Category: 3. Business

Introduction

Globally, diseases of the digestive system, including functional gastrointestinal disorders, gastritis, and peptic ulcers, are common and contribute significantly to both morbidity and mortality.¹ Chronic gastritis affects over half of the world’s population, underscoring its widespread impact.² Epidemiological studies suggest that the morbidity rate for peptic ulcers and associated disorders could be as high as 10%; however, recent years have shown a declining trend in incidence, particularly due to improved H. pylori eradication strategies and proton pump inhibitor use.^3,4 The burden of gastrointestinal diseases remains high due to the prevalence of both benign conditions, such as acute and chronic gastroenteritis, and malignant diseases like colorectal and gastric cancers, which, while distinct, also represent major global public health concerns. These cancers rank as the third and fourth most common cancers globally, each causing approximately 800,000 deaths annually.^5,6 These conditions lead to considerable pain and disability, while also placing a heavy financial strain on both families and society.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy represents the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring digestive diseases. While primarily performed under conscious sedation, this procedure can provoke significant anxiety and psychological distress in patients, potentially affecting both procedure outcomes and patient compliance with future screening recommendations.⁷ Despite its clinical benefits, gastrointestinal endoscopy can provoke anxiety, fear, and even stress reactions among patients, as reported in numerous studies.^8,9 Endoscopy is primarily utilized in outpatient settings and is well-known for its effectiveness in diagnosing and treating gastrointestinal disorders.¹⁰ Given the increasing global incidence of digestive system diseases, the role of endoscopy is more critical than ever.^11,12

The KAP framework provides a structured approach to understanding how patients’ knowledge influences their attitudes and subsequent health behaviors. In the context of gastrointestinal endoscopy, this understanding is particularly crucial as patient preparation and cooperation directly impact procedure quality and diagnostic yield. It is based on the idea that knowledge has a beneficial effect on attitudes, which in turn influence behaviors.^13,14 Inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes may lead to poor bowel preparation, increased anxiety, refusal to undergo the procedure, or reduced compliance with follow-up recommendations-factors that can significantly compromise diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes.^9,15 With the increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis to life-threatening cancers, there is a critical need to understand patient experiences and behaviors to enhance clinical outcomes. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, an essential diagnostic and therapeutic tool, often triggers anxiety and fear among patients, potentially affecting their willingness to undergo necessary procedures. This study is pivotal as it focuses on a patient group whose insights are crucial for the efficacy of endoscopic procedures and overall treatment success. By examining patients’ understanding, reactions, and adjustments post-endoscopy, healthcare providers can develop targeted communication strategies and support mechanisms that enhance patient comfort, increase engagement, and promote adherence. This approach ultimately leading to optimized healthcare resource utilization and improved health outcomes.

Despite extensive research on the technology and effectiveness of endoscopy,^16–18 studies delving into patient feedback post-examination remain limited. A recent narrative review by Minciullo et al (2022) summarized available tools for assessing patient satisfaction in digestive endoscopy, emphasizing its importance as a quality indicator.¹⁹ While that review primarily focused on satisfaction measurement, our study explores patients’ KAP, offering a broader behavioral and cognitive perspective that complements satisfaction-based evaluations. This study aimed to quantify patients’ knowledge levels regarding gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures; assess attitudes and psychological barriers towards endoscopic examination; evaluate adherence to pre- and post-procedure care instructions; and examine the connections between knowledge, attitudes, and practices to identify targeted intervention opportunities. These specific objectives will help address the current gap in understanding patient perspectives and guide the development of evidence-based educational programs. Therefore, herein, we sought to explore the KAP of patients toward gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Endoscopy Unit.

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Participants

The required sample size was estimated using the formula for cross-sectional studies:²⁰ n = Z² × P × (1 – P) / d², where n is the sample size, Z is the standard normal deviate at 95% confidence level (Z = 1.96), P is the expected proportion (assumed to be 50% for maximum variability), and d is the margin of error (set at 4%). Based on this formula, a minimum sample size of 384 was required. Considering potential non-response or invalid submissions, we distributed a larger number of questionnaires. Ultimately, 612 valid responses were obtained, meeting the minimum statistical power requirement.

