Category: 3. Business

  • A genome-wide analysis of ascorbate oxidase gene family and hormonal activity in mango exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation | BMC Plant Biology

    A genome-wide analysis of ascorbate oxidase gene family and hormonal activity in mango exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation | BMC Plant Biology

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  • Nations invest in renewables to build energy security

    Nations invest in renewables to build energy security

    For more than two centuries, energy has been the beating heart of economic growth.

    Until recently, most of this energy has come from one simple mechanism – burning things. And as we’ve switched from wood to harder-to-access (but more energy-intense) coal, oil and gas, so our economy has come to rely on a sprawling network of pipelines and trade routes.

    This has created some unexpected relationships. In 1997, for instance, just six years after the end of the Cold War, the Nord Stream 1 pipeline was completed, connecting Germany and Russia via the Baltic Sea. At the height of its operation in 2021, Germany was getting 55% of its natural gas from Russia, along with the majority of its coal and oil. At the same time, the wider EU bloc was also buying most of its oil and gas from Russia.1

    Today, as deglobalisation continues and the geopolitical landscape shifts, many of these relationships are fraying. Germany and the EU have slashed their energy imports from Russia, aiming to end them entirely by 20272; meanwhile India has come under pressure from US President Donald Trump to do the same3.

    The question for investors is, what will replace these routes? Are buyers simply finding alternative sellers, or is a deeper shift taking place?

    At Lombard Odier, we believe the world’s energy system is undergoing a profound change. Driven by a desire to achieve domestic security, many governments are seeking not just to re-route their energy purchases, but to build their own home-grown supply. From China to Europe and India to the US, energy independence is increasingly being seen as the best form of defence against a fracturing and unstable geopolitical order.

    Across Europe, renewables are becoming the first line of defence for a bloc determined to bolster its energy resilience

    Renewables – the first line of defence

    45 kilometres off the coast of Ostend, Belgium, a world-first construction is underway. Standing as a fortress against the wind and waves of the North Sea, the artificial Princess Elisabeth Energy Island – due for completion in 2026 – will act as a hub taking electricity generated by offshore windfarms and distributing it to the European mainland. The island will also act as an interconnector for neighbouring countries, enabling Belgium to trade renewable energy.

    In time, it is expected that Princess Elisabeth will be one of multiple energy islands that could eventually connect dozens or even hundreds of North Sea windfarms, which could collectively meet up to 20% of the EU’s entire annual electricity demand by 20504.

    Across Europe, renewables are becoming the first line of defence for a bloc determined to bolster its energy resilience. With huge solar resources in the south (in recent years, Portugal has seen days where its entire electricity demand has been met renewably5) and vast wind potential in the north, the EU already obtains around 45% of its electricity from renewable sources6, and is aiming to achieve the same figure for all forms of energy (by replacing many instances where fossil fuels are currently the end-use form) by 20307.

    Other major economies are taking a similar approach. Over the next five years, India is expected to invest more than USD 340 billion to install enough renewable capacity to meet the electricity needs of every household roughly twice over, making up approximately half of the country’s total electricity generation.8 And in the US, despite President Trump’s pro-oil ‘drill, baby, drill’ rhetoric, further strong renewables growth is expected in 2025, with wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower now making up around 90% of the country’s new electricity capacity added each year.9

    No one is able to match China as the country continues its push to become the world’s first ‘electro-state’ and achieve its stated aim of energy independence

    No one is able to match China, however. Already home to more than 40% of combined global renewables capacity10, China invested a further USD 625 billion in clean energy projects in 2024 alone11, as the country continues its push to become the world’s first ‘electro-state’ and achieve its stated aim of energy independence.

    Critical minerals – the new oil?

    For many in the West, China’s clean energy dominance has created a new dependency problem. Wind turbines, solar panels, batteries and the millions of kilometres of new cabling needed to transition to zero-carbon electricity are reliant on ‘energy metals’ and other critical minerals, such as aluminium, cobalt, lithium, graphite and rare earth elements.

    Today, China is the leading processor of 19 of the 20 most important critical minerals – with an average global refining share of 70%12 – giving President Xi and the Chinese Communist Party a powerful geopolitical weapon. As governments shift away from coal, oil and gas, the risk is that they are merely swapping one dependency for another.

