Category: 7. Science

A recent study shows that reading chemical marks on just two stretches of human DNA can estimate a person’s chronological age to within about 1.36 years – if the person is younger than 50.

The work comes from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where Professor Tommy Kaplan and his colleagues trained a deep learning model called MAgeNet to read single‑molecule methylation patterns.

“It turns out that the passage of time leaves measurable marks on our DNA,” said Kaplan, enthused about this finding he credits to the team’s focus on high‑resolution data.

DNA methylation is a steady change that happens over time, where a small chemical tag gets added to specific spots in the DNA.

Because methylation builds up or fades in predictable ways as people age, scientists have treated it as a molecular clock for more than a decade.

Earlier age prediction models looked at hundreds of scattered DNA sites, but MAgeNet focuses on just two specific regions.

It studies thousands of individual DNA fragments from those regions and runs them through a layered AI system to figure out a person’s age.

The network learns whether each fragment is fully methylated, partly marked, or untouched, then weighs more than 130,000 possible patterns to calculate a final age prediction.

Two DNA regions determine age

Horvath’s 2013 epigenetic clock needed 353 CpGs and still missed the mark by almost four years on individual blood samples.

Non‑linear “GP‑age” modeling cut that error to about two years using 30 CpGs, but it still relied on array data that blurs single‑molecule details. Pyrosequencing work later trimmed the list to five CpGs yet could not beat a 3.9‑year median error.

Kaplan’s team showed that focusing on pattern combinations rather than single averages lets a neural network squeeze out nearly twice the accuracy of any earlier clock.

Age test informs care

MAgeNet’s predictions did not change when researchers stratified volunteers by body‑mass index, smoking history, or sex, suggesting that the two‑locus signatures are insulated from lifestyle noise.

Such stability could help physicians decide whether a patient’s treatment plan matches cellular age rather than calendar age, a crucial distinction in emerging “gerotherapeutic” trials that target biological aging.

The study also tracked 52 Jerusalem residents a decade apart and found that early deviations between predicted and calendar age remained almost unchanged ten years later.

This fact implies that the methyl tags lay down a durable timestamp rather than fluctuating with short‑term health shifts.

Because the assay works on as few as 50 DNA molecules, even a pediatric finger prick or archived neonatal blood spot could, in principle, reveal whether growth‑related therapies are accelerating or slowing a child’s cellular timeline.

Forensics and DNA age testing

Forensic scientists have long sought a tool that can reveal a suspect’s age from a trace DNA profile, something standard methylation arrays could not deliver without milligrams of tissue.

The Hebrew University team showed that down‑sampling their libraries to the equivalent of 20 genomic copies still kept the median error below four years, a tolerance well within the age ranges investigators typically publish in bulletins.

Urine samples predicted age within 2.5 years, while saliva lagged at 6.4 years, indicating that re‑training the model on cell type-specific data could broaden its courtroom utility.

Because most criminal suspects are under 40, the sub‑one‑year error seen in that age band may finally let agencies add an accurate number, not just a broad bracket, to DNA‑based composite sketches.

Clock slows after 60

What drives some CpG clusters to tick in lockstep while others drift stochastically remains unclear. The authors speculate that nucleosome positioning and local enzyme kinetics may set the pace.

They also note that the clock’s error grows past age 60, hinting that accumulated epigenetic noise or selective survival of certain blood cell types begins to obscure the signal after mid‑life.

Future work aims to attach unique molecular identifiers during PCR to remove duplicate reads, a simple change that could shave away the remaining variance in the model.

A broader donor pool will test whether ethnicity, chronic disease, or extreme environments push the two‑locus DNA age clock off course, or whether, as the early data suggest, every cell on the planet keeps DNA time with the same molecular second hand.

The study is published in Cell Reports.

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An international team of astronomers has gained new understanding of some of the densest objects in the universe and where the source of their X-rays is. This is all thanks to PSR J1023+0038, or J1023 for short, a transitional millisecond pulsar, which spins on its axis almost 600 times every second.

Pulsars are a type of neutron star, the dense collapsed core of a star that has gone supernova. These pulsars emit powerful beams of light, and as they spin, the beams pulsate. In the case of J1023, this happens 35,520 times every single minute. Well, as long as it is active – because this system has the peculiarity of switching itself off and on again.  

