Category: 7. Science

  • First-ever collisions of oxygen at the LHC

    The Large Hadron Collider gets a breath of fresh air as it collides beams of protons and oxygen ions for the very first time. Oxygen–oxygen and neon–neon collisions are also on the menu of the next few days

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    LHC Page 1 today at 05:55 am. (Image: CERN)

    A major event at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC): the accelerator has just collided beams of protons and oxygen ions for the very first time. From 29 June to 9 July, the LHC will switch to a special operations: two days of proton–oxygen ion collisions, followed by – additional firsts – two days of oxygen–oxygen collisions and one day of neon–neon collisions, with several days of machine set-up and commissioning in between.

    This campaign will cover a wide range of research, from the study of cosmic rays to the strong force and quark–gluon plasma, and the LHC experiments are already looking forward to a great harvest of new data.

    It is not only the start of a vibrant campaign, but also the end of a long and meticulous process that began in the accelerator complex in mid-April (and as early as 2019 in the case of the initial feasibility studies). Each machine had to be specially configured for operation with oxygen and neon ions, which are produced in Linac3 before being injected into the Low-Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), the Proton Synchrotron (PS), the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) (which will also send oxygen beams to the fixed-target experiments in the North Area) and finally the LHC.

    “The current operating mode, in which a beam of protons collides with a beam of oxygen ions, is the most challenging,” points out Roderik Bruce, an LHC ion specialist. “This is because the electromagnetic field inside the accelerator affects protons and oxygen ions differently, due to their different charge-to-mass ratios. In other words, without corrections the two beams would collide in different places at each turn.” To overcome this problem, the engineers are carefully adjusting the frequency of revolution and the momentum of each beam, so that the collisions take place right at the heart of the LHC’s four main experiments: ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb.

    But these four experiments are not the only ones to be involved in this special campaign. Last week, the LHCf experiment, which studies cosmic rays using the small-angle particles created during collisions, installed a detector along the LHC beamline, 140 metres from the ATLAS experiment’s collision point, which it will use for proton–oxygen run. This detector will later be removed and replaced by a calorimeter, which will provide additional data during the oxygen–oxygen and neon–neon collisions.

    This campaign is also an opportunity to continue to test crystal collimation. This is a crucial upgrade of the LHC collimation system to mitigate the problem of ion beam halos (halos of particles that stray from the beams’ orbit). The conventional collimation system at the LHC is less efficient with ion beams, so some crystal collimators will be inserted for testing right before the oxygen–oxygen and neon–neon runs begin.

    To find out more about the LHC experiments’ programme of research during this special campaign, read the following articles:

    Fun fact
    After several hours in the accelerator, the oxygen beams might have to be ejected because of “beam pollution”. “This is a problem that we don’t face with proton beams, but with oxygen we experience what’s called the transmutation effect,” explains Roderik Bruce. “Each collision creates secondary particles of the same charge-to-mass ratio as oxygen ions, polluting the beam and potentially making it complicated to analyse collisions. So, at some point, we might need to eject the beam and inject a new beam of pure oxygen, but the degree of transmutation is not yet known. The data analysis will tell us.”

     

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  • Ancient Cells Sealed Toxins to Survive Enviro Shifts

    Ancient Cells Sealed Toxins to Survive Enviro Shifts

    Earth’s earliest life forms developed ways to survive the harmful effects of arsenic to cope with dramatic changes in their environment, a new study suggests.

    The researchers found the complex life forms, called eukaryotes, stored arsenic inside special compartments within their cells, a strategy that helped neutralise the toxic poison.

    Using advanced X-ray technology, the international team was able to detect and map arsenic within 2.1-billion-year-old fossils from the Francevillian Basin in Gabon.

    The arsenic found in the fossils was not due to later contamination but part of a biological response to environmental stress, according to the team.

    This is revealed by distinct patterns formed from the arsenic preservation process in the fossils when compared to structures left by non-living mineral structures; it is further evidence the fossils were once complex living organisms with more advanced cells, they argue.

    Their study, published in Nature Communications, reshapes current understandings of how early life faced environmental challenges, highlighting the critical role adaptation played in the evolution of life.

    “The ability to cope with arsenic was not something eukaryotes developed randomly,” said Dr Ernest Chi Fru, one of the paper’s co-authors and Reader at Cardiff University’s School of Earth and Environmental Sciences.

    “It coincided with a period of significant environmental change, when oxygen levels in the Earth’s atmosphere first rose. This increase in oxygen also led to a rise in arsenate, a particularly toxic form of arsenic which competes with phosphate, a vital nutrient for all life, making Earth’s oceans a dangerous place.”

    So, it was really vital for organisms such as eukaryotes to have strategies to cope with this most toxic of elements, once known in Europe as ‘inheritance powder’ because of its deadly use in poisonings.

    Dr Ernest Chi Fru Reader in Earth Sciences

    The study builds on the team’s previous work on the 2.1-billion-year-old Francevillian biota, which they argue appeared after a local underwater volcanic event brought a sudden surge of nutrients into a small, enclosed sea.

    This nutrient boost helped these early life forms thrive locally, according to the team led by Université de Poitiers and Cardiff University.

    Dr Chi Fru added: “We looked at the evolution of arsenic in the Francevillian basin’s seawater before and after the fossils. It was actually quite low in arsenic concentration at the time when these primitive eukaryotes evolved, leading us to think they should have lived there quite happily.

    “However, the surprisingly high levels of arsenic stored in their bodies, revealed in our analysis, suggest that they were extremely sensitive to even low levels of arsenic in seawater.”

    We think this is evidence of a detoxification strategy, employed by the eukaryotes, which allowed arsenic to accumulate in special compartments in their cells, building an immunity of sorts that prevented them from succumbing to its poisonous effects.

    Dr Ernest Chi Fru

    These organisms later became extinct when volcanic activity returned to the area, and oxygen levels in the seawater dropped, according to the team.

    They say their disappearance suggests the ability of complex life to protect itself from toxic substances like arsenic, by safely storing it inside cells, may have evolved more than once in Earth’s history.

    “All living things have ways to protect themselves from arsenic, which is toxic to life,” Dr Chi Fru said.

    “In the ocean, tiny plankton near the surface – the same ones that make about half the oxygen in the air we breathe – are always working to get rid of arsenic from their bodies. They can’t avoid it because arsenic is naturally in the water, and their cells can’t easily tell the difference between arsenate and phosphate, a nutrient they actually need. This was true even in ancient times, just like it is today.

    “We know these ancient organisms went extinct, so the way modern life handles arsenic didn’t come directly from them.”

    If this method of detox evolved more than once, it shows just how important it was for life to find a way to deal with arsenic in order to become more complex.

    Dr Ernest Chi Fru

    /Public Release. This material from the originating organization/author(s) might be of the point-in-time nature, and edited for clarity, style and length. Mirage.News does not take institutional positions or sides, and all views, positions, and conclusions expressed herein are solely those of the author(s).View in full here.

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  • ISS Photobombs Solar Flare As It Transits The Sun In Stunning Picture; ‘Definitely My All Time Favourites’

    ISS Photobombs Solar Flare As It Transits The Sun In Stunning Picture; ‘Definitely My All Time Favourites’

    Andrew McCarthy, an Arizona-based photographer, has captured a breathtaking image of the International Space Station (ISS) passing in front of the Sun, with vibrant solar flares erupting in the background. Taken from the Sonoran Desert, he named this photograph Kardashev Dreams to represent “our first steps to being a much greater civilisation.”

    McCarthy described the photograph as one of his most cherished works. “While waiting for the ISS to transit the Sun, a sunspot group started flaring, leading to this once-in-a-lifetime shot,” he wrote on Instagram.

    The image, which he named after Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev – known for proposing the Kardashev Scale to measure a civilisation’s technological advancement – captures the ISS in sharp silhouette against the Sun’s fiery surface, with solar flares adding a dramatic flair.

    ALSO SEE: Photographer Snaps Milky Way’s Dusty Galactic Heart And It Has An Eerie Glow

    “I call the piece ‘Kardashev Dreams’, representing our first steps to being a much greater civilisation,” McCarthy added. The photographer revealed he faced extreme conditions in the Sonoran Desert, where temperatures soared to nearly 50°C, as indicated by his car’s thermometer.

    To protect his equipment from overheating, he used ice packs and thermoelectric coolers to help keep the telescopes and computers from overheating.

    In addition to the primary image, McCarthy shared a ‘bonus shot’, depicting the ISS positioned at the Sun’s edge, partially obscuring solar prominences – massive loops of plasma extending from the Sun’s surface. He also said he was surprised to see how much attention his pictures got and called them “one of my all time favorites!”

    ALSO SEE: Photographer Captures Jaw-Dropping Video Of Rare ‘Jets’ Of Upside-Down Lightning

    (Image: AndrewMcCarthy)


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  • Improving RNA drug delivery through intracellular traffic control

    Improving RNA drug delivery through intracellular traffic control

    A recent study involving researchers from the University of Basel reveals that slowing down the intracellular transport of RNA-based drugs can significantly enhance their effectiveness. These promising therapeutics are currently used to treat rare genetic diseases.

    In modern medicine, personalized therapies are becoming increasingly important – particularly in the treatment of genetic diseases. One such promising approach is the use of so-called antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). These small, synthetic molecules specifically interfere with cell metabolism by preventing the production of disease-causing proteins. Such RNA-based therapies are already being used successfully to treat previously incurable genetic disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

    Limited efficacy of RNA-based drugs

    A key challenge, however, is that most ASOs fail to reach their intended target within the cell and thus cannot achieve their full therapeutic potential. In a collaborative study published in “Nature Communications”, an international research team – including Professor Anne Spang from the Biozentrum of the University of Basel and scientists from Roche – used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to identify factors that significantly influence ASO activity. The findings open new avenues for improving RNA therapy efficacy and accelerating their development.

    Antisense nucleotides are tiny, custom-designed genetic fragments that bind specifically to RNA molecules within the cell, thereby interfering with protein synthesis. Once administered, most ASOs are taken up by the cell and reach the cell’s sorting stations, so-called endosomes, via small transport vesicles. To exert their therapeutic effect, they must escape from the endosomes. Otherwise, they are declared as “cellular waste” and quickly shuttled to lysosomes for degradation. Since only a small fraction of ASOs manage to escape, their overall efficacy is limited.

    Residence time in endosomes as a critical factor

    The likelihood of ASOs escaping from the endosomes is closely linked to the speed of intracellular transport: the longer they remain in the endosome, the more time they have to escape. Using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen, the researchers systematically knocked out thousands of genes to investigate their impact on ASO efficacy.

    We identified a large number of genes that either improve or impair ASO activity. Many of these genes are involved in the intracellular transport of ASOs.”


    Dr. Liza Malong, lead author and researcher at Roche

    The team also discovered that the gene AP1M1 plays a key role in this process: it regulates the transport from the endosome to the lysosome. “By selectively switching off this gene, ASOs remain longer in specific endosomes,” explains senior co-author Dr. Filip Roudnicky, also a researcher at Roche. “This prolonged residence time increases their chance of escaping from the endosomes and becoming effective.” In both cell cultures and a mouse model, this approach significantly improved ASO efficacy without requiring