    In response, according to the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) policy tracker, 200 national policy interventions – half ratified in just the last few years – aim to boost domestic critical minerals supply chains13.

    These include US President Donald Trump’s creation of a ‘National Energy Dominance Council’, which will treat critical minerals supply as a national security imperative14; the respective Canadian and Australian Critical Minerals Strategies; and the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act, which aims to boost supply chain security by ensuring that, by 2030, a minimum of 10% of the critical minerals it needs are mined domestically, at least 40% are processed in the EU, and at least 25% are sourced from recycling.15

    Across the board, metals recycling is set for rapid growth… the size of the market for recycled minerals could rise five-fold to reach USD 200 billion by 2050

    Secure supply chains create new growth opportunity

    This global push is accelerating the permitting process for new mines – it is also fostering new innovations aimed at minimising reliance on overseas supply.

    For example, New Zealand start-up Mint Innovation’s bio-based recycling process uses bacteria to extract target metals from electronic waste and requires just a fraction of the energy needed by traditional recycling methods – a recent partnership with Jaguar Land Rover to recover lithium, nickel and cobalt from used electric vehicle (EV) batteries has received funding from the UK government16. In Europe, Germany’s BRAIN Biotech and the EU’s Horizon-funded BioRecover project17 are working on bringing similar solutions to scale.

    Across the board, metals recycling is set for rapid growth. As demand for critical minerals rises, the International Energy Agency forecasts that the size of the market for recycled minerals could rise five-fold to reach USD 200 billion by 2050, cutting the need for new mining activity for some minerals by as much as 40%.18

    Read also: The rise of metals recycling in the energy transition

    Efforts are also being made to sidestep critical minerals altogether, especially in the manufacture of batteries, which have become essential for the grid-scale storage needed to support renewables projects and EV uptake.

    Today’s batteries are made using lithium and other single-source-dominated minerals. In April 2024, however, US-based Natron Energy, which has received significant support from federal funds, cut the ribbon on the US’s first-ever commercial-scale sodium-ion battery factory, which employs an entirely domestic supply chain and avoids the need for any hard-to-obtain critical minerals. (Natron’s growth is so rapid that the firm has already announced the site for a new USD 1.4 billion ‘giga-factory’, which will increase its manufacturing capacity 40-fold.)19

    Swedish firm Altris is also developing sodium-ion batteries, with investment support from major names including Maersk Growth and Volvo.20 Like Natron, Altris’s batteries can be made from an exclusively domestic supply chain, and are largely reliant on abundant materials such as iron, salt, and even wood21. BloombergNEF forecasts that sodium-ion batteries will represent 15% of the energy storage market by 2035, up from 1% today.22

    As the world’s biggest powers invest in national energy resilience, they are building new export markets that will come to replace today’s fossil fuel networks

    Domestic security – global potential

    As global tensions mount, and multipolar dynamics deepen, it’s easy for investors to imagine a world in which nations are ‘hunkering down’ and investment opportunities diminishing.

    At Lombard Odier, we believe this is to miss the bigger picture. We understand that the changing world order simply means a reshaping of where opportunities are to be found, and that as governments take measures to secure strategic industries we will see a tidal wave of new investment from both the public and private sectors.

    As the world’s biggest powers invest in national energy resilience, they are building new export markets that will replace today’s fossil fuel networks. Incumbent oil exporters will see revenues fall, while winners will emerge from those offering the solutions that help nations bolster their renewable supply.

    The opportunities will be many and varied – new battery technologies, metals recycling, the export of renewably-generated electricity, and high-voltage-direct-current electricity cabling (of which European companies are the world’s leading manufacturers). Domestic energy security will create global potential.

    When Belgium’s Princess Elisabeth energy island is complete, standing lonely but unbowed amid the storms of the North Sea, it will be a powerful symbol of renewables’ new role on the frontline as nations invest to build energy security.

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  • 5 things to know before the stock market opens Friday

    5 things to know before the stock market opens Friday

    An automatic teller machine at the Zions Bank headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, on July 10, 2023.

