The ‘desk’ of a 33-year-old developer in Starbucks
In the affluent Seoul neighbourhood of Daechi, Hyun Sung-joo has a dilemma.
His cafe is sometimes visited by Cagongjok, a term for mostly young South Koreans who love to study or work at cafes, but there’s a limit.
He says one customer recently set up a workspace in his cafe which included two laptops and a six-port power strip to charge all their devices – for an entire day.
“I ended up blocking off the power outlets,” the cafe owner of 15 years tells the BBC.
“With Daechi’s high rents, it’s difficult to run a cafe if someone occupies a seat all day.”
The cultural phenomenon of Cagongjok is rampant in South Korea, especially in areas with large numbers of students and office workers. They dominate cafes often on a much greater scale than other Western countries like the UK, where those studying are often surrounded by others there to socialise.
And Starbucks Korea warned this month that a minority of people are going further than just laptops, such as bringing in desktop monitors, printers, partitioning off desks or leaving tables unattended for long periods.
The chain has now launched nationwide guidelines aimed at curbing “a small number of extreme cases” where elaborate setups or prolonged empty seats disrupt other customers.
Starbucks said staff would not ask customers to leave, but rather provide “guidance” when needed. It also cited previous cases of theft when customers left belongings unattended, calling the new guidelines “a step toward a more comfortable store environment”.
Students often set up study areas in South Korean cafes
It doesn’t seem to be deterring the more moderate Cagongjok though, for whom Starbucks has been somewhat of a haven in recent years and continues to be.
On a Thursday evening in Seoul’s Gangnam district, a Starbucks branch buzzes quietly with customers studying, heads down over laptops and books.
Among them is an 18-year-old student who dropped out of school and is preparing for the university entrance exam, “Suneung”.
“I get here around 11am and stay until 10pm,” she tells the BBC. “Sometimes I leave my things and go eat nearby.”
We have seen no bulky equipment during our visits to Starbucks since the new guidelines were issued on 7 August, though we did see one man with a laptop stand, keyboard and mouse. Some customers still appear to be leaving their seats unattended for long periods, with laptops and books spread across tables.
When asked whether its new restrictions have led to visible changes, Starbucks Korea told the BBC it was “difficult to confirm”.
Some students set up their belongings and then left a Starbucks seen here in Suwon
Reactions to Starbucks’ move have been mixed. Most welcome the policy as a long-overdue step toward restoring normalcy in how cafes are used.
This is particularly so among those who visit Starbucks for relaxation or conversation, who say it has become difficult to find seats because of Cagongjok, and that the hushed atmosphere often made them feel self-conscious about talking freely.
A few have criticised it as overreach, saying the chain has abandoned its previously hands-off approach.
It reflects a wider public discussion in South Korea over Cagongjok that has been brewing ever since it started taking off in 2010, coinciding with the growth of franchised coffee chains in the country. That has kept growing, with the country seeing a 48% increase in coffee shops over the past five years, according to the National Tax Service, nearing 100,000.
Some 70% of people in a recent survey of more than 2,000 Gen Z job seekers in South Korea by recruitment platform Jinhaksa Catch said they studied in cafes at least once a week.
‘Two people would take up enough space for 10 customers’
Dealing with “seat hogging” and related issues is a tricky balance, and the independent cafes grappling with a similar thing have deployed a range of approaches.
While Hyun has experienced customers bringing multiple electronic devices and setting up workstations, he says extreme cases like this are rare.
“It’s maybe two or three people out of a hundred,” he said. “Most people are considerate. Some even order another drink if they stay long, and I’m totally fine with that.”
Hyun’s cafe, which locals also use as a space for conversation or private tutoring, still welcomes Cagongjok as long as they respect the shared space.
Some other cafe franchises even cater to them with power outlets, individual desks and longer stay allowances.
Cafe owner Hyun Sung-joo isn’t against Cagongjok but finds some customers take it too far
But other cafe owners have taken stricter steps. Kim, a café owner in Jeonju who asked the BBC to remain anonymous, introduced a “No Study Zone” policy after repeated complaints about space being monopolised.
“Two people would come in and take over space for 10. Sometimes they’d leave for meals and come back to study for seven or eight hours,” he says. “We eventually put up a sign saying this is a space for conversation, not for studying.”
Now his cafe allows a maximum of two hours for those using it to study or work. The rule does not apply to regular customers who are simply having coffee.
“I made the policy to prevent potential conflicts between customers,” Kim says.
‘Cagongjok’ – here to stay?
Yu-jin Mo feels more comfortable in cafes than in libraries
So what’s behind the trend and why do so many in South Korea feel the need to work or study in cafes rather than in libraries, shared workspaces or at home?
For some, the cafe is more than just an ambient space; it’s a place to feel grounded.