The system experiences radio pulsation during its dormant state, while in its active state, the pulsar is stealing material from its companion, a small star about a quarter of our Sun’s mass that orbits the pulsar every 4.75 hours.

“Transitional millisecond pulsars are cosmic laboratories, helping us understand how neutron stars evolve in binary systems,” lead author Cristina Baglio of the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF) Brera Observatory in Merate, said in a statement.

Baglio is not overselling it. Thanks to the X-ray space observatory IXPE, a collaboration between NASA and the Italian Space Agency, as well as several other observatories across the wavelengths of light, the team was able to work out that the X-ray emission of pulsars comes from the pulsar wind, a flow of high energy particles and magnetic fields that stretch into the accretion disk of stolen material from the companion.

It was the disk that previous models suggested as the source of the X-rays, but these observations challenged that. Using polarization, the angles at which lights oscillate, they looked at the gamma-ray emission with NASA’s SWIFT and NICER telescopes and radio emission from the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Array. The angle of polarization matched.

“That finding is compelling evidence that a single, coherent physical mechanism underpins the light we observe,” added co-lead author Francesco Coti Zelati of the Institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona. 

“IXPE has observed many isolated pulsars and found that the pulsar wind powers the X-rays,” said NASA Marshall astrophysicist Philip Kaaret, principal investigator for IXPE at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. “These new observations show that the pulsar wind powers most of the energy output of the system.”

The study is published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Social insects like ants and termites are a substantial component of the land’s biomass, which explains why so many different species of animal like to munch on them. Today, there are over 200 mammal species that are known to eat ants and termites, but only 20 of them are obligate eaters – like anteaters, aardvarks, and pangolins – which have evolved specialist anatomy to consume them as their sole food source.

But when did this specialization first evolve across these various species? For a long time, scientists were not clear on this point, but recent research has shown that this adaptation has occurred 12 times since the Cenozoic era, which was around 66 million years ago.

This type of convergent evolution among mammals towards this dietary specialism – known as myrmecophagy – first emerged following the K-Pg extinction. This large-scale extinction event killed the non-avian dinosaurs and drastically transformed the ecosystem. In doing so, it set the stage for ants and termite colonies to quickly expand across the world, driving the need for some species to adapt to eat them.

“There’s not been an investigation into how this dramatic diet evolved across all known mammal species until now,” Philip Barden, associate professor of biology at New Jersey Institute of Technology, explained in a statement.

“This work gives us the first real roadmap, and what really stands out is just how powerful a selective force ants and termites have been over the last 50 million years – shaping environments and literally changing the face of entire species.”

To understand this evolutionary story, Barden and colleagues compiled dietary data for 4,099 mammal species using nearly a century of natural history records, as well as conservation reports, taxonomic descriptions, and dietary datasets. 

Species were sorted into five dietary groups that ranged from strict anti- and termite-eaters (obligate), to generalists like insectivores, carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. These categories were determined by published data on the animal’s guts and field observations.

“Compiling dietary data for nearly every living mammal was daunting, but it really illuminates the sheer diversity of diets and ecologies in the mammalian world,” Thomas Vida, from the University of Bonn, added.

“We see fruit-eating foxes, krill-eating seals and sap-drinking primates, but few rely exclusively on ants and termites … the ecomorphological adaptations required are such a major barrier. One thing myrmecophages share is an almost insatiable appetite – ants and termites are so low in energy that even a small animal like the numbat must eat about 20,000 termites a day, while an aardwolf can hunt up to 300,000 in a single night.”

In addition to focusing on the anteaters, the team also traced ant and termite colony sizes across time, going as far back to the Cretaceous period, around 145 million years ago. This helped them to understand when the insects became a reliable food source.

At that time, ants and termites were very few in number compared to today. They accounted for less than 1 percent of insects on Earth. This is tiny compared to 15,000 species inhabiting the world today, which accounts for a combined biomass that exceeds all living wild mammals. These insects did not reach this modern level until the Miocene, around 23 million years ago, when they crawled their way to being around 35 percent of all inspect specimens.

