A protein that helps synthesize DNA is different in modern humans than it is in Neanderthals and Denisovans — our closest extinct relatives — and new experiments in mice genetically modified to express the modern human version hint that this may have made us behave differently.
That discovery, in turn, could shed light on why Neanderthals and Denisovans vanished, researchers propose in a new study.
But the significance of the findings for humans is still unclear.
“It’s too early to translate these findings directly to humans, as the neural circuits of mice are vastly different,” study lead author, Xiangchun Ju, a postdoctoral researcher at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Japan, said in a statement. However, this work hints that the variant seen in modern humans “might have given us some evolutionary advantage in particular tasks relative to ancestral humans,” such as competing for scarce resources.
Previous research found that modern humans diverged from their closest evolutionary relatives, Neanderthals and Denisovans, about 600,000 years ago. It’s not clear why modern humans survived while our closest relatives died off.
To search for potential genetic clues to solve this mystery, the researchers analyzed the enzyme ADSL (adenylosuccinate lyase). This protein helps synthesize purine, one of the fundamental building blocks of DNA and other vital molecules.
Related: A braided stream, not a family tree: How new evidence upends our understanding of how humans evolved
“There are a small number of enzymes that were affected by evolutionary changes in the ancestors of modern humans. ADSL is one of them,” study co-author Svante Pääbo, Nobel laureate, leader of the human evolutionary genomics unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Japan, and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, said in a statement.
ADSL is made up of a chain of 484 amino acids. The version of this enzyme found in virtually all modern humans differs from that seen in both Neanderthals and Denisovans by just one amino acid — the 429th amino acid in ADSL is valine in modern humans but alanine in our extinct relatives.
The scientists noted the ADSL mutation is seen in modern humans and not our closest extinct relatives, and so likely appeared after we separated from the lineage that led to Neanderthals and Denisovans. This led the researchers to investigate the possible behavioral effects of this mutation.
Previous research on lab-grown cells found that the ADSL variant seen in modern humans resulted in a more unstable version of the enzyme that broke down more quickly compared to the one in Neanderthals and Denisovans.
The new study, published Aug. 4 in the journal PNAS, similarly found that, in mice, the modern variant leads to higher levels of the chemicals that ADSL normally acts on to synthesize purine in several organs, especially the brain. This finding supported the idea that the modern human version of ADSL is less active than the variant seen in Neanderthals and Denisovans.
In experiments where mice learned they could get a drink of water following specific lights or sounds, female mice genetically modified to possess a version of ADSL similar to the kind seen in modern humans were better at getting water than their littermates without this variant were. This might suggest the human-like variant made female mice better at learning to connect the dots between the water and the lights or sounds, or more motivated to seek out the water in some way.
The changes in behavior and ADSL levels seen in female mice with the modern-human variant of the enzyme was not seen in male mice. “It’s unclear why only female mice seemed to gain a competitive advantage,” study co-author Izumi Fukunaga, a researcher at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, said in a statement. “Behavior is complex.”
Statistical tests analyzing Neanderthal; Denisovan; and modern African, European and East Asian DNA found that mutations in the ASDL gene appeared in modern human genomes at higher rates than random variations over time would suggest, making it likely that these mutations provided some evolutionary advantage.
Perhaps running counter to the new findings, prior work found that genetic disorders leading to ADSL deficiency in modern humans can lead to intellectual disability, speech and language impairment, and other problems. This suggests that during evolution, modern humans had to balance the potential benefits of reducing ADSL activity with the problems that could occur from ADSL deficiency, study co-author Shin-Yu Lee, also of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, said in a statement.
Not everyone thinks the study has direct implications for why modern humans thrived or for why Neanderthals or Denisovans disappeared.
These results in mice “don’t say too much about human evolution at this stage,” Mark Collard, a paleoanthropologist at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia who did not take part in this research, told Live Science.
However, the strategy of using mice to study the behavioral effects of genetic differences between modern humans and our closest extinct relatives “seems very promising as a way of investigating the evolution of our brain and behavior,” Collard said. “I expect we’ll see a cascade of studies like this one in the next few years.”
Future research can investigate the specific mechanisms by which changes in ADSL activity influence behavior. Scientists can also explore how changes in ADSL activity are associated with other behaviors and how multiple genetic changes might work in concert, the study authors wrote.
Believe it or not, Big Tech’s fall hardware events are already upon us. (Heck, Samsung already got a jump on things in July.) Up next: Google’s big Pixel shindig. You can learn all about the new Pixel 10 lineup, along with new watches and earbuds, on August 20.