    Kim Raff | Bloomberg | Getty Images

    This is CNBC’s Morning Squawk newsletter. Subscribe here to receive future editions in your inbox.

    Here are five key things investors need to know to start the trading day:

    1. Calling the exterminator

    Stocks dropped yesterday amid mounting fears on Wall Street about the prevalence of bad loans, and what it means for a slew of regional banks. That’s led to some “cockroach” hunting, as investors race to assess the health of financial institutions’ lending businesses.

    Let’s break this down:

    • Earlier this week, JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon warned that there could be more “cockroaches” out there, in reference to the collapses of auto parts maker First Brands and subprime car lender Tricolor Holdings.
    • Dimon appeared to be invoking the cockroach theory, which suggests that bad news for one company can lead to several other negative disclosures.
    • Shares of Jefferies, which has exposure to First Brands, dropped more than 10% yesterday. Zions, which earlier in the week said it had to take a large charge on bad loans, closed down 13%. Western Alliance said a borrower committed fraud and ended the session down nearly 11%.
    • Regional bank stocks tanked yesterday as a result, in turn driving down the broader market. Bank credit concerns also dragged on the European markets today.
    • The closely followed 10-year U.S. Treasury yield plunged to levels last seen in early April, when President Donald Trump’s unveiled his steep tariff policy.
    • Beyond banking, investors continued to monitor the U.S.-China trade dispute. China’s Ministry of Commerce accused the U.S. of creating “panic” over its rare earth export controls and said it was open to trade talks.
    • U.S. stock futures fell this morning, but are well off their lows. Follow live markets updates here.

    2. Bolton indicted

    John Bolton, former national security advisor, speaks during a Senate briefing hosted by the Organization of Iranian American Communities to discuss U.S. policy on Iran, in Washington, D.C., March 16, 2023.

    Tom Williams | Cq-roll Call, Inc. | Getty Images

    John Bolton, a former national security advisor to President Donald Trump, was indicted yesterday by a federal grand jury on charges of mishandling classified information. Bolton is the third Trump adversary to face criminal charges in recent weeks, following the indictments of former FBI Director James Comey and New York Attorney General Letitia James.

    Meanwhile in Washington, a bill to fund the military during the government shutdown failed in the Senate yesterday. The vote came hours after senators voted down funding legislation for the 10th time. United Airlines CEO Scott Kirby told CNBC yesterday that bookings could start slowing if the government doesn’t reopen soon.

    3. Paying the piper

    In an aerial view, a container ship arrives at the Port of Oakland on Oct. 10, 2025 in Oakland, California.

    Justin Sullivan | Getty Images

    You’re likely already feeling the economic impact of Trump’s tariff policy, according to S&P Global.

    The firm’s analysis found the levies will run global businesses nearly $1.2 trillion (yes, trillion) this year. Even under conservative estimates, S&P said two-thirds of that cost is expected to be passed down to consumers.

    While we’re on the subject of tariffs’ economic impact: The U.S. budget deficit in 2025 shrunk by slightly more than 2%, compared with the 2024 fiscal year. As CNBC’s Jeff Cox notes, revenue from Trump’s tariffs helped mitigate some government spending. Still, the federal government’s shortfall sits at $1.78 trillion.

    4. Apple’s rights race

    SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE – OCTOBER 05: George Russell of Great Britain driving the (63) Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team W16 leads Max Verstappen of the Netherlands driving the (1) Oracle Red Bull Racing RB21 Lando Norris of Great Britain driving the (4) McLaren MCL39 Mercedes Oscar Piastri of Australia driving the (81) McLaren MCL39 Mercedes and the rest of the field at the start prior to the F1 Grand Prix of Singapore at Marina Bay Street Circuit on October 05, 2025 in Singapore, Singapore.

    Mark Thompson | Getty Images Sport | Getty Images

    Apple will soon announce a deal valued at $140 million annually for F1’s U.S. media rights, sources told CNBC’s Alex Sherman. The partnership will help the technology giant build out its sports streaming portfolio, which already includes Major League Soccer and MLB content.

    In an interview this week, Eddy Cue, Apple’s senior vice president of services, said Apple has “love” for F1. Cue also said the modern sports watching experience has “gone backwards” as so many different streaming services get in the game.