“It’s not clear exactly why ants and termites both took off around the same time. Some work has implicated the rise of flowering plants, along with some of the planet’s warmest temperatures during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum about 55 million years ago,” Barden added.

“What is clear is that their sheer biomass set off a cascade of evolutionary responses across plants and animals. While some species evolved defenses to avoid these insects, others took the opposite approach – if you can’t beat them, eat them.”

The analysis revealed that myrmecophagy evolved at least once in each major mammal group (placentals, monotremes, and marsupials). But this evolution was uneven, suggesting that some lineages were more “predisposed” to ant and termite eating.

At the same time, all the myrmecophages came from insectivore or carnivore ancestors, with the former making the transition three times more often than the latter. But within the carnivores, some families (including that of dogs, bears, and weasels) account for about a quarter of all origins.

“That was a surprise. Making the leap from eating other vertebrates to consuming thousands of tiny insects daily is a major shift,” Barden explained. “Part of the predisposition may lie in certain physiological features or dentition that are more malleable for handling a social insect diet.”

Interestingly, the team found few examples of myrmecophagous mammals switching back to more conventional diets or further diversifying after they’ve made the evolutionary leap. The only exception here is the elephant shrew, which became an omnivore after becoming one of the first myrmecophages in the Eocene – hoppy little hipsters.

This ability to embrace myrmecophagy and to never look back may have helped these different species in the past, but it could put them at risk in the long run, resulting in an evolutionary dead end.

“In some ways, specializing on ants and termites paints a species into a corner,” Barden said. “But as long as social insects dominate the world’s biomass, these mammals may have an edge – especially as climate change seems to favor species with massive colonies, like fire ants and other invasive social insects.”

The paper is published in Evolution.

Gene editing technologies – such as those used in agriculture and de-extinction projects – can be repurposed to offer what an international team of scientists is calling a transformative solution for restoring genetic diversity and saving endangered species.

In a new Nature Reviews Biodiversity Perspective article, the authors explore the promises, challenges and ethical considerations of genome engineering, and propose an approach for its implementation into biodiversity conservation.

They argue that gene editing could recover lost genetic diversity in species at risk of extinction using historical samples, such as DNA from museum collections, biobanks and related species.

The multidisciplinary team of conservation geneticists and biotechnologists is co-led by Prof Cock van Oosterhout at the University of East Anglia and Dr Stephen Turner from Colossal Biosciences, in collaboration with the Colossal Foundation, the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (University of Kent), Globe Institute (University of Copenhagen), Mauritius Wildlife Foundation (MWF), the Mauritius National Parks and Conservation Service (NPCS), and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.

“We’re facing the fastest environmental change in Earth’s history, and many species have lost the genetic variation needed to adapt and survive,” said Prof van Oosterhout, of UEA’s School of Environmental Sciences. “Gene engineering provides a way to restore that variation, whether it’s reintroducing DNA variation that has been lost from immune-system genes that we can retrieve from museum specimens or borrowing climate-tolerance genes from closely related species.”

“To ensure the long-term survival of threatened species, we argue that it is essential to embrace new technological advances alongside traditional conservation approaches.”

Why genetics matters for conservation 

Conservation successes such as captive breeding and habitat protection often focus on boosting population numbers but do little to replenish the gene variants lost when a species’ numbers crash. 

As populations rebound, they can remain trapped with a diminished genetic variation and a high load of harmful mutations, a phenomenon known as genomic erosion. Without intervention, species that recovered from a population crash may remain genetically compromised, with reduced resilience to future threats like new diseases or shifting climates.

One example of this is the pink pigeon, whose population has been brought back from the brink of extinction – from about 10 individuals to a population now of more than 600 birds – by decades of captive-breeding and reintroduction efforts in Mauritius.

Several of the authors have studied the pigeon’s genetics to reveal that, despite its recovery, it continues to experience substantial genomic erosion and is likely to go extinct in the next 50 to 100 years.

The next challenge is to restore the genetic diversity it has lost, enabling it to adapt to future environmental change – genome engineering could make this possible. 

The technology is already common in agriculture: crops resistant to pests and drought cover millions of hectares worldwide. More recently, announcements of plans to bring extinct species back to life have further highlighted its potential.

