Category: 7. Science

Paleontologists say they have discovered the 76-million-year-old footprints of a ceratopsian dinosaur-dominated herd in Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada. The discovery provides the first evidence of mixed-species herding behavior in dinosaurs, similar to how modern wildebeest and zebra travel together on the African plains.

Dinosaur Provincial Park in southern Alberta, Canada, is unquestionably one of the premier localities worldwide for understanding Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems.

The Park has yielded hundreds of dinosaur skeletons and huge numbers of bones and teeth, making it a model system for understanding dinosaur evolution, behavior, biostratigraphy, and paleoecology.

Despite the remarkable abundance of skeletal elements, dinosaur footprints and trackways are surprisingly rare.

“In 2024, we discovered a new tracksite, the Skyline Tracksite comprising ‘typical’ natural mould tracks, which had heretofore not been identified in the Park,” said University of New England’s Dr. Phil Bell and colleagues.

At the site, the paleontologists unearthed 13 ceratopsian (horned dinosaur) tracks from at least five animals walking side by side, with a probable ankylosaurid (armored dinosaur) walking in the midst of the others.

They were also surprised to find the tracks of two large tyrannosaurs walking side-by-side and perpendicular to the herd, raising the prospect that the multispecies herding may have been a defence strategy against common apex predators. One footprint of a small meat-eating dinosaur was also discovered.

“I’ve collected dinosaur bones in Dinosaur Provincial Park for nearly 20 years, but I’d never given footprints much thought,” Dr. Bell said.

“This rim of rock had the look of mud that had been squelched out between your toes, and I was immediately intrigued.”

“The tyrannosaur tracks give the sense that they were really eyeing up the herd, which is a pretty chilling thought, but we don’t know for certain whether they actually crossed paths.”

“It was incredibly exciting to be walking in the footsteps of dinosaurs 76 million years after they laid them down,” said Dr. Brian Pickles from the University of Reading.

“Using the new search images for these footprints, we have been able to discover several more tracksites within the varied terrain of the Park, which I am sure will tell us even more about how these fascinating creatures interacted with each other and behaved in their natural environment.”

“This discovery shows just how much there is still to uncover in dinosaur paleontology,” said Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology’s Dr. Caleb Brown.

“Dinosaur Park is one of the best understood dinosaur assemblages globally, with more than a century of intense collection and study, but it is only now that we are getting a sense for its full potential for dinosaur trackways.”

The discovery is described in a paper in the journal PLoS ONE.

_____

P.R. Bell et al. 2025. A ceratopsid-dominated tracksite from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) at Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. PLoS One 20 (7): e0324913; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324913

Outside, the wind is icy and the temperature hovers around zero degrees, but inside the cave, a group of Neanderthals huddles around a fire. On flat stones, adults, children, and even an elderly person wait for a piece of gazelle they managed to hunt that morning to finish cooking. There are no pots or spoons, but there is technique. The piece of meat was dismembered following a specific cutting pattern, using something similar to a knife made from a sharpened piece of flint. For those who are still hungry, there are also seeds, remains of a tuber, and, of course, the house specialty: rotting meat teeming with nutritious larvae and maggots.

This scene could have taken place 300,000 years ago somewhere between what is now central and western Europe. But unraveling with certainty how the Neanderthal communities that inhabited the region lived and, above all, what they ate is a titanic and painstaking task. However, little by little and thanks to scientific work, information is beginning to become increasingly conclusive. A pair of recently published studies elaborate on the idea that, while we cannot speak of gastronomy among Neanderthals, we can say that certain cultural practices existed around food.

One of these studies, published last Friday in the journal Science Advances, proposes that worm consumption was the secret ingredient responsible for the extremely high nitrogen levels found in Neanderthal bones. For decades, analyses of bone remains from this species have shown exceptionally high levels of stable nitrogen isotopes, often higher than those of carnivorous animals such as wolves, hyenas, or lions. This has been interpreted to mean that Neanderthals were hypercarnivorous humans, occupying the highest level of the food chain. However, this hypothesis has been challenged. Human metabolism does not allow for the consumption of high amounts of protein, as specialized carnivores do. Therefore, a paradox arises: could Neanderthals show isotopic signatures typical of extreme carnivores if their physiology did not allow it?