This cross-sectional study used a survey to collect data at the author’s Hospital from December 2023 to February 2024. Consecutive adult patients who were referred for diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy were enrolled using convenience sampling. To minimize heterogeneity, patients with a confirmed inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis or those undergoing therapeutic procedures were excluded. The research received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of the author’s Hospital, and all the study participants provided informed consent.

Inclusion criteria were the following: 1) those who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy (gastroscopy or colonoscopy); 2) those who voluntarily participated; 3) those who were conscious and able to cooperate.

Exclusion criteria were the following: 1) those with critical condition; 2) those who underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding; 3) those unable to complete the questionnaire for other reasons.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire was developed through a systematic review of relevant literature and current clinical practice guidelines. Content validity was established through an expert panel review by two gastroenterologists and two endoscopy nurses.^21,22 Following the questionnaire’s design, a pilot study was carried out involving 76 participants, generating a Cronbach’s α coefficient = 0.912, indicative of good internal consistency. The final questionnaire included 4 dimensions: knowledge, attitude, practice, and demographic characteristics, comprising basic patient demographics, reasons for seeking medical care, daily routines, and dietary habits. The knowledge section consisted of 9 questions, with responses scored assigned 2 points for “complete understanding”, 1 point for “partial understanding”, and 0 for “lack of understanding”, generating a total score of 0 to 18. The attitude section consisted of 7 questions, rated on a five-point Likert scale from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”, with scores ranging from 5 points to 1 point and a total score range of 7 to 35. The practice section included 8 items, also rated on a five-point Likert scale from “always” to “never”, with values ranging from 5 points to 1 point and a total score of 8 to 40. According to Bloom’s cutoff, participants who scored > 80% of the total were classified as possessing satisfactory knowledge, constructive attitudes, and active practices, while those scoring between 60% and 80% were classified as possessing average levels in these dimensions. Scoring < 60% of the total suggested inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes, and passive behaviors.²³

The questionnaire was generated using the “Questionnaire Star” platform, after which a QR code was obtained, printed, and placed in the endoscopy room. After patients completed their endoscopy and fully regained consciousness, two specially trained nurses invited them to the endoscopy room to scan the QR code and complete the questionnaire. Patients scanned the QR code and completed the questionnaire using their phone, with each phone allowing only one submission of responses. Researchers will only provide clarifications about the questions without offering any hints for the answers. For elderly patients who cannot use a mobile phone, the nurses will record the patients’ answers and fill out the questionnaire on their behalf.

To further evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, both content validity and construct validity were assessed. Content validity was established through expert review by two gastroenterologists and two endoscopy nurses. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Supplementary Table 1). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test yielded a value of 0.913 (P < 0.001), indicating sampling adequacy. Model fit indices demonstrated good construct validity (CMIN/DF = 4.487; RMSEA = 0.076; IFI = 0.937; TLI = 0.929; CFI = 0.937), and all standardized factor loadings were statistically significant (P < 0.001). A CFA path diagram is presented in Supplementary Figure 1 to illustrate the measurement structure.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous data are reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and categorical data are expressed as n (%). Continuous data that were confirmed to follow a normal distribution were analyzed using independent-sample t-tests or one-way ANOVA. The Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney test or Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare continuous data with skewed distribution. The correlation among KAP was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis, and interactions among KAP were explored using structural equation modeling (SEM) performed with AMOS version 26.0. A two-sided P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patients’ Characteristics

Among a total of 744 collected questionnaires, 20 refused to participate in the study, 9 had a short response time (< 90 seconds), 13 had a logical conflict, and 80 were incomplete, resulting in 612 valid questionnaires, with a validity rate of 82.26%.

Out of these 612 participants, 308 (50.33%) were filled out by males; the mean age of participants was 51.11 ± 12.61 years; 363 (62.42%) had a BMI in the normal range; 152 (24.84%) had poor dietary habits, 250 (40.85%) had heavy taste preference in their diets and 147 (24.02%) were frequently constipated. Meanwhile, 355 (58.01%) had their first gastroscopy, 561 (91.67%) opted for a painless procedure, and 308 (50.33%) had gastrointestinal polyps (Table 1). Among the 308 patients with polyps, the majority (225 cases, 73.1%) underwent painless enteroscopy alone, followed by 33 cases (10.7%) who received both painless enteroscopy and painless gastroscopy, and 29 cases (9.4%) with painless gastroscopy alone. This distribution, as visualized in the UpSet plot (Figure 1), indicates that painless colonoscopy was the predominant modality associated with polyp detection in this study. The reason for the endoscopy examination and results are shown in Figure 2. “Life stage screening” refers to routine health check-ups commonly recommended based on age or risk factors, such as colorectal cancer screening in adults over 50.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics, Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice

Figure 1 UpSet plot showing the distribution of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures among the 308 patients diagnosed with polyps.