“The same technological advances that allow us to introduce genes of mammoths into the genome of an elephant can be harnessed to rescue species teetering on the brink of extinction,” said Dr Beth Shapiro, Chief Science Officer at Colossal Biosciences. “It is our responsibility to reduce the extinction risk faced today by thousands of species.”

A toolbox for genetic rescue 

The scientists outline three key applications for gene editing in conservation:

• Restoring lost variation – bringing back genetic diversity that has been lost from the gene pool of the modern populations of threatened species, using DNA from samples of the species collected decades or even centuries ago, which are stored in natural history museums all over the world.
• Facilitated adaptation – introducing genes from related, better-adapted species to confer traits like heat tolerance or pathogen resistance, equipping threatened species to adapt to rapid environmental change.
• Reducing harmful mutations – populations that have previously crashed in numbers often carry harmful mutations that have become fixed by chance, so targeted gene edits could replace these mutations with the healthy variant from before the population crash, with the potential to improve fertility, survival rates, and overall health.

Balancing promise and precaution 

They also address the risks, such as off-target genetic modifications and unintentional further reductions in genetic diversity, cautioning that the approaches remain experimental.

The need for phased, small-scale trials, and rigorous long-term monitoring of evolutionary and ecological impacts is emphasised, as well as robust engagement with local communities, indigenous groups and the wider public, before broader implementation. The authors stress that genetic interventions must complement, not replace, habitat restoration and traditional conservation actions.

“Biodiversity faces unprecedented threats that demand unprecedented solutions,” said Associate Professor Hernán Morales of the Globe Institute. “Genome editing is not a replacement for species protection and will never be a magical fix – its role must be carefully evaluated alongside established conservation strategies as part of a broader, integrated approach with species protection as a guiding principle.”

Biotech-driven initiatives could also attract new investors and expertise, potentially creating new benefits for existing endangered species programmes. 

Reference: van Oosterhout C, Supple MA, Morales HE, et al. Genome engineering in biodiversity conservation and restoration. Nat Rev Biodivers. 2025:1-13. doi: 10.1038/s44358-025-00065-6

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source. Our press release publishing policy can be accessed here.

As Earth and Mars orbit the Sun, they pull on each other gravitationally, causing their paths to stretch and relax in a cycle that repeats roughly every 2.4 million years. These subtle orbital shifts change how close the planets approach the Sun, which in turn can alter their long-term climate patterns.

New research shows that the Mars–Earth cycle once had a 1.6-million-year cycle that coincided with major climate swings. The work was recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

The study was led by Yanan Fang of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Paul Olsen of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, which is part of the Columbia Climate School.

The researchers found geologic evidence for the shorter 1.6-million-year rhythm preserved in Jurassic lake sediments of the Sangonghe Formation in northwestern China. They measured signals lined up to form three complete 1.6-million-year “beats” centered around 183 million years ago. One beat aligns with the Jenkyns Event, when huge lava eruptions in present-day South Africa briefly but sharply warmed the planet via a massive release of volcanic CO₂.

“The implication is that the co-occurrence of these two independent events may have amplified their climate impact, although this remains to be fully explored,” says Olsen.

Another key outcome of their study concerns how far back scientists can reconstruct planetary orbits. Until now, orbital calculations were reliable only to about 60 million years ago; beyond that, chaotic interactions among the planetary bodies makes reconstructions unreliable.

Fang and Olsen’s new geological record, combined with older datasets, pushes that boundary about 120 million years deeper into the past, and confirms that the length of the Mars-Earth cycle can change markedly over geologic time, due to solar system chaos.

For media inquiries, please contact press@climate.columbia.edu.

In the past, researchers have focused on compartmentalization, but not on metabolism. Yet this cycle of building up and breaking down molecules is a critical aspect of how living cells respond to environmental stimuli, replicate and evolve.

Now researchers from the University of California San Diego have designed a system that synthesizes cell membranes and incorporates metabolic activity. Their work appears in Nature Chemistry and is featured on the cover of the June 2025 issue.

“Cells that lack a metabolic network are stuck — they aren’t able to remodel, grow or divide,” stated Neal Devaraj, the Murray Goodman Endowed Chair in Chemistry and Biochemistry at UC San Diego and principal investigator on the paper. “Life today is highly evolved, but we want to understand if metabolism can occur in very simple chemical systems, before the evolution of more complex biology occurred.”

