold speculation, using a leapt-to conclusion to illuminate a fundamental aspect of living. Ultimately, what does it really matter if it actually happened this way?
Hamnet invents many other facets of Shakespeare’s history. It dreams up the courtship of young William (Paul Mescal), then a Latin tutor, and slightly older Agnes Hathaway (Jessie Buckley), an oddball loner about whom the villagers whisper in fearful tones. William is drawn to exactly that strangeness, the individuality that will come to inform so much of the family’s domestic routine. Zhao spends a fair amount of time on these early days, maybe too much. Some of it could be better spent on the years in which Hamnet (Jacobi Jupe) occupied the house alongside his twin, Judith (Olivia Lynes), and their older sister, Susanna (Bodhi Rae Breathnach). One longs to truly know Hamnet before he is so wrenchingly lost to the world, to feel the agony of his absence that much more acutely.
Whatever Zhao doesn’t supply, though, is mostly made up for by the richly felt performances of the film’s two leads. Mescal is able to be far more expressive than he’s been allowed in quieter films such as Aftersun and The History of Sound. It is a pleasure to see the full breadth of his range, from seductive to shattered. It’s Buckley, though, who wholly envelops the film, giving staggering breath and body to Hamnet’s portrait of loss. She is nothing short of a wonder. (She also recorded a new version of the audiobook and does a terrific job at that.) It is on her shoulders that the film’s knockout climax rests. As she rises to the task, it is as if she is no longer acting but instead channeling a whole history of human lamentation.
That may all sound rather grandiose. But the final five minutes of Hamnet really are that striking. So much much so that one can totally forgive the use of composer Max Richter’s On the Nature of Daylight, already used to embody grief over a child so effectively in the film Arrival. In these final moments, Zhao finally makes clear the whole purpose of the film. It has not been merely to show us a prettily shot sad thing, as the film can too often seem. It has, it turns out, been building toward a grand meditation on art’s great capacity. We watch in awe as something so personal to Agnes and her husband becomes, in a transformative instant, universal. It is the power of creation made manifest, a private sorrow blossoming into one of the most enduring works of art the world has ever known.
This sublime finale does not completely absolve the film of all of its problems. There is still its lopsided storytelling, still the persistent feeling that this is all strong-arming us into doleful submission, still the ever so slightly cloying quality of Agnes’s woodsy mysticism. But that Zhao manages even a few minutes of such transcendent catharsis may tip Hamnet into greatness anyway. In that closing, as Agnes both reaches for and says goodbye to the son who slipped away, the tears flow naturally, they need no effortful wringing out. It proves a lovely experience, to sob in a movie theater alongside strangers, mourning for Agnes and William’s loss and for our own, amazed and relieved that a faraway, unknowable person has made something to connect us all.