“There are elements that could explain many things about the lives of Neanderthals that we don’t usually consider because they’re not part of our food imagination, but they must be taken into account,” says Ainara Sistiaga, a researcher at the University of Copenhagen who did not participate in the study. This includes, for example, eating rotten meat, full of maggots. Something that today, except in some specific cultures like the Inuit (who eat seal meat fermented underground), is unthinkable and dangerous.

This research suggests that Neanderthals’ signature dish was rotting meat infested with fly larvae, which are responsible for the extremely high nitrogen levels discovered at various sites throughout history. The authors’ explanation is as follows: the larvae, feeding on rotting meat, have even higher nitrogen levels than the meat itself, and when consumed along with the tissues, they significantly alter the isotopic record of the person who ingested them — in this case, the Neanderthals. It is also believed that this was a deliberate and strategic decision to increase the consumption of fats and proteins, especially during the colder months.

The study has its limitations. Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, a professor at the University of Alcalá, Spain, points out that the hypothesis posed by the new research is “highly speculative.” For the academic, the high presence of nitrogen in prehistoric populations “could be the result of many different processes.” He gives as an example the fact that if Neanderthals had consumed large amounts of manure, they would have had the same level of nitrogen in their bones. “The problem is how to move from a speculative idea, such as the one presented in this article, to a scientifically verifiable proposition,” he summarizes. Until this happens, the expert asserts that the extremely high meat consumption among these humans continues to be more heuristic than “unproven alternative scenarios.”

These uncertainties surrounding what really happened “demonstrate the complexity of reconstructing the diet of an extinct species that survived for thousands and thousands of years in climatic and geographic contexts so changing that we can’t even understand them today,” says Sistiaga. These types of studies, the expert points out, “contribute new pieces to the puzzle of human evolution.”

From generation to generation

Another piece of research comes from a study published on June 17 in the journal Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology. The authors compared the differences in the way two Neanderthal lineages that lived in nearby caves in the Levant (Near East) butchered animals they intended to eat.

Anaëlle Jallon, a researcher at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and co-author of the study, explains that “finding differences between these two sites indicates that there was a certain cultural diversity surrounding food among contemporary Neanderthal groups.” These communities used the caves for the same purposes: residential sections with areas dedicated to daily activities such as flint knapping, cooking, and garbage disposal, as well as for the burial of the deceased. Furthermore, both were surrounded by Mediterranean vegetation with the same animal species, and were occupied primarily during the winter.

“For these reasons,” Jallon ventures, “we might expect that, if all Neanderthal groups behaved the same way, we would recover the same animal butchering techniques at these sites.” However, scientists now know that this was not the case and that each community had its own method of processing food. They also discovered that the differences persisted over time, indicating that the knowledge or traditions underlying these variations endured and were passed down from generation to generation.

While the available evidence is insufficient to accurately reconstruct specific food preparation techniques, the researchers suggest that there were likely differences in tastes and cooking skills. “We can imagine that different Neanderthal groups used similar ingredients, but each had their own signature dishes, or that they cooked similar dishes, albeit following different recipes,” the author emphasizes.

A food atlas

Defining the Neanderthal diet is almost as difficult as trying to define a single human diet. Today, people in the Mediterranean don’t eat the same way people do in Southeast Asia. The same is true of our cousins. They occupied such a vast territory that compiling their food atlas is a risky undertaking. Furthermore, some foods, like meat, leave their mark, in this case on the bones. But others, like legumes or vegetables, don’t.

Sistiaga goes into detail: “Plant remains, for example, are difficult to find in bones. Techniques such as dental tartar analysis have been used to detect plant DNA or proteins, but the findings are anecdotal.” The plant fibers found in the teeth of different individuals could have gotten there in many ways, not just through ingestion. “Plant remains are less well preserved in archaeological sites, so we still have an overrepresentation of animal proteins.” Hence the myth of hypercarnivores.

But there was much more. A study published in 2023 found that 90,000 years ago, in what is now Lisbon, Portugal, Neanderthals feasted on charred seafood. Further into the central Iberian Peninsula, a 2017 study found that these early humans gathered and ate mushrooms. A 2011 review even suggests that honey may have been an important source of energy back then.