Google’s new hardware has leaked far and wide. But that doesn’t mean there couldn’t be a few surprises. If you want to be the first to hear the official scoop, you can tune into the Made by Google YouTube channel (or right here!). The event kicks off at 1PM ET on August 20.
Pixel 9 Pro
(Sam Rutherford for Engadget)
What’s on tap? You can expect a more power-efficient Tensor G5 processor in all the new Pixel 10 phones. (That could help power new Gemini AI features, too.) The base-level Pixel 10 should get a big camera upgrade: a 5x telephoto lens. Before this generation, you had to splurge on a Pro or Fold model to get optical zoom. Cameras will be higher-res across the board, too.
In other areas, Qi2 magnetic charging is expected to come to the new Pixels. Expect a new accessory ecosystem, a la Apple’s MagSafe, dubbed “Pixelsnap.” We’ll also likely see the Pixel Watch 4 with a larger battery and smaller bezels. And the Pixel Buds 2a could bring refinements to the company’s budget earbuds.
Finally, Google teased… a strange number of guests for the upcoming event. Apparently, Jimmy Fallon, Stephen Curry, Lando Norris and the Jonas Brothers are all joining the stream. So get excited for some awkward celebrity endorsements!
Engadget’s Pixel 10 roundup will give you a much more detailed dive into the leaks. You can head back here on August 20 at 1PM ET to watch live.
Samsung’s $250 flagship Galaxy Buds 3 Pro are among the top noise-canceling earbuds. Now Samsung has launched the more affordable “fan edition” Galaxy Buds 3 FE that look nearly identical to the Galaxy Buds 3 Pro but are missing those buds’ LED lighting element, have a single-driver design instead of a dual-driver design and leave off a few other features. They will be available on Sept. 4 in black or gray.
Read more: Best wireless earbuds of 2025
Like the Galaxy Buds 3 Pro, the Galaxy Buds 3 FE have a noise-isolating design with silicone ear tips, and they feature noise-canceling as well as a transparency mode. Samsung is touting their AI features, which include “accessing Gemini for conversational AI assistance and Galaxy AI Interpreter app to use Real-Time Interpreter or Live Translate to translate phone calls.”
The Galaxy Buds 3 FE’s “blade” design is a departure from the early Galaxy Buds FE ($70), which have a stemless design with wing tips that help lock the buds in your ears.
Enlarge Image
The Galaxy Buds 3 FE, shown here in gray, will be available on Sept. 4.
Since I haven’t tried the Galaxy Buds 3 FE yet I can’t tell you how much their performance differs from the Galaxy Buds 3 Pro’s, but I suspect there will be a slight drop-off in sound quality due to the fact that the Galaxy Buds 3 Pro have a planar driver alongside a dynamic driver that helps improve clarity and treble performance.
The Galaxy Buds 3 Pro are regularly on sale (you can get the Latin American version for $125 on Amazon) and Samsung says you can trade in any wired or wireless headset and receive up to $30 off the Galaxy Buds 3 FE. So they, too, should be regularly discounted and perhaps dip to around $100 during the holiday shopping season.
I’ll let you know how they compare to the Galaxy Buds 3 Pro and other earbuds in their price range as soon as I get my hands on a review sample. For now, here are the Galaxy Buds 3 FE’s key specs:
A new study published in The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, a journal from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, has identified early hemodynamic valve deterioration (HVD) in more than 6% of patients just one year after undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), raising new questions about valve durability in younger, lower-risk populations.
The retrospective study, which analyzed 10 years of procedures from 2012 to 2022, evaluated 2,123 patients who had complete echocardiographic follow-up data. Researchers found that patients with 1-year HVD were more likely to be younger and have smaller aortic annuli than those without HVD. Importantly, smaller implanted valve sizes were significantly associated with the development of HVD, while larger valves appeared to be protective.
“As TAVI is increasingly used in younger and healthier patients, our findings suggest a need to carefully consider valve sizing and long-term durability,” said lead study author Eishan Ashwat, BS, a medical student at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. “Early identification of hemodynamic deterioration may serve as a key predictor of future reintervention and patient outcomes.”
According to the study, patients with 1-year HVD had a five-year aortic valve reintervention rate nearly four times higher than those without HVD (2.3% vs. 0.6%). Prior surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) was also independently associated with a higher risk of early HVD.
The findings underscore the importance of vigilant long-term follow-up and may influence future decision-making regarding valve selection, particularly in patients with smaller aortic anatomy or a history of AVR.
The study used the updated Valve Academic Research Consortium-3 (VARC-3) definitions to assess bioprosthetic valve function and structural deterioration.