Yu-jin Mo, 29, tells the BBC about her experience growing up in foster care. “Home wasn’t a safe place. I lived with my father in a small container, and sometimes he’d lock the door from the outside and leave me alone inside.”
Even now, as an adult, she finds it hard to be alone. “As soon as I wake up, I go to a cafe. I tried libraries and study cafes, but they felt suffocating,” she says.
Later Ms Mo even ran her own cafe for a year, hoping to offer a space where people like her could feel comfortable staying and studying.
Professor Choi Ra-young of Ansan University, who has studied lifelong education for over two decades, sees Cagongjok as a cultural phenomenon shaped by South Korea’s hyper-competitive society.
“This is a youth culture created by the society we’ve built,” she tells the BBC. “Most Cagongjok are likely job seekers or students. They’re under pressure – whether it’s from academics, job insecurity or housing conditions with no windows and no space to study.
“In a way, these young people are victims of a system that doesn’t provide enough public space for them to work or learn,” she adds. “They might be seen as a nuisance, but they’re also a product of social structure.”
Professor Choi said it was time to create more inclusive spaces. “We need guidelines and environments that allow for cafe studying – without disturbing others – if we want to accommodate this culture realistically.”
Synthetic data can reliably mirror real-world data (RWD) in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), potentially enabling smaller clinical trial sample sizes without compromising statistical power, a recent study found.1 The findings, published in Clinical and Translational Allergy, highlight a significant challenge in CSU research—the ongoing difficulty of enrolling and retaining adequate patient numbers, especially among those with comorbidities, older age, or uncommon disease subtypes.
The results of the study show that synthetic data could maintain accuracy down to 25% of the original real-world data sample size. | Image credit: tippapatt – stock.adobe.com
The authors noted, “Robust data are essential for clinical and epidemiological research, yet in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), certain patient groups, such as the elderly or comorbid patients, are often underrepresented. In clinical trials, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria frequently limit recruitment, making it difficult to achieve sufficient statistical power. Similarly, real-world observational studies may lack sufficient sample sizes for robust analysis.”
Using data from the Chronic Urticaria Registry (CURE), researchers extracted information on 4136 patients across 30 countries and 12 ethnicities, capturing a comprehensive set of demographic, laboratory, and patient-reported outcome variables. Synthetic datasets were generated using a Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm, which allows the synthetic cohorts to “maintain the statistical properties and correlations of the original data without directly copying any individual records.”
This method preserves patient privacy while still capturing clinical and demographic diversity.
When systematically compared with real-world data, the synthetic datasets showed strong alignment across key measures. In terms of gender, RWD reported 72.4% female (n = 2994) vs 71.7% (n = 2965) in synthetic data, with no significant difference (P = .47). Age distributions were virtually identical: mean (SD) 44.2 (16.3) years in RWD compared with 44.3 (16.4) years in synthetic data (P = .85). Body mass index was similarly replicated (26.3 vs 26.1; P = .28).
Clinical characteristics were also successfully replicated. Daily wheals were reported by 28.6% of real patients compared with 28.8% of synthetic patients, while angioedema was absent in 24.3% of RWD patients, which was matched by 23.7% in synthetic data. Comorbidity burden was nearly identical, with mean comorbidities of 1.98 in RWD and 1.96 in synthetic datasets (P = .77). Atopic dermatitis prevalence was 4.8% in both groups, and allergic rhinitis occurred in 19.1% and 19.2% of patients, respectively (P = .98). Similarly, comorbidity burden, laboratory parameters such as IgE, and medication use showed no significant differences, reinforcing that synthetic datasets can reliably capture diverse clinical characteristics.
Further subgroup analyses, including patients aged ≥60 years, those with BMI ≥25 or ≥30, and both male and female cohorts, displayed no statistically significant differences in core characteristics and disease scores when comparing synthetic and real-world data. (all P > .10). Correlation analyses further validated synthetic fidelity. The strong negative correlation between UAS7 and UCT seen in RWD (P = -.73) was reproduced in synthetic data (P = -.72; P = .58).
The results of the study show that synthetic data could maintain accuracy down to 25% of the original RWD sample size. The authors explained, “enrolling just 38 patients in a clinical trial and applying GenDT allows us to generate a synthetic cohort of 150 patients. In other words, we can produce a synthetic patient population that is 4 times larger while maintaining high-quality data.” Previous technologies, such as Unlearn.AI, have only achieved a 33% reduction in control arm size, whereas this approach offers a 75% lower sample size for both control and treatment arms with equivalent statistical power.2
However, researchers caution that synthetic data performed best with continuous variables such as age, BMI, and patient-reported outcome scores, but categorical variables, including treatment type or symptom frequency, were more prone to errors when generated from smaller sample sizes.1 “Further research is necessary to establish and validate the standards of this method, allowing the scientific community to benefit from its advantages and safely use it in research settings,” the authors note.