Figure 2 (A) Reasons for undergoing digestive endoscopy (including upper and lower GI procedures); “Life stage screening” refers to routine health check-ups. (B) Results of endoscopic examinations.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice

The mean scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 11.66 ± 3.95 (possible range: 0–18), 29.79 ± 3.27 (possible range: 7–35), and 36.69 ± 4.99 (possible range: 8–40), separately. Knowledge scores varied depending on education (P < 0.001), monthly income (P = 0.010), alcohol consumption (P = 0.047), family history of gastric or colorectal cancer (immediate family) (P = 0.008), unexplained changes in bowel habits or fecal abnormalities (P = 0.002), number of gastroscopies (P < 0.001), and the number of polyps (P = 0.015). Attitude scores were more likely to vary depending on unexplained changes in bowel habits or fecal abnormalities (P = 0.049), number of gastroscopies (P = 0.047), presence of polyps (P = 0.015), and whether the polyp was >5 mm (P = 0.030). Practice scores varied depending on education (P = 0.020), monthly income (P < 0.010), number of gastroscopies (P = 0.015), and type of the current gastroenteroscopy (P < 0.001) (Table 1).

For all the knowledge items, no more than 40% of the participants answered “Very well known”, while more than 60% chose “Heard of it”, indicating that while progress has been made, there remains ample opportunity for further improvement. Specifically, for “ Endoscopic examinations can assess different areas of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon.”, 70.1% chose “Heard of it” (K3). As for “This examination is typically used to diagnose gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcers, tumors, and inflammation.”, 69.77% chose “Heard of it” (K2) (Table 2).

Table 2 Responses to the Knowledge Section

For the attitude dimension, more than 90% of participants chose either “strongly agree” or “agree”, except for A1 and A3. Specifically, 23.37% and 23.53% were neutral on whether they felt nervous or anxious before the examination (A1) and whether they were worried about the safety and side effects of endoscopy (A3), respectively (Table 3).

Table 3 Responses to the Attitude Section

Responses on the practice revealed that > 70% of the participants chose “always” for all items except P2 and P3. Specifically, 68.63% of the participants were always fully aware of the endoscopy procedure and possible discomfort before the examination (P2), and 61.44% of the participants always raised concerns and questions about the procedure with the doctor prior to the examination (P3) (Table 4).

Table 4 Responses to the Practice Section

The Correlation and Interaction Among KAP

The correlation analyses revealed statistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations: knowledge was weakly correlated with attitude (r = 0.281, P < 0.001) and with practice (r = 0.148, P < 0.001), while attitude demonstrated a moderate correlation with practice (r = 0.370, P < 0.001) (Table 5).

Table 5 Correlation Analysis

The SEM model showed that the questionnaire fit the KAP model well (Figure 3 and Supplementary Table 2), and the analysis of direct and indirect effects showed that knowledge directly affected attitude (β = 0.397, P = 0.026) and attitude directly affected practice (β = 0.402, P = 0.007). Although the direct effect of knowledge on practice is not significant (β = 0.032, P = 0.568), knowledge has an indirect effect on practice through attitude (β = 0.159, P = 0.014) (Table 6).

Table 6 Direct and Indirect Effects in SEM

Figure 3 Structural Equation Model.

Discussion

Our findings reveal important knowledge gaps among patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopy, despite their generally positive attitudes and adherence to recommended practices. Notably, over 60% of participants reported only partially understanding basic endoscopic concepts, highlighting a critical need for enhanced pre-procedure education. Healthcare providers in the Endoscopy Unit should prioritize patient education to enhance their understanding of gastrointestinal endoscopy, ultimately improving their overall experience and outcomes.

This study investigates the KAP of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy, unveiling a paradoxical scenario in which patients display inadequate knowledge yet exhibit positive attitudes and proactive practices towards the procedure. Previous studies have explored patient involvement in gastrointestinal endoscopy from the patients’ viewpoints, revealing that patient participation typically varied from minimal to basic levels, it occasionally reached higher levels when staff actively involved patients in decision-making processes.²⁴ These findings underscore the significant responsibility of endoscopy staff to recognize individual patient needs and enhance patient engagement. The results of the current study resonate with these observations, suggesting a consistent pattern across different settings.