Like the 7-inch screen, the 5-inch version can detect up to five touchscreen inputs at once, and it doesn’t require a separate power supply when attached to the Pi board. Raspberry Pi OS can automatically detect when one of the touchscreens is installed and offers the Squeekboard onscreen keyboard to allow input without external accessories.
Full-size Pi boards from 2014’s Pi 1 B+ will work with the screen and can be mounted to the back of it to make a fully integrated mini-system.
Credit:
Raspberry Pi
The 5-inch touchscreen is a good fit for smaller smart home projects that benefit from some kind of a screen for controls—or if you just have a Pi sitting in a corner somewhere running Homebridge or a VPN server or something that you’d like to be able to control or interact with in a pinch without using an external monitor, keyboard, or mouse (or a remote-access technology like SSH). It’s not exactly a groundbreaking project, and it’s hardly the first touchscreen for the Pi, but as an inexpensive and officially supported accessory, it may benefit from wider compatibility and ecosystem support than some third-party screens.
In addition to the 5- and 7-inch models of the Touch Display 2, Raspberry Pi also offers a $100 15.6-inch portable display for people using a Pi board (or the Raspberry Pi 400 or 500 devices) as regular desktop computers.
For the first time, scientists have created a brain implant that can “hear” and vocalize words a person is only imagining in their head.
The device, developed at Stanford University in California, could help people with severe paralysis communicate more easily, even if they can’t move their mouth to try to speak.
“This is the first time we’ve managed to understand what brain activity looks like when you just think about speaking,” Erin Kunz, lead author of the study, published Thursday in the journal Cell, told the Financial Times.
“For people with severe speech and motor impairments, brain-computer interfaces capable of decoding inner speech could help them communicate much more easily and more naturally,” said Kunz, a postdoctoral scholar in neurosurgery.
Four people with paralysis from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or brainstem stroke volunteered for the study. One participant could only communicate by moving his eyes up and down for “yes” and side to side for “no.”
Electrode arrays from the BrainGate brain-computer interface were implanted in the brain area that controls speech, called the motor cortex.
Participants were then asked to try speaking or to silently imagine certain words.
The device picked up brain activity linked to phonemes, the small units that make up speech patterns, and artificial intelligence software stitched them into sentences.
Imagined speech signals were weaker than attempted speech but still accurate enough to reach up to 74% recognition in real time, the research shows.
Senior author Frank Willett, an assistant professor of neurosurgery at Stanford, told the Financial Times the results show that “future systems could restore fluent, rapid and comfortable speech via inner speech alone,” with better implants and decoding software.
“For people with paralysis attempting to speak can be slow and fatiguing and, if the paralysis is partial, it can produce distracting sounds and breath control difficulties,” Willett said.
The team also addressed privacy concerns. In one surprising finding, the BCI sometimes picked up words participants weren’t told to imagine — such as numbers they were silently counting.
To protect privacy, researchers created a “password” system that blocks the device from decoding unless the user unlocks it. In the study, imagining the phrase “chitty chitty bang bang” worked 98% of the time to prevent unintended decoding.
“This work gives real hope that speech BCIs can one day restore communication that is as fluent, natural and comfortable as conversational speech,” Willett said.
More information
Learn more about the technology by reading the full study in the journal Cell.
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Southern Brave thrashed Oval Invincibles by 89 runs, the biggest margin in terms of runs in the history of The Hundred’s women’s competition, to move clear at the top of table.
Their fifth win from five matches broke a record that was only set on Sunday, when London Spirit beat Birmingham Phoenix by 88 runs.
Brave’s formidable top-order of Maia Bouchier (34), Danni Wyatt-Hodge (26) and Laura Wolvaardt (36) propelled them to a strong 161-6, while Mady Villiers took 3-17 as the visiting side were bowled out for 72.
Invincibles, who chose to chase at the toss, struggled in pursuit of their target, losing openers Lauren Winfield-Hill and Meg Lanning in the space of three Sophie Devine balls inside the powerplay.
Bell then removed her international team-mates Alice Capsey and Paige Scholfield with successive deliveries, before Villiers accounted for Marizanne Kapp and Phoebe Franklin to leave Invincibles 43-6.
Amanda-Jade Wellington offered some element of resistance, scoring an unbeaten run-a-ball 18, but no other Invincibles batter passed 10.
Debutant Daisy Gibb was the last batter to fall, caught by Villiers off Georgia Adams, bringing Invincibles’ dismal effort to an end with 17 balls to spare.
Brave now sit top of standings outright with 20 points, having previously been behind London Spirit on net run-rate, while Invincibles remain in fifth.