    Get Morning Squawk directly in your inbox

    5. Bright future

    Meta Ray-Ban Gen 2 AI glasses during the Meta Connect event in Menlo Park, California, US, on Wednesday, Sept. 17, 2025.

    David Paul Morris | Bloomberg | Getty Images

    The parent company of sunglasses maker Ray-Ban has a specific company to thank for its recent performance: Meta.

    EssilorLuxottica said a sizable amount of its revenue growth in the third quarter was tied to its partnership with the big tech company to develop and sell smart glasses. Stefano Grassi, EssilorLuxottica’s finance chief, called the Meta products a “lift” for the business.

    Speaking of Meta, Oracle‘s shares were able to buck yesterday’s market downturn after the company confirmed a cloud deal with the Facebook parent.

    The Daily Dividend

    Here are some stories we’d recommend making time for over the weekend:

    — CNBC’s Hugh Son, Sarah Min, Spencer Kimball, Jordan Novet, Jonathan Vanian, Ari Levy, Alex Sherman, Jeff Cox, Leslie Josephs, Dan Mangan and Lillian Rizzo contributed to this report. Josephine Rozzelle edited this edition.

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  • Can PSMA PET/CT Improve Prostate Cancer Staging and Care? – Medscape

    1. Can PSMA PET/CT Improve Prostate Cancer Staging and Care?  Medscape
    2. New scan improves survival rates for men with recurrent prostate cancer, Canadian study finds  CTV News
    3. Study: PSMA PET/CT Leads to Metastatic Staging Changes in 25 Percent of Patients with Newly Diagnosed High-Risk PCa  diagnosticimaging.com
    4. New imaging technique boosts survival in prostate cancer patients  News-Medical
    5. London researchers’ work helps improve prostate cancer treatment  The Spec

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  • Middle East: Extortion and ransomware drive over half of cyberattacks – Microsoft Source

    1. Middle East: Extortion and ransomware drive over half of cyberattacks  Microsoft Source
    2. Microsoft: Romania ranks 52nd globally in terms of impact of cyberattacks in the first half of 2025  Romania Insider
    3. Microsoft warns of a surge in ransomware and extortion incidents  Digital Watch Observatory
    4. Microsoft: Germany ranks first among EU nations for cyberattacks  Yahoo
    5. Switzerland ranks ninth in Europe for cyberattack frequency  Microsoft Source

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  • Lawrence Hill rail station to become step free with new lift

    Lawrence Hill rail station to become step free with new lift

    Avalon/Getty Images The photo shows both platforms at Lawrence Hill Station, taken from platform one looking across the tracks towards platform two. In the distance can be seen the steps to platform two, currently the only means of accessing it. A man holding a plastic bag can be seen walking away from the camera on platform one.Avalon/Getty Images

    The stairs seen on the left are currently the only way of accessing platform two

    An inner-city rail station is to become entirely step free for the first time in 162 years after plans for a lift were approved.

    Bristol City Council has given the go-ahead for the work for platform two at Lawrence Hill Station, which will be funded by the West of England Combined Authority (Weca).

    Platform one already has step-free access through the neighbouring Lidl car park, but West of England Mayor Helen Godwin said the station – which first opened in 1863 – has not been fully accessible “for too many years”.

    Representatives from Bristol City Council, Network Rail and Great Western Railway (GWR) have all welcomed the announcement.

    Currently platform two at Lawrence Hill is only accessible via a staircase, which Ms Godwin says has excluded many disabled and older people from train travel.

    “We want all of our stations to be fully accessible, so it’s great that our plans have now been approved to install a new lift to make Lawrence Hill step-free,” she said.

    It comes as part of a wider £400 million rail upgrade across the West Country, with five new stations set to be built in the coming years at Charfield, Henbury, North Filton, Pill and Portishead.

    ‘Better rail travel’

    Two others have already opened since 2023 – Portway Park and Ride and Ashley Down.

    Bristol City Council leader Tony Dyer said: “Moving forward with a new station lift at Lawrence Hill is part of our wider plan for extending and improving access to rail travel across our region.”