Significant disparities in KAP scores were noted across demographic and clinical variables. Notably, education level emerged as a pivotal factor, aligning with existing literature suggesting a positive association between higher education and health literacy.^25,26 Individuals with higher levels of education typically exhibited better knowledge and practice scores, highlighting the essential part that education has in enhancing patient understanding and involvement in medical procedures. This highlights the necessity for focused educational initiatives designed for different backgrounds to effectively bridge knowledge gaps. Similarly, income level emerged as a significant determinant of KAP, corroborating prior research linking socioeconomic status with health outcomes.^27,28 Higher-income groups exhibited better knowledge and practices, possibly because of enhanced access to healthcare resources and information dissemination channels. This highlights the significance of addressing socioeconomic disparities in healthcare delivery and designing interventions that are accessible and affordable for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

Patients with a family member diagnosed with stomach or colon cancer exhibited higher knowledge scores, likely due to several interconnected factors. Familial experiences of cancer diagnosis and treatment may have heightened awareness and understanding of gastrointestinal health conditions among these individuals. Additionally, the perceived susceptibility to similar health issues within the family may have motivated proactive information-seeking behaviors. Open communication patterns within families about health concerns, including genetic predispositions and disease experiences, likely facilitated the exchange of knowledge and support, contributing to greater awareness among patients. Moreover, the familial context may have increased exposure to healthcare services and screening programs, encouraging individuals to actively engage in preventive healthcare practices.^29,30 Additionally, the positive relationship between the number of gastroscopies a patient underwent and KAP scores highlights how previous experiences influence patient engagement and empowerment. Patients undergoing repeated procedures demonstrated superior knowledge and practices, possibly attributed to familiarity with the process and ongoing education through healthcare interactions.³¹ This highlights the importance of continuity of care and patient-provider communication in fostering health literacy and promoting proactive healthcare behaviors over time.

In the correlation analyses and SEM, the interaction among knowledge, attitudes, and practices was elucidated, revealing a pathway through which knowledge influences attitude, which in turn impacts practice. Although the direct impact of knowledge on practice was not significant, the indirect effect mediated by attitude highlights the crucial influence of patient perceptions and beliefs in shaping health-related behaviors. This underscores the importance of addressing not only factual knowledge but also attitudinal barriers in promoting behavior change and adherence to medical recommendations.³²

The results from the knowledge section reveal a substantial awareness of gastrointestinal endoscopy but also highlight specific gaps in understanding. Remarkably, the highest familiarity is with the requirement for patients to fast before the examination, which reflects a basic understanding that might stem from general pre-procedure instructions given in various medical contexts. Conversely, the concept of endoscopic examinations covering various parts of the gastrointestinal tract was among the least recognized. This could indicate a lack of detailed communication about the procedure’s scope, which is often not elaborated on unless directly relevant to the patient’s condition. Recommendations to improve patient knowledge could include providing comprehensive pre-procedural education materials covering all aspects of the endoscopic process, including detailed instructions on preparatory measures and post-examination care. Interactive educational sessions led by healthcare providers could also address patient queries and concerns in real-time, enhancing understanding and adherence to pre-procedural instructions.^15,33

The attitudes section illustrates a strong recognition of the importance of gastrointestinal endoscopy in detecting potential health issues, with significant agreement observed. This positive attitude is pivotal for patient compliance and procedural success. However, the results also show a notable percentage of respondents feeling nervous or anxious before the examination. This anxiety can adversely affect the preparation and cooperation needed during the procedure. To address these concerns, healthcare providers could implement pre-procedural counseling sessions focusing on anxiety management techniques and addressing patient-specific fears. Creating a supportive and reassuring environment during the examination through clear communication and empathetic care practices can also alleviate patient anxiety and enhance overall satisfaction with the procedure.³³