What is beyond doubt is that the race for good food decisively shaped the genus Homo. A 2015 study suggested that the germ of the ability to cook appeared more than six million years ago. And that since then, the taste for cooked food has helped the human brain achieve its modern size and power, since once cooked, food becomes easier to digest and, in the same quantities as raw food, leaves more calories in the body.

Evidence suggests that flavor optimization may have been one of the major evolutionary drivers. And it all began, perhaps, with a piece of maggot-infested meat.

Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAÍS USA Edition

Earth has dodged a celestial bullet, but the moon might not be so lucky, and that has scientists keeping their telescopes and minds trained on a massive asteroid called “2024 YR4.” That’s not its official name, but more on that later.

When it was first discovered, this asteroid had a very small chance of impacting Earth in December of 2032, but later observations concluded the space rock no longer poses any significant risk to our planet.

Since then, additional data has helped experts refine the asteroid’s potential trajectory and they say the probability of it striking the moon in 2032 has now risen to 4.3%. That’s still a very small chance, but there could be some complications for our planet if that collision happens.

(MORE: Lego Man’s Epic Space Journey)

Back To The Beginning

2024 YR4 first caught astronomers’ attention in December 2024. It made headlines when its probability of impacting Earth got as high as 3%.

It’s so far away that it appears as just a tiny glimmer, but using infrared images captured by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, scientists estimate that it’s the size of a 10-story building, about 200 feet in diameter.

It’s considered a near-Earth asteroid, meaning it’s in an orbit that brings it within Earth’s region of the solar system.

Its size earned the asteroid the nickname “city killer” since it could cause severe damage to a city or region if it struck Earth.

2024 YR4 is the temporary name given to the rock. While those who discovered it will get to suggest an official name, it could be months or years before that official name is decided by the International Astronomical Union.

What Happens If It Strikes The Moon?

While it’s unlikely the Earth would face any significant danger from the lunar strike, that debris could put nearby astronauts at risk, as well as satellites that we depend on for GPS, cellphones, internet and weather forecasting.

What about the International Space Station? Well that would be at risk, except that NASA plans to decommission and deorbit the ISS in 2031, a year before the asteroid’s potential impact.

(MORE: New Images Show Universe Like Never Before)

Would We Be Able To See The Collision?

The latest calculations from June suggest it’s likely the asteroid could hit the near side of the moon, the side pointing towards us.

So we could be able to see the once-in-a-lifetime collision here on Earth. Dr. Paul Wiegert, a physics and astronomy professor at Western University told Western News, “If YR4 hits the moon, it will be the largest asteroid to have hit the moon in about 5,000 years. It’s quite a rare event.”

Wiegert says, “People at home will be able to see the explosion with small telescopes or even binoculars.”

He also says that if moon rock is launched into space, “We should also get to see quite a spectacular meteor shower,” within a week of the collision.

So What Now?

Asteroid 2024 YR4 is currently too far away to detect with space or ground-based telescopes, as it orbits around the sun. But out of sight, does not mean out of mind – NASA expects to make more observations and collect new data when the asteroid’s orbit brings it back into Earth’s vicinity in 2028.

The brain’s health depends on more than just its neurons. A complex network of blood vessels and immune cells acts as the brain’s dedicated guardians-controlling what enters, cleaning up waste, and protecting it from threats by forming the blood-brain barrier.

A new study from Gladstone Institutes and UC San Francisco (UCSF) reveals that many genetic risk factors for neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s and stroke exert their effects within these very guardian cells.

When studying diseases affecting the brain, most research has focused on its resident neurons. I hope our findings lead to more interest in the cells forming the brain’s borders, which might actually take center stage in diseases like Alzheimer’s.”

Andrew C. Yang, PhD, senior author of the new study, Gladstone Investigator 

The findings, published in Neuron, address a long-standing question about where genetic risk begins and suggest that vulnerabilities in the brain’s defense system may be a key trigger for disease.

Mapping the brain’s guardians

For years, large-scale genetic studies have linked dozens of DNA variants to a higher risk of neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or multiple sclerosis.