    Marcus Jones, western route director at Network Rail, said: “Today’s announcement brings us another step closer to bringing better rail travel for the people of Bristol and the west of England.”

    Weca is currently running a survey until 20 October asking people to record their experiences of using stations across the area.

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  • Meta adds parental controls for AI-teen interactions

    Meta adds parental controls for AI-teen interactions

    Meta is adding parental controls for kids’ interactions with artificial intelligence chatbots — including the ability to turn off one-on-one chats with AI characters altogether — beginning early next year.

    But parents won’t be able to turn off Meta’s AI assistant, which Meta says will “will remain available to offer helpful information and educational opportunities, with default, age-appropriate protections in place to help keep teens safe.”

    Parents who don’t want to turn off all chats with all AI characters will also be able to block specific chatbots. And Meta said Friday that parents will be able to get “insights” about what their kids are chatting about with AI characters — although they won’t get access to the full chats.

    The changes come as the social media giant faces ongoing criticism over harms to children from its platforms. AI chatbots are also drawing scrutiny over their interactions with children that lawsuits claim have driven some to suicide.

    Even so, more than 70% of teens have used AI companions and half use them regularly, according to a recent study from Common Sense Media, a nonprofit that studies and advocates for using screens and digital media sensibly.

    On Tuesday, Meta announced that teen accounts on Instagram will be restricted to seeing PG-13 content by default and won’t be able to change their settings without a parent’s permission. This means kids using teen-specific accounts will see photos and videos on Instagram that are similar to what they would see in a PG-13 movie — no sex, drugs or dangerous stunts.

    Meta said the PG-13 restrictions will also apply to AI chats.

    Children’s online advocacy groups, however, were skeptical.

    “From my perspective, these announcements are about two things. They’re about forestalling legislation that Meta doesn’t want to see, and they’re about reassuring parents who are understandably concerned about what’s happening on Instagram,” said Josh Golin, the executive director of the nonprofit Fairplay, after Meta’s announcement Tuesday.

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  • Ahlstrom Unifies Global Operations with SAP S/4HANA Cloud

    Ahlstrom Unifies Global Operations with SAP S/4HANA Cloud

    In 2023, Ahlstrom launched a major strategic business transformation project aimed at renewing and harmonizing the operations of its 36 plants worldwide. The solution chosen was SAP S/4HANA Cloud, which enables Ahlstrom to streamline its processes, improve flexibility, and move toward a data-driven and AI-enabled future.

    SAP S/4HANA Cloud: An out-of-the-box enterprise management solution and ready-to-run ERP

    Ahlstrom is a large international manufacturer of specialty materials, with 36 plants around the world and about 7,000 employees. The company’s strategy is to be a global leader in its field.

    The business transformation project, called Stella, is the largest single investment in company history. Its purpose is to transfer operations, except HR and product development, to the new SAP S/4HANA Cloud environment. The old group business system dated back to the 1990s and no longer met the needs of global manufacturing. Ahlstrom also uses SAP Ariba for its procurement, which had already been implemented.

    “SAP S/4HANA Cloud was clearly the best solution for us, especially for production management and planning,” shared Ahlstrom CIO Kristiina Lammila, who is responsible for the project. “With it, we can harmonize our operations and bring all our plants under the same system.”

    Unifying systems and data

    One of the main challenges of the project was integrating different systems and unifying fragmented data. With modernization, processes can be streamlined, daily work made easier, and time freed up for more strategically important tasks.

    “We have managed to make significant progress with SAP S/4HANA Cloud standard solution,” Lammila said. “We use private cloud, which also allows for fairly flexible modifications. One plant is already live, and next year seven more plants will join. The goal is to complete the entire transformation within five years.”

    According to Lammila, the system enables flexible transfer of production from one plant to another and global optimization of the supply chain.

    Benefits for both employees and customers

    Modern cloud ERP systems benefit all stakeholders. Streamlined production processes reduce waste and improve quality. Harmonized purchasing brings savings and the most visible change for Ahlstrom’s customers is smoother supply chains and better availability of products. The use of AI and analytics is expanding. Especially in sales support, AI solutions built on SAP Sales Cloud data are already in use at Ahlstrom.