In the practice section, adherence to pre-examination preparations like dietary restrictions is notably high, indicating effective communication of these requirements. However, the least compliance was observed in discussing personal concerns and questions about the examination with doctors, which could hinder personalized care and lead to increased anxiety. These findings highlight the crucial need to enhance patient education and enable individuals to actively participate in their healthcare journey. Implementing personalized care plans and follow-up protocols tailored to individual patient needs can promote sustained engagement in recommended practices and enhance long-term health outcomes. Moreover, incorporating technology-based solutions like mobile apps or telehealth platforms can enhance communication between patients and healthcare providers, enabling ongoing support and monitoring outside of the clinical environment.^34,35

This study has important practical implications for routine clinical practice. Incorporating KAP assessments into standard pre-endoscopy evaluations may help identify patients with limited understanding or elevated anxiety, allowing for targeted educational interventions. Tailored communication strategies, such as illustrated booklets or video-based tools, could be developed to address specific knowledge gaps and improve psychological preparedness. To maximize impact, these efforts should go beyond conveying factual information and also aim to reinforce positive attitudes and encourage proactive health behaviors. Enhancing public awareness of the indications, diagnostic and therapeutic roles of endoscopy—and its value in the early detection of malignancies—may ultimately support more timely diagnoses and improved long-term outcomes in gastrointestinal health. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these approaches in improving patient comprehension, satisfaction, and procedural outcomes.

Several limitations warrant consideration. First, our post-procedure questionnaire timing may have introduced recall bias and potentially overestimated patient knowledge due to pre-procedure education. Second, the heterogeneous study population, including both diagnostic and screening patients, limits the generalizability of our findings to specific patient subgroups. Third, our single-center design and convenience sampling method may not fully represent the broader patient population. Finally, self-reported data collection could introduce social desirability bias. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design of the study prevents the establishment of causality and temporal relationships between variables. Notwithstanding these limitations, the strengths of this paper are found in its thorough evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding gastrointestinal endoscopy among patients, as well as its utilization of both correlation and structural equation modeling analyses to explore the relationships between these variables, providing valuable insights for enhancing patient care and education within Endoscopy Units. In addition, while we analyzed the relationship between KAP and the number of gastroscopies, we did not assess colonoscopy frequency separately. Considering the high proportion of patients with polyps, this may have limited our ability to fully explore associations related to lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Additionally, indications and findings for upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies were not collected separately. This may have limited the interpretability of certain result distributions.

Conclusion

To conclude, patients in the Endoscopy Unit demonstrated limited knowledge, favorable attitudes, and proactive practices regarding gastrointestinal endoscopy. Specifically, knowledge gaps were most prominent in understanding the scope of endoscopic examination-including the anatomical regions visualized (eg, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon) and its diagnostic capabilities for conditions such as ulcers, tumors, and inflammation. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational interventions that address these fundamental concepts to enhance patient comprehension, informed consent, and overall procedural cooperation, thereby improving clinical outcomes and satisfaction.

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Dongying People’s Hospital (DYYX-2023-182) All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. For elderly participants requiring assistance with questionnaire completion, trained research nurses provided support while ensuring participant privacy and autonomy. The study was carried out in accordance with the applicable guidelines and regulations.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

Lianmin Wei and Qing Niu are co-first authors for this study. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

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It is understandable to be worried about your finances. The world seems to be lurching from one political crisis to the next, and each one has an impact on stock markets and prices.

A recent survey found UK consumers are worried about a slowing economy, possible tax increases in the next budget and rising food costs. We asked experts how you should manage your money in an uncertain world.

Investments

Stock markets around the world, especially in the US, were in flux earlier this year over Donald Trump’s tariff plans. Things have settled down now but it is impossible to predict what shocks may be around the corner.

If you hold stocks and shares – in an Isa or pension, perhaps – you may have been nervously checking their value. UK fund managers have been increasing their holdings in US companies over recent years, largely fuelled by the boom in tech stocks, so big moves over there have an impact here.

However, experts say the most important thing to do is to not sell up out of panic. The analyst Dan Coatsworth of the financial advisers AJ Bell says: “The worst thing people can do is to see troubling things in the news and then suddenly try to shift around their portfolio.” Markets have recovered in the past, he says, so patience is key.

Where this advice may differ is if you need your money for something in less than five years – such as a wedding, university fees or a house purchase. Then you should look at how much risk you are taking, he says.

Andrew Oxlade, an investment director at the fund management company Fidelity International, says this could mean switching some of your money away from the markets and into bonds. Bonds are issued by a corporation or country – the investor loans it money in exchange for a fixed rate of interest.