Yet, a major mystery has persisted: over 90% of these variants lie not in the genes themselves, but in the surrounding DNA that does not contain the code for making proteins, once dismissed as “junk DNA.” These regions act as complex dimmer switches, turning genes on or off.

Until now, scientists haven’t had a full map of which switches control which genes or in which specific brain cells they operate, hindering the path from genetic discovery to new treatments.

A new technology finds answers

The blood-brain barrier is the brain’s frontline defense-a cellular border made up of blood vessel cells, immune cells, and other supporting cells that meticulously controls access to the brain.

Yet, these important cells have been difficult to study, even using the field’s most powerful genetic techniques. To overcome this, the Gladstone team developed MultiVINE-seq, a technology that gently isolates the vascular and immune cells from postmortem human brain tissue.

This technology allowed the team, for the first time, to simultaneously map two layers of information: the gene activity and the “dimmer switch” settings-known as chromatin accessibility-within each cell. The scientists studied 30 brain samples from individuals with and without neurological disease, giving them a detailed look at how genetic risk variants function across all major brain cell types.

Working closely with Gladstone Investigators Ryan Corces, PhD, and Katie Pollard, PhD, lead authors Madigan Reid, PhD, and Shreya Menon integrated their single-cell atlas with large-scale genetic data from studies of Alzheimer’s, stroke, and other brain diseases. This revealed where disease-associated variants are active-and many were found to be active in vascular and immune cells rather than neurons.

“Before this, we knew these genetic variants increased disease risk, but we didn’t know where or how they acted in the context of brain barrier cell types,” Reid says. “Our study shows that many of the variants are actually functioning in blood vessels and immune cells in the brain.”

Different diseases, different disruptions

One of the study’s most striking findings is that genetic risk variants affect the brain’s barrier system in fundamentally different ways, depending on the disease.

“We were surprised to see that the genetic drivers for stroke and Alzheimer’s had such distinct effects, even though they both involve the brain’s blood vessels,” Reid says. “That tells us they involve really distinct mechanisms: structural weakening in stroke, and dysfunctional immune signaling in Alzheimer’s.”

In stroke, genetic variants primarily affected genes responsible for the structural integrity of blood vessels, potentially weakening the vessels’ physical structure. Whereas in Alzheimer’s, the variants amplified genes that regulate immune activity, suggesting that overactive inflammation-not structural weakness-is the key issue.

Among the Alzheimer’s-associated variants, one stood out. A common variant near the PTK2B gene, which is found in more than a third of the population, was most active in T cells, a type of immune cell. The variant enhances expression of the gene, which may promote T cell activation and entry into the brain, putting immune cells into overdrive. The team found these super-charged immune cells near amyloid plaques, the sticky protein buildups that mark Alzheimer’s.

“Scientists are debating the role of T cells and related components of the immune system in Alzheimer’s,” Yang says. “Here, we provide genetic evidence in humans that a common Alzheimer’s risk factor may work through T cells.”

Excitingly, PTK2B is a known “druggable” target, and therapies that inhibit its function are already in clinical trials for cancer. The new study opens a fresh avenue to investigate whether such drugs could be repurposed for Alzheimer’s disease.

Location, location, location

The study’s findings on the brain’s “guardian” cells point to two new opportunities for protecting the brain.

Located at the critical interface between the brain and the body, the cells are continually influenced by lifestyle and environmental exposures, which could synergize with genetic predispositions to drive disease. Their location also makes them a promising target for future therapies, potentially allowing for drugs that can bolster the brain’s defenses from the “outside” without needing to cross the formidable blood-brain barrier.

“This work brings the brain’s vascular and immune cells into the spotlight,” Yang says. “Given their unique location and role in establishing the brain’s relationship with the body and outside world, our work could inform new, more accessible drug targets and lifestyle interventions to protect the brain from the outside in.”

A video uploaded just a few days after a powerful earthquake hit Myanmar on March 28, 2025, quickly captured attention of the geological community, as it shows the exact moment the ground ruptures along a fault.

The video comes from a CCTV security camera recording along the trace of Myanmar’s Sagaing Fault, which ruptured in a magnitude 7.7 earthquake. The camera was placed about 20 meters to the east of the fault and was 120 kilometers away from the earthquake’s center.