    “We can integrate even more closely with our customers, as many of them also use SAP,” Lammila explained. “This facilitates and streamlines the flow of information between companies.”

    From the employee’s perspective, SAP S/4HANA Cloud makes teamwork easier. For example, order and inventory balances can be checked conveniently based on real-time data. Lammila also pointed out that the updated system supports employer branding, as job seekers expect to have appropriate and up-to-date tools at their disposal.

    Strong change leadership is key to success

    Lammila advises companies planning similar projects to approach transformations as comprehensive initiatives that must engage all employees, including management, not just the IT department.

    “Strong management commitment and a shared vision of where we are going and how to get there are needed. The project must be led as a deep transformation, and the end result must not be compromised due to haste. Poorly executed work is difficult to fix later,” she concluded.

    Ellen Vig Nelausen is an integrated communications expert for SAP Regional Communications.

    Subscribe to the SAP News Center newsletter to get stories and highlights delivered weekly

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  • CYBER TYRE AWARDED AS THE MOST INNOVATIVE TYRE TECHNOLOGY AT THE AUTOTECH BREAKTHROUGH AWARDS 2025

    CYBER TYRE AWARDED AS THE MOST INNOVATIVE TYRE TECHNOLOGY AT THE AUTOTECH BREAKTHROUGH AWARDS 2025

    Awarded as “V2X Innovation of the Year”, Pirelli Cyber Tyre is the world’s first system that collects data from tyres and processes them to optimise the vehicle’s control electronics.

    Pirelli’s technology has been recognised as decisive for the development of future smart and connected mobility.

    Milan, 17 October 2025 – Pirelli Cyber Tyre has won the title of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Innovation of the Year at the AutoTech Breakthrough Awards 2025, an international prize awarded by the Tech Breakthrough intelligence platform, which identifies the most innovative players and services in the automotive technology sector. Cyber Tyre is the world’s first intelligent system capable of collecting data directly from the tyre, processing them through Pirelli proprietary software and algorithms, and communicating them in real time to the vehicle’s electronics, enabling improved driving dynamics, safety, and integration with digital infrastructures.
    “Cyber Tyre is a key technology for the future of smart mobility, which includes autonomous driving, connected vehicles, and the digitalisation of infrastructures. By integrating intelligence directly into the tyre, Pirelli Cyber Tyre makes transport systems safer, as well as sustainable and data-driven”, writes AutoTech Breakthrough, explaining the reasons for the award.

    “This recognition highlights the value of Cyber Tyre, which gives the tyre a new role in the revolution currently taking place in mobility. In Software-Defined Vehicles (SDV), the availability of precise real-time data is essential: our technology enables, for the first time, the transmission of detailed information to the vehicle’s electronics regarding the tyre’s status and road surface conditions, improving safety, performance, and efficiency. The system has already been adopted on high-end vehicles, with the goal of extending its application to an increasingly wider audience and to different functionalities towards other systems thanks to V2X connectivity”, said Piero Misani, CTO of Pirelli.

    Pirelli Cyber™ Tyre: how it works and main applications

    Thanks to sensors positioned inside the tread, Cyber™ Tyre measures parameters such as pressure, temperature, tread wear, and load. These data, processed by Pirelli algorithms, are transmitted to a control unit that optimises the vehicle’s electronic systems, such as ESP, ABS, and traction control, significantly improving safety and driving experience. Thanks to collaboration with Bosch Engineering, the system is fully integrated into the vehicle’s electronic architecture.

    In addition to in-car functionalities, Cyber™ Tyre enables V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) and V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) communication, contributing to the development of smart roads and smart cities, where the collected data help in urban mobility planning and maintenance.
    The various V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) connectivity capabilities can enable warning functions for vehicles and drivers about real-time road conditions, interact with traffic lights and road signs, optimise public transport and fleet management, offering essential support for the development of autonomous driving.

    Cyber Tyre technology is already on the market and has been adopted on several high-end models and is under development for various premium and prestige vehicle platforms. Recently, Aston Martin and Pirelli announced an agreement for the integration of the system into the British luxury brand’s future models.