Lipids are fatty compounds that play a crucial role in many cell functions. In living cells, lipid membranes serve as barriers, separating cells from the external environment. Lipid membranes are dynamic, capable of remodeling themselves in response to cellular demands.

As a crucial step in understanding how living cells evolved, Devaraj’s lab designed a system where lipids can not only form membranes, but through metabolism, can also break them down. The system they created was abiotic, meaning only nonliving matter was used. This is important in helping understand how life emerged on prebiotic Earth, when only nonliving matter existed.

“We are trying to answer the fundamental question: what are the minimal systems that have the properties of life?” said Alessandro Fracassi, a postdoctoral scholar in Devaraj’s lab and first author on the paper.

The chemical cycle they created uses a chemical fuel to activate fatty acids. The fatty acids then couple with lysophospholipids, which generate phospholipids. These phospholipids spontaneously form membranes, but in the absence of fuel, they break down and return to the fatty acid and lysophospholipid components. The cycle begins anew.

Now that they’ve shown they can create an artificial cell membrane, they want to continue adding layers of complexity until they have created something that has many more of the properties we associate with “life.”

“We know a lot about living cells and what they’re made of,” stated Fracassi. “But if you laid out all the separate components, we don’t actually understand how to put them together to make the cell function as it does. We’re trying to recreate a primitive yet functional cell, one layer at a time.”

In addition to shedding light on how life may have begun in an abiotic environment, the development of artificial cells can have a real-world impact. Drug delivery, biomanufacturing, environmental remediation, biomimetic sensors are all possibilities over the coming decades as we continue to deepen our understanding of how life on Earth came to be.

“We may not see these kinds of advancements for 10 or 20 years,” Devaraj noted. “But we have to do the work today, because we still have so much to learn.”

The Perseid meteor shower is one of the most spectacular celestial shows of 2025, and it will peak in mid-August. The best time to view the Perseids is the midnight until pre-dawn hours. According to NASA, an average of 100 meteors per hour is expected to be seen during the peak time.

To view this marvel, you just need to locate a dark, clear sky away from the city’s pollution. You don’t even need binoculars or a telescope to enjoy the magical experience.

Human eggs are some of the most patient cells in the body, lying dormant for decades until needed. A study published today in The EMBO Journal shows that the cells deliberately slow the activity of their internal waste disposal systems as they mature, most likely an evolutionary design which keeps metabolism low and damage at bay.

“By looking at more than a hundred freshly donated eggs, the largest dataset of its kind, we found a surprisingly minimalist strategy that helps the cells stay pristine for many years,” says Dr. Elvan Böke, corresponding author of the study and Group Leader at the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona.

Women are born with one to two million immature eggs, a stock that dwindles to a few hundred by menopause. Each egg must avoid wear-and-tear for up to five decades before it can support a pregnancy. The new study suggests how they manage it.

Protein recycling is essential housekeeping, and lysosomes and proteasomes are the cell’s main waste disposal units. But every time these cellular components degrade proteins, they consume energy. This in turn can create reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmful molecules that can damage DNA and membranes. The team did not measure ROS directly, but hypothesise that by tapping the brakes on recycling, the egg keeps ROS production to a minimum while still doing enough housekeeping to survive.

The idea meshes with the group’s previous work, published in 2022, which showed that human oocytes deliberately skip a fundamental metabolic reaction to curb ROS production. Taken together, the two studies suggest that human eggs power down in different ways to keep potential damage as low as possible for as long as possible.

The discovery was made possible by collecting over 100 eggs from 21 healthy donors aged 19–34 at Dexeus Mujer, a Barcelona fertility clinic, 70 of which were fertilisation-ready eggs and 30 still-immature oocytes. Using fluorescent probes, they tracked lysosome, proteasome and mitochondrial activity in live cells. All three readouts were roughly 50 percent lower than in the eggs’ own surrounding support cells and fell even further as the cells matured.