They are typically bought through a fund. Many investment management companies offer funds that have a split between equities and bonds, such as Vanguard’s Lifestrategy 80%.

Gold, an investment that is often seen as a safe bet during times of crisis, has tripled in price over the past decade, and many investors now hold a small amount in their portfolios, Oxlade says, after years of poor performance. Investing does not have to mean buying bars or coins – Fidelity says the most direct way for most is through an exchange traded fund that tracks the price of gold.

Mortgages

Interest rates in the UK can be affected by what goes on globally. The Bank of England is tasked with keeping inflation down. Before the war in Ukraine started, it had begun to put up rates, and as prices increased, it continued, raising them from 0.25% at the start of 2022 to 5.25% by August 2023, before holding them there for another year.

The Bank has been reducing rates and is expected to make more cuts later this year, but the question is when. If you are planning to take out a new mortgage – either to buy a home or as a remortgage – you face a decision about whether to fix for the short or long term, choose a tracker or even to go on a bank’s standard variable rate (SVR).

Currently, the best-priced two- and five-year fixed deals have a rate of just below 4%.

Nick Mendes of the brokers John Charcol says lenders are reducing rates at present largely because of falling swap rates, a key factor in how mortgages are priced. Swap rates reflect what the money markets expect to happen to interest rates in future.

“Fixed mortgage rates are more influenced by swap rates than the base rate itself, which means they are shaped by what markets think might happen in the future rather than what is happening today,” he says.

Going on to a lender’s SVR in the hope that fixed rates will improve later in the year is a risky strategy as the rates are high, at about 6.5%, and can change at any time and increase your monthly repayments.

Tracker mortgages are also worth considering, Mendes says. These are linked to the Bank base rate. “They tend to start lower than SVRs and often come without early repayment charges, which means borrowers can move on to a fixed deal later,” he says.

Mendes says people who are remortgaging should not “sit back and wait. Most lenders allow you to secure a new deal up to six months in advance, which is a smart way to hedge your bets,” he says. “You can lock in a deal now as a safety net and still switch to something better if rates improve before the new deal begins.”

For new buyers, Mendes says they should base decisions on what is affordable now rather than making assumptions about what may or may not happen in the future. “The last position anyone wants to be in is having overstretched themselves on the assumption that they will be able to refinance on to something cheaper at the end of their fixed-rate period,” he adds.

You are not tied to a rate until completion, so you should be able to switch if a better deal comes along.

Savings

Savings rates could fall even before the Bank reduces the base rate, says Rachel Springall of the financial information site Moneyfacts, as account providers may decide that they have enough deposits for a certain product. “If the whole market starts moving in one direction, you’ll find that other peers will do the same because they don’t want to put themselves too high up [in best buy tables],” she says.

Until then, easy access and fixed-term rates are competitive, Springall says.

The best rates this week for fixed one-year and two-year bonds are from Cynergy Bank (4.55% for the one-year and 4.45% for the two-year), while an easy access account from Chase offers 5%, although this includes a 12-month bonus and is a variable rate, so it could go down.

There have been increases in the interest paid on fixed-rate bonds in recent weeks, she says.

Anna Bowes of the financial advisers The Private Office says “now is a really good time for a saver who has not been paying attention to their savings” as there is good competition in the market.

If you have money in a variable-rate account it may be a good time to move it to a fixed rate.

Pensions

The tumultuous times that stock markets have been having since the start of the year will have had a direct effect on many people in the UK through their pensions. Often funds are heavily invested in US stocks, so the ups and downs there could be affecting your retirement saving.

It is understandable if you are considering shifting money in your pension into other safer options such as bonds, says Helen Morrissey, the head of retirement analysis at the financial advice company Hargreaves Lansdown. However, unless you are cashing in your pension within the next five years, you should avoid reactions based on the international turmoil, she says.

“Over the course of your saving journey, you will hit several periods of market volatility and it’s important to keep in mind that markets do recover over time,” she says. “Making kneejerk reactions such as changing investment strategy has the potential to lock in losses as you miss out when markets do recover.”

Workplace pensions are often invested in “lifestyling” funds, which reduce the amount of risk as the holder gets older by shifting from equities to bonds. So if you are approaching retirement this may be happening automatically.

If your fund has been hit by turbulence in the markets and you intend on retiring soon, Morrissey says that you may want to start to take a lower amount out from your fund than you had planned in order to allow the rest to recover from any losses caused by market turbulence.