    ';

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  • ‘Legacies condensed to AI slop’: OpenAI Sora videos of the dead raise alarm with legal experts | OpenAI

    ‘Legacies condensed to AI slop’: OpenAI Sora videos of the dead raise alarm with legal experts | OpenAI

    Last night I was flicking through a dating app. One guy stood out: “Henry VIII, 34, King of England, nonmonogamy”. Next thing I know, I am at a candlelit bar sharing a martini with the biggest serial dater of the 16th century.

    But the night is not over. Next, I am DJing back-to-back with Diana, Princess of Wales. “The crowd’s ready for the drop,” she shouts in my ear, holding a headphone to her tiara. Finally, Karl Marx is explaining why he can’t resist 60% off, as we wait in the cold to get first dibs on Black Friday sales.

    On Sora 2, if you can think it, you can probably see it – even when you know you shouldn’t. Launched this October in the US and Canada via invitation only, OpenAI’s video app hit 1m downloads in just five days, surpassing ChatGPT’s debut.

    AI-generated deepfake video uses the likenesses of Henry VIII and Kobe Bryant

    Sora is not the only text-to-video generative AI tool out there, but it has become popular for two main reasons. First, it is the easiest way yet for users to star in their own deepfakes. Type a prompt and a 10-second video appears within minutes. It can then be shared on Sora’s own TikTok-style feed or exported elsewhere. Unlike the mass-produced, low-quality “AI slop” clogging the internet, these clips have unnervingly high production value.

    The second reason is that Sora allows the likenesses of celebrities, sportspeople and politicians – with one crucial caveat: they have to be dead. Living people must give consent to feature, but there is an exception for “historical figures”, which Sora seems to define as anyone famous and no longer alive.

    That seems to be what most users have been doing since launch. The main feed is a surreal whirlpool of brain rot and historical leaders. Adolf Hitler runs his fingers through a glossy mane in a shampoo ad. Queen Elizabeth II catapults herself from a pub table while hurling profanities. Abraham Lincoln erupts with joy on a TV set upon hearing: “You are not the father.” Rev Martin Luther King Jr tells a gas station clerk about his dream that one day all slushy drinks will be free – then grabs the icy beverage and bolts before finishing his sentence.

    But relatives of those depicted are not laughing.

    “It is deeply disrespectful and hurtful to see my father’s image used in such a cavalier and insensitive manner when he dedicated his life to truth,” Malcolm X’s daughter Ilyasah Shabazz told the Washington Post. She was two when her father was assassinated. Today, Sora clips depict the civil rights activist wrestling with MLK, talking about defecating on himself and making crude jokes.

    Zelda Williams, actor Robin Williams’s daughter, pleaded with people to “please stop” sending her AI videos of her father, in an Instagram story post. “It’s dumb, it’s a waste of time and energy, and believe me, it’s NOT what he’d want,” she said. Shortly before his death in 2014, the late actor took legal action to block anyone from using his likeness in advertisements or digitally inserting him into films until 2039. “To watch the legacies of real people be condensed down to … horrible, TikTok slop puppeteering them is maddening,” his daughter added.

    Videos using the likeness of the late comedian George Carlin are “overwhelming, and depressing”, his daughter, Kelly Carlin, said in a BlueSky post.

    People who have died more recently have also been spotted. The app is littered with videos of Stephen Hawking receiving a “#powerslap” that knocks his wheelchair over. Kobe Bryant dunks on an old woman while shouting about objects up his rectum. Amy Winehouse can be found stumbling around the streets of Manhattan or crying into the camera as mascara runs down her face.

    Deaths from the past two years – Ozzy Osbourne, Matthew Perry, Liam Payne – are absent, indicating a cutoff that falls somewhere between.

    Whenever they died, this “puppeteering” of the dead risks redrawing the lines of history, says Henry Ajder, a generative AI expert. “People fear that a world saturated with this kind of content is going to lead to a distortion of these people and how they’re remembered,” he says.

    Sora’s algorithm rewards shock value. One video high on my feed shows King making monkey sounds during his I Have a Dream speech. Others depict Bryant re-enacting the helicopter crash that killed him and his daughter.

    While actors or cartoons may also portray people posthumously, there are stronger legal guardrails. A movie studio is liable for its content; OpenAI is not necessarily liable for what appears on Sora. Depicting someone for commercial use also requires an estate’s consent in some states.