Live-imaging showed the eggs literally jettisoning lysosomes into the surrounding fluid during the last hours before ovulation. At the same time, mitochondria and proteasomes migrated to the cell’s outer rim. “It’s a type of spring cleaning we didn’t know human eggs were capable of,” says first author Dr. Gabriele Zaffagnini.

The research is the largest-scale study of healthy human eggs collected directly from women. Most laboratory research to date has relied on eggs that have been ripened artificially in a dish, yet such in-vitro-matured oocytes often behave abnormally and are linked to poorer IVF results.

The study could lead to new strategies to improve success rates for the millions of IVF cycles attempted worldwide each year. “Fertility patients are routinely advised to take random supplements to improve egg metabolism, but evidence for any benefit for pregnant outcomes is patchy,” says Dr. Böke.

“By looking at freshly-donated eggs we’ve found evidence to suggest the opposite approach, maintaining the egg’s naturally quiet metabolism, could be a better idea for preserving quality,” she adds.

The team now plans to examine eggs from older donors and failed IVF cycles to see whether throttling the activity of cellular waste disposal units falters with age or disease.Human eggs are some of the most patient cells in the body, lying dormant for decades until needed. A study published today in The EMBO Journal shows that the cells deliberately slow the activity of their internal waste disposal systems as they mature, most likely an evolutionary design which keeps metabolism low and damage at bay.

“By looking at more than a hundred freshly donated eggs, the largest dataset of its kind, we found a surprisingly minimalist strategy that helps the cells stay pristine for many years,” says Dr. Elvan Böke, corresponding author of the study and Group Leader at the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona.

Women are born with one to two million immature eggs, a stock that dwindles to a few hundred by menopause. Each egg must avoid wear-and-tear for up to five decades before it can support a pregnancy. The new study suggests how they manage it.

Protein recycling is essential housekeeping, and lysosomes and proteasomes are the cell’s main waste disposal units. But every time these cellular components degrade proteins, they consume energy. This in turn can create reactive oxygen species (ROS), harmful molecules that can damage DNA and membranes. The team did not measure ROS directly, but hypothesise that by tapping the brakes on recycling, the egg keeps ROS production to a minimum while still doing enough housekeeping to survive.

The idea meshes with the group’s previous work, published in 2022, which showed that human oocytes deliberately skip a fundamental metabolic reaction to curb ROS production. Taken together, the two studies suggest that human eggs power down in different ways to keep potential damage as low as possible for as long as possible.

The discovery was made possible by collecting over 100 eggs from 21 healthy donors aged 19–34 at Dexeus Mujer, a Barcelona fertility clinic, 70 of which were fertilisation-ready eggs and 30 still-immature oocytes. Using fluorescent probes, they tracked lysosome, proteasome and mitochondrial activity in live cells. All three readouts were roughly 50 percent lower than in the eggs’ own surrounding support cells and fell even further as the cells matured.

Live-imaging showed the eggs literally jettisoning lysosomes into the surrounding fluid during the last hours before ovulation. At the same time, mitochondria and proteasomes migrated to the cell’s outer rim. “It’s a type of spring cleaning we didn’t know human eggs were capable of,” says first author Dr. Gabriele Zaffagnini.

The research is the largest-scale study of healthy human eggs collected directly from women. Most laboratory research to date has relied on eggs that have been ripened artificially in a dish, yet such in-vitro-matured oocytes often behave abnormally and are linked to poorer IVF results.

The study could lead to new strategies to improve success rates for the millions of IVF cycles attempted worldwide each year. “Fertility patients are routinely advised to take random supplements to improve egg metabolism, but evidence for any benefit for pregnant outcomes is patchy,” says Dr. Böke.

“By looking at freshly-donated eggs we’ve found evidence to suggest the opposite approach, maintaining the egg’s naturally quiet metabolism, could be a better idea for preserving quality,” she adds.

The team now plans to examine eggs from older donors and failed IVF cycles to see whether throttling the activity of cellular waste disposal units falters with age or disease.

Reference: Zaffagnini G, Solé M, Duran JM, Polyzos NP, Böke E. The proteostatic landscape of healthy human oocytes. The EMBO Journal. 2025:1-20. doi: 10.1038/s44318-025-00493-2

This article has been republished from the following materials. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source. Our press release publishing policy can be accessed here.

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