“We suggest that people in [income] drawdown keep between one and three years’ worth of essential expenditure [from their savings] in an easy access account that they can use to supplement their income during times of turbulence,” she adds.

Another option, on retirement, is to invest some or all of your fund in an annuity, where returns are close to all-time highs. Annuities convert a lump sum from your pension into a regular guaranteed income for the rest of your life or a fixed term. A healthy 65-year-old can now get an annuity rate of 7.72% on average, according to the pension provider Standard Life – that means that for every £100,000 invested, they would get an annual income of £7,720.

Energy bills

About 21 million households will see their bills decrease after the price cap was reduced this week. For a household with typical usage, the cap has dropped by £129, to £1,720 a year. The good news may not last too long, however, as there are predictions of increases in October.

After the recent conflict between Iran and Israel, oil prices went up because of concerns that supplies could be affected by threats of a blockade of the strait of Hormuz. Prices later reduced after a ceasefire deal was agreed.

Will Owen of the price comparison website Uswitch says the volatility of the international economy has led to uncertainty. “We are now seeing predictions from various organisations and energy suppliers that the price cap from October onwards will probably go up,” he says.

To protect yourself against a rise you could considered a fixed-rate tariff – with these each unit of energy and the standing charges are set for a certain length of time.

The MoneySavingExpert site advises that you are “very likely” to save if you can find a fixed-rate deal priced at least 5% below the current price cap, which is predicted to fluctuate.

The current best deals are a 12-month fix from E.ON Next that is 8.8% below the cap, another from Outfox Energy that is 8.1% less and then a fix from EDF Energy that is 7.2% less, according to the site.

(Bloomberg) — At the Mamiche bakeries in the 9th and 10th arrondissements of Paris, their famous pains au chocolat and croissants depend on an essential but increasingly scarce ingredient — butter.

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The bakery’s regular supplier can no longer provide a steady flow of French beurre de tourage, a type of flat butter used to make the pastries. Mamiche has gone searching elsewhere to ensure the steady flow of sweet treats from its ovens, but it’s coming with a cost.

Butter prices in most of the world are lingering near record highs, with little end in sight to the surge. It’s the result of a complex interplay of factors — challenges faced by dairy farmers from France to New Zealand, changes in Asian consumers’ appetites that’s spurring global demand, and commercial decisions by milk processors defending their bottom line.

The end result is more cost pressure on consumers’ favorite foods.

“When we have to change supplier, we can really see the difference” said Robin Orsoni, commercial operator for Mamiche. Other providers are charging prices 25% to 30% higher but Mamiche has to absorb the cost because “we want to make our customers happy, we need the butter.”

Around 70% of the butter exported around the world comes from two places — Europe and New Zealand. Each began 2025 with historically low stockpiles, and this supply tightness has caused prices to spike to a record, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization.

The roots of the squeeze can be traced back to 2022, when the price of milk in Europe peaked as inflation and fuel costs hit farmers hard, pushing dairy processors to look at the best way to maximize profits.

Butter is made by removing cream from raw milk and churning it. Once the process is complete, you are left with butter and buttermilk, the latter of which “has some industrial uses, but those are relatively limited,” said Monika Tothova, an economist at the FAO. It’s used for some cooking, to make other dairy products, and for livestock feed.

In contrast, “if you make cheese, you process the entire volume of milk,” said Tothova. Even the by-product from cheese-making, called whey, is in high demand from commercial food makers for flavoring and nutrition, or gym enthusiasts to bulk out the protein in their diets.

European Union dairy processors have making more and more cheese. As a result, the bloc’s butter production has steadily declined and is expected to hit an eight-year low this season, according to estimates from the US Department of Agriculture.

Milk production itself is also becoming more challenging. In Europe, farmers’ herd sizes are shrinking due to financial pressures, and they now face added risks to their cows from bluetongue virus, said Jose Saiz, a dairy market analyst at price reporting agency Expana. Lumpy skin disease, which can curb an infected cows’ milk yields, is also making its way into Italy and France.

Just as butter has fallen out of favor with dairy processors, consumers are developing a stronger taste for it, particularly in Asia.

Global consumption of butter is expected to grow 2.7% in 2025, outpacing production, according to the USDA. In China demand has already grown by 6% in just one year. Usage in Taiwan between 2024 and 2025 rose 4%, while in India, the world’s largest consumer, it is up 3%.