    “We couldn’t just intimately resurrect Christopher Lee to star in a new horror film, so why can OpenAI resurrect him to star in thousands of shorts?” asks James Grimmelmann, an internet law expert at Cornell Law School and Cornell Tech.

    OpenAI’s decision to hand the personas of the departed to the commons raises uncomfortable questions about how the dead should live on in the generative AI era.

    Consigning the ghosts of celebrities to for ever haunt Sora might feel wrong, but is it legal? That depends who you ask.

    A major question remains unresolved in internet law: are AI companies covered bysection 230, and therefore not liable for the third-party content on their platforms? If OpenAI is protected under section 230, it cannot be sued for what users make on Sora.

    “But unless there’s federal legislation on the issue, it’s going to be legal uncertainty until the supreme court takes up a case – and that’s another two to four years,” says Ashkhen Kazaryan, an expert in first amendment and technology policy.

    Sam Altman, OpenAI’s CEO, speaks during Snowflake Summit 2025 in San Francisco, California, on 2 June. He is one of the living figures who has allowed Sora to use his likeness. Photograph: Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

    In the meantime, OpenAI must avoid lawsuits. That means requiring the living to give consent. US libel law protects living people from any “communication embodied in physical form that is injurious to a person’s reputation”. On top of this, most states have right of publicity laws that prevent someone’s voice, persona or likeness being used without consent for “commercial” or “misleading” purposes.

    Permitting the dead “is their way of dipping their toe in the water”, says Kazaryan.

    The deceased are not protected from libel, but three states – New York, California and Tennessee – grant a postmortem right of publicity (the commercial right to your likeness). Navigating these laws in the context of AI remains a “grey area” without legal precedent, says Grimmelmann.

    To sue successfully, estates would have to show OpenAI is liable – for example, by arguing it encourages users to depict the dead.

    Grimmelmann notes that Sora’s homepage is full of such videos, in effect promoting this content. And if Sora was trained on large volumes of footage of historical figures, plaintiffs might argue that the app is designed to reproduce it.

    OpenAI could, however, defend itself by claiming Sora is purely for entertainment. Each video carries a watermark, preventing it from misleading people or being classed as commercial.

    Bo Bergstedt, a generative AI researcher, says most users are exploring, not monetising.

    “People are treating it like entertainment, seeing what crazy stuff they can come up with or how many likes they can gather,” he says. Upsetting as this may be for families, it could still comply with publicity laws.

    But if a Sora user builds an audience by generating popular clips of historical figures and starts monetising that following, they could find themselves in legal trouble. Alexios Mantzarlis, director of the security, trust and safety Initiative at Cornell Tech, notes that “economic AI slop” includes earning money indirectly through monetised platforms. Sora’s emerging “AI influencers” could therefore face lawsuits from estates if they profit from the dead.

    A ‘Whac-A-Mole’ approach

    In response to the backlash, OpenAI announced last week that it would begin allowing representatives of “recently deceased” public figures to request that their likeness be blocked from Sora videos.

    “While there are strong free speech interests in depicting historical figures, we believe that public figures and their families should ultimately have control over how their likeness is used,” an OpenAI spokesperson said.

    The company has not yet defined “recently”, or explained how requests will be handled. OpenAI did not immediately respond to the Guardian’s request for comment.

    It has also backtracked on its copyright-free-for-all approach, after subversive content such as “Nazi Spongebob” spread across the platform and the Motion Picture Association accused OpenAI of infringement. A week after launch, it switched to an opt-in model for rights holders.

    Grimmelmann expects a similar pivot over depictions of the dead. “Insisting people must opt out if they don’t like this may not be tenable,” he says. “It’s ghoulish, and if I have that instinct, others will too – including judges.”

    Bergstedt calls this a “Whac-A-Mole” approach to guardrails that will probably continue until federal courts define AI liability.

    In Ajder’s view, the Sora dispute foreshadows a larger question each of us will eventually face: who gets to control our likeness in the synthetic age?

    “It’s a worrying situation if people simply accept that they’re going to be used and abused in hyperrealistic AI-generated content.”

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