When geophysicist Jesse Kearse and his colleague Yoshihiro Kaneko at Kyoto University analyzed the video more carefully, they noted that the video not only shows a fault in motion as never seen before — shaking followed by a visible slide of the ground — but reveled the dynamics of fault slip.

“I saw this on YouTube an hour or two after it was uploaded, and it sent chills down my spine straight away,” Kearse recalls. “It shows something that I think every earthquake scientist has been desperate to see, and it was just right there, so very exciting.”

Geological clues, like curved scrape marks on fault planes, already suggested that blocks of rock moving past each other during faulting rotate slightly , but until now there has been no visual proof for this geomechanical behavior.

“Instead of things moving straight across the video screen, they moved along a curved path that has a convexity downwards,” Kearse explains.

The researchers decided to track the movement of objects in the video by pixel cross correlation, frame by frame. The analysis helped them measure the rate and direction of fault motion during the earthquake.

They conclude that the fault slipped 2.5 meters for roughly 1.3 seconds, at a peak velocity of about 3.2 meters per second. This shows that the earthquake was pulse-like, which is a major discovery and confirms previous inferences made from seismic waveforms of other earthquakes. In addition, even if most of the fault motion is vertical (a classic strike-slip fault), the slip curves at first, then remains linear as the slip slows down. The pattern fits with what earthquake scientists had previously proposed, as the ground breaks first at the weakest point (in this case the surface) and then the rupturing fault follows.

The video confirmation can help researchers create better dynamic models of how faults rupture and how the energy of an earthquake spreads from its point of origin, Kearse and Kaneko conclude.

The full study, “Curved Fault Slip Captured by CCTV Video During the 2025 M_^w 7.7 Myanmar Earthquake,” was published in the journal The Seismic Record and can be found online here.

Additional material and interviews provided by the Seismological Society of America.

CHAMPAIGN, Ill. — In a new study, scientists used nearly every tool in their toolkit — genomics, transcriptomics, greenhouse experiments and advanced statistical methods — to gain new insight into the complex chemical interactions that take place in underground root nodules, where legumes like soybeans exchange vital nutrients with soil microbes called rhizobia.

Reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, their study identified clusters of rhizobial genes that appear to move rapidly through bacterial populations and drive greater plant biomass in the host plants. Understanding the interplay of host and bacterial genomes will help efforts to optimize plant growth by improving the rhizosphere, the researchers said.

“Just like us, plants are full of microbes, and some form these tightly co-evolved symbioses where a lot of evolutionary history has shaped a very intimate interaction,” said Katy Heath, a professor of plant biology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who led the study with Illinois plant biology professor Amy Marshall-Colón. “Legumes like soybeans, peas or peanuts develop these special relationships with rhizobia.”

Rhizobial bacteria “fix” nitrogen from the atmosphere by converting it into a form the plants can use, Heath said. In exchange, the legumes give the rhizobia carbon-rich sugars, “which is what plants make when they do photosynthesis.”

Rather than exploring the role of one or two genes at a time, Heath and her colleagues wanted to get a more global sense of the variation in these exchanges. They turned to a model system for studying such interactions, pairing the legume Medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa that looks like clover, with the rhizobial bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti.

In a greenhouse experiment, the team inoculated each M. truncatula plant with one of 20 strains of the rhizobium. The S. meliloti strains differ from one another genetically but still belong to the same species. Some of the strains consistently resulted in greater plant growth, Heath said. Once the plants and microbes formed root nodules, the site of exchange, the researchers plucked off the nodules and froze them for further analysis.

The team analyzed the “transcriptome” of each nodule. Transcriptomes contain all the RNA produced by an organism — or in this case, two organisms — offering a clear picture of every gene that is being expressed.

Once the researchers determined which plant and bacterial genes were being expressed at higher levels in nodules associated with the most vigorous plant growth, they sequenced high-quality reference genomes of each bacterial strain.

Interpreting the data was a formidable task, Heath said.

“Bacteria have genetic processes that are different from ours,” she said. “We think a lot in classic genetics about that vertical line of inheritance from parents to offspring — and they do that, too. But then they are also swapping genes horizontally when they bump into other bacteria — within the same species or between different species. The complexity of horizontal gene transfer is massive.”