Hong Kong’s French bakery chain, Bakehouse, has been tapping into Asian consumers changing tastes. Its annual butter use is currently about 180 tons, an increase of 96 tons from the prior year after they opened two new stores, in addition to another 180 tons of cream, according to co-founder Gregoire Michaud. The firm only buys from well established suppliers — New Zealand has a top-tier reputation but China isn’t good enough yet, he said.

In New Zealand, which is a major dairy exporter and produces about 2.5% of global milk supply, butter production has yet to return to pre-pandemic levels, fluctuating around 500,000 tons a year since 2020.

As in Paris, supply scarcity and high butter prices have forced Hong Kong’s Bakehouse to cycle through three different providers in just a short period – from Australia, to New Zealand and then Belgium. Now they’re potentially looking for a fourth.

Western consumers are also eating more butter, which for years was shunned for being unhealthy, as they look to cut ultra-processed foods out of their diets.

Purchases of pure block butter in the UK have grown, said Susie Stannard, lead dairy analyst at the UK Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. “Consumers who can afford it will still buy butter,”she said, but they aren’t immune from price pressures.

At the newly opened Morchella restaurant in London’s Clerkenwell district, the brown butter and bread that was so popular at its sister eatery, Perilla in Newington Green, has been replaced with olive oil.

Before the recent price hikes “you’d put a lot of butter into the pan to base that piece of fish and meat,” said Ben Marks, who heads up the kitchens at Perilla. “Now you’ve just got be much cleverer.”

Relief for consumers isn’t expected to come any time soon. Butter prices are also affected by the global conflicts, supply chain disruptions and tariff wars that have roiled every other commodity.

Amid this “very hot market,” Hong Kong’s Bakehouse is now prioritizing butter from closer providers to avoid a loss of supply, said Michaud.

Orsoni said Mamiche will absorb the higher cost of butter to keep French staples affordable for its customers, but Perilla’s Marks said it’s “inevitable” that diners will face higher prices.

The heat wave seen in Europe in recent weeks could also exacerbate the situation. High temperatures can reduce yields from diary cows, while also pushing up demand for other products that compete with butter for the fatty cream taken off the top of milk.

Tennis fans reaching for cream to accompany their strawberries as they watch Wimbledon, or workers cooling down with an ice cream in city plazas, “can only hold butter prices up,” said Stannard.

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Conor Grogan, Coinbase’s head of product, says there’s a slight chance the $8.6 billion worth of Bitcoin moved on Thursday — from eight wallets that had held the Bitcoin for over 14 years — was caused by a hack, and if so, it could be the largest robbery ever.

“If true (again, I’m speculating on straws here), this would be by far the largest heist in human history,” Grogan said in an X post on Friday, after raising the slim chance that the $8.6 billion worth of Bitcoin (BTC) moved from eight separate wallets was the work of bad actors.

Suspicious BCH transaction has Grogan scratching his head

“There is a small possibility that the $8B in BTC that recently woke up were hacked or compromised private keys,” Grogan said, pointing out a suspicious Bitcoin Cash (BCH) transaction made before the significant transfers on Thursday involving 10,000 Bitcoin at a time.

“I found a single BCH test transaction from one of the BTC whale clusters 14 hours ago, followed by the full amount. An hour later, the BTC wallets began to move,” he said.

Grogan said it is possible that the wallet owner may have been quietly testing the private key, since Bitcoin Cash transactions don’t attract as much attention from whale tracking services. However, he reiterated he found the behavior unusual:

“What makes me say this is the other BCH wallets have not been touched at all; why wouldn’t they also sweep these?”

In a post on the same day, blockchain intelligence firm Arkham said it was a single entity that moved $8.6 billion worth of Bitcoin from eight separate wallets. 

$8.6 billion Bitcoin is now sitting in eight new wallets

Arkham said that all the Bitcoin was transferred into the original wallets on either April 2 or May 4, 2011, and had remained on the wallets for more than 14 years.

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Arkham said the Bitcoin is now stored in eight new wallets and hasn’t been moved since.

Despite the uncertainty, Bitcoin’s price has stayed relatively stable, dipping 1.02% in the last 24 hours and trading at $108,150 at the time of publication, according to CoinMarketCap data.

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