These findings suggest that synthetic data generation, when vigorously validated, could ease barriers in CSU research, especially for understudied populations such as older adults, those with comorbidities, and patients with rare disease variants. By extending smaller cohorts into adequately powered synthetic populations, researchers may accelerate hypothesis testing, enhance subgroup analyses, and reduce the costs and burdens associated with recruitment.
References
1. Gutsche A, Salameh P, Jahandideh SS, et al. Can Synthetic Data Allow for Smaller Sample Sizes in Chronic Urticaria Research? Clin Transl Allergy. 2025;15(8):e70087. doi: 10.1002/clt2.70087
2. Yakubu A, Bogert J, Zhuang R, et al. Accelerating randomized clinical trials in Alzheimer’s Disease using generative machine learning model forecasts of progression. Alzheimers Dement. Published online January 9, 2025. doi:org/10.1002/alz.086486
The blood test parameter monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) may serve as a useful marker of activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a new report has found.1 The findings, which were reported in theInternational Journal of Inflammation, also suggest that MLR can be used to better understand changes in the monocyte subpopulations in the blood microenvironment.
Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is believed to play a role in the initiation and progression of CLL, the authors explained. For instance, previous research found patients with CLL who had low monocyte counts had a higher risk of mortality, largely due to infectious complications.
Yet, the precise nature of the connection between inflammation and progression is not yet clear. At present, the authors said, the primary method of assessing inflammation in the blood is through inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood.
Overall, participants with CLL had significantly lower MLR values compared with the healthy donors. | Image credit: angellodeco – stock.adobe.com
“However, in the age of modern technology, a more detailed analysis of inflammatory cells circulating in the blood of CLL patients would be useful,” they wrote.
In the new study, the researchers sought to undertake a more thorough analysis of MLR to see whether it aligned with the patient’s risk of progression. They also aimed to determine whether MLR values might correlate with the functional immune status of circulating monocyte subsets.
The investigators gathered peripheral blood samples from 54 patients who were newly diagnosed with CLL and had not yet received treatment. They then compared those with samples from 20 healthy volunteers.
The samples were assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry and evaluated for both surface markers and intracellular expression of cytokines. They also used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to determine the relative expression of certain microRNA.
Overall, participants with CLL had significantly lower MLR values (median [IQR], 0.04 [0.095-0.02]) compared with the healthy donors (median [IQR], 0.265 [0.318-0.23]; P < .0001). Patients with stage III or IV CLL had significantly higher MLR values (median [IQR], 0.1 [0.23-0.07]), compared with those with stage 0 disease (median [IQR], 0.03 [0.06-0.01]; P < .01). Similarly, patients with negative clinical and laboratory prognostic factors—such as an increased percentage of CD5+/CD19+ cells with ZAP-70 and CD38 expression—also had higher MLR values.
The investigators next split the patients with CLL into MLR-high and MLR-low groups. The groups had 13 and 41 patients, respectively. The results showed that the MLR-high group had a significantly higher percentage of intermediate monocytes, but a significantly lower percentage of classical and nonclassical monocytes. They also found other differences.
“In our study, in MLR-high CLL patients with poor prognostic factors, that is, increased expression of CD38 and ZAP-70 in leukemic cells, we observed a significantly lower percentage of nonclassical monocytes with intracellular TNF (tumor necrosis factor) expression and a significantly higher percentage of intermediate monocytes with intracellular IL-10 expression, allowing us to see a correlation between the functional maturation of the circulating monocytes and the degree of disease progression,” they explained.
In addition, they found that the expression of miR-106a, miR-150-5p, and miR-21-3p was significantly different between the healthy patients and those with CLL, “which may suggest that the inflammatory conditions prevailing in the course of CLL also affect the mechanisms dependent on these miRNAs determining monocyte subpopulation heterogeneity,” they wrote.
The authors noted their study’s limitations included the fact that it featured a relatively small number of participants and also focused exclusively on newly diagnosed patients.
They said, however, that their findings suggest that MLR can be useful in obtaining information about the phenotypic and functional immune status of monocyte subpopulations in the blood of patients with CLL.
References
1. Grzegorzewska W, Zarobkiewicz M, Jastrzębska-Pawłowska K, et al. MLR corresponds to the functional status of monocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Inflamm. 2025;2025(1):4443773. doi:10.1155/ijin/4443773
2. Szerafin L, Jakó J, Riskó F. Az abszolút monocytaszám prognosztikus értéke krónikus lymphoid leukaemiában [Prognostic value of absolute monocyte count in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia]. Orv Hetil. 2015;156(15):592-597. doi:10.1556/OH.2015.30126
The US government has taken an unprecedented 10% stake in Intel under a deal with the struggling chipmaker and is planning more such moves, according to Donald Trump and the commerce secretary, Howard Lutnick, the latest extraordinary intervention by the White House in corporate America.
Lutnick wrote on X: “BIG NEWS: The United States of America now owns 10% of Intel, one of our great American technology companies. Thanks to Intel CEO @LipBuTan1 for striking a deal that’s fair to Intel and fair to the American People.”
Trump met with Lip-Bu Tan on Friday and posed for a photo with Lutnick. The development follows a meeting between Tan and Trump earlier this month that was sparked by the US president’s demand for the Intel chief’s resignation over his ties to Chinese firms.
“He walked in wanting to keep his job and he ended up giving us $10bn for the United States. So we picked up $10bn,” Trump said on Friday.
While Trump did not provide detail on the $10bn, the equity stake is about equal to the amount Intel is set to receive in grants from the government under the Chips and Science Act to help fund the building of chip plants in the US.
The Intel investment would be the latest of several unusual deals struck by the Trump administration with US companies, including agreeing to allow the AI chip giant Nvidia to sell its H20 chips to China in exchange for the US government receiving 15% of those sales. Chipmaker AMD struck a similar deal.
The Pentagon is also slated to become the largest shareholder in a small mining company to boost output of rare-earth magnets and the US government negotiated for itself a “golden share” with certain veto rights as part of a deal to allow Nippon Steel to buy US Steel.
The US government’s broad intervention in corporate matters has worried critics who say Trump’s actions create new categories of corporate risk.
Trump’s move follows a $2bn capital injection from SoftBank Group in what was a major vote of confidence for the troubled US chipmaker in the middle of a turnaround. Daniel Morgan, senior portfolio manager at Synovus Trust, said Intel’s problems were beyond a cash infusion from SoftBank or equity interest from the government.
“Without government support or another financially stronger partner, it will be difficult for Intel foundry unit to raise enough capital to continue to build out more Fabs at a reasonable rate,” he said, adding Intel “needs to catch up with TSMC [Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company] from a technological perspective to attract business”.
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A 10% stake at current share prices would be worth roughly $10bn. Lutnick said this week any stake would be non-voting, meaning it would not enable the US government to tell the company how to run its business.
Federal backing could give Intel more breathing room to revive its loss-making foundry business, analysts said, but it still suffers from a weak product roadmap and challenges in attracting customers to its new factories.
Tan, who took the top job at Intel in March, has been tasked to turn around the American chipmaking icon, which recorded an annual loss of $18.8bn in 2024 – its first such loss since 1986.
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The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has moved to strip thousands of federal health agency employees of their collective bargaining rights, according to a union that called the effort illegal.
HHS officials confirmed Friday that the department is ending its recognition of unions for a number of employees and reclaiming office space and equipment that had been used for union activities.
It’s the latest move by the Trump administration to put an end to collective bargaining with unions that represent federal employees. Previously affected agencies include the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In May, an appeals court said the administration could move forward with Donald Trump’s executive order that the president aimed at ending collective bargaining rights for hundreds of thousands of federal employees while a lawsuit plays out.
“This action ensures that HHS resources and personnel are fully focused on safeguarding the health and security of the American people,” department spokesperson Andrew Nixon said in a statement.
Officials with the American Federation of Government Employees said strong union contracts do not hinder strong responses to public health emergencies. Rather, they help make agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have a stable, experienced and supported workforce, the union said.
Some CDC employees said the union has been a source of information and advocacy for the agency’s employees during layoffs this year and in the wake of the 8 August shooting attack at the CDC’s main campus in Atlanta.
Since then, the union has been trying to advocate for a better emergency alert system and better security.
Other affected agencies include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response and the Office of Refugee Resettlement within the Administration for Children and Families.
Meta Platforms (NASDAQ:META) is trying to squash rumors it’s easing up on artificial intelligence. Chief AI Officer Alexandr Wang, who now runs Meta’s Superintelligence Labs, said Thursday the company is only ramping up spending.
We are truly only investing more and more into Meta Superintelligence Labs as a company, Wang wrote on X. Any reporting to the contrary of that is clearly mistaken. The post came as Meta shares drifted 1.2% lower in afternoon trade.
His pushback follows a string of headlines suggesting the opposite. The Wall Street Journal reported Meta has paused hiring in its AI unit after a spree that added more than 50 researchers and engineers, some lured with packages topping $100 million. The New York Times added that Meta is considering downsizing the group, which has grown into the thousands, while restructuring it into four teams amid internal tensions.
For investors, the mixed messaging underscores how expensive Meta’s AI ambitions have becomeand how quickly speculation over hiring and budgets can rattle sentiment in a space where the stakes are sky-high.
BBC