S. meliloti have two sources of DNA: a large primary chromosome, which is inherited from a “parent” bacterium when it divides; and two giant plasmids, each containing roughly half as many genes as the chromosome. Plasmids are circular chunks of DNA that are more mobile than chromosomal DNA and are the site of horizontal gene transfer, allowing bacteria to acquire new genes from their neighbors. Horizontal gene transfer even allows bacteria to pick up the genes required for them to become rhizobia, Heath said.

Marshall-Colón and postdoctoral researcher Rizwan Riaz conducted detailed statistical analyses and gene network modeling to identify which rhizobial genes correlated with more robust plant growth. The reference genomes were useful to understanding which genes were present and where they were located in the chromosomal or plasmid DNA. This resulted in the discovery that many of the genes of interest were clustered together in plasmids.

Further experiments, led by North Dakota State microbiological sciences professor and study co-author Barney Geddes, involved deleting the specified genes. U. of I. microbiology graduate student Ivan Sosa Marquez tested the effects of these deletions on plant growth, confirming that the identified genes were important for enhanced plant growth.

“We’re not trying to say these are the important genes in all rhizobia in all the legumes,” Heath said. “But we’re gaining an understanding of the level of variation on which natural selection acts.”

The study offers a broad picture of one set of S. meliloti genes, “which only some strains have and which appear to boost the growth of one legume species. The genes themselves are less universally applicable than the approach we’ve developed, which likely be applicable to many other fields,” Heath said.

“These aspects of microbial genetics that we’re tapping into are the ones that matter for agricultural productivity, for livestock growth and for human health,” she said. “It’s these genes that are moving around and we don’t know why. And they’re working with the rest of the genome in really complicated ways.”

Heath and Marshall-Colón are affiliates of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the U. of I.

The National Science Foundation, the IGB and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Mexico, supported this work.

---

Editor’s notes:  

To reach Katy Heath, email kheath@illinois.edu.  
The paper “Mobile gene clusters and co-expressed plant-rhizobium pathways drive partner quality variation in symbiosis” is available online.

DOI: /10.1073/pnas.2411831122

---

SpaceX is set to launch its Crew‑11 mission to the International Space Station (ISS) on Thursday (July 31), and the event will stream live online. Here’s how and when you can watch it.

The Crew‑11 mission is targeting liftoff at 12:09 p.m. EDT (1609 GMT) from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The mission will send four astronauts to the space station aboard a SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft, marking the 11th operational commercial crew rotation flight and the 12th human spaceflight under NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.

Half-forgotten memories can be resurrected using “mental time travel,” a new study suggests.

The research, published Monday (July 28) in the journal PNAS, showed that a person can rejuvenate their fading memories by recalling the emotions and thoughts they had when they first stored that memory. In fact, the researchers found that the refurbished memories were then almost as retrievable as newly formed memories.

We captured the near-Earth Asteroid 2025 OW while it was safely approaching for its 28 July 2025 flyby with the Earth. It will come as close as 633.000 km from the center of the Earth, 1.6X times the average distance of the Moon.

The image above comes from a single 300-second exposure, remotely taken with the “Elena” (PlaneWave 17″ + Paramount MEII + SBIG STL-6303E)  robotic unit  available as part of the Virtual Telescope Project and installed in Manciano, under the darkest skies of the Italian peninsula. The telescope tracked the fast apparent motion of the asteroid, this is why it looks like a sharp dot of light in the center (indicated by an arrow),  with stars leaving long, bright streaks on the background.

At the observing time, asteroid 2025 OW was at about 1.9 million km from our telescope, still safely approaching to the Earth.

This (51 – 110) meters asteroid will reach its minimum distance (about 633.000 km from the center of the Earth.) from us on 28 July 2025, at 19:44 UTC (source: Nasa/JPL). Of course, there were no risks at all for our planet.

Back to “Solar System” page

Support The Virtual Telescope Project!

Support us! Please, donate and receive an EXCLUSIVE image of the stunning COMET C/2023 A3 Tsuchinshan-ATLAS and much more, specifically made for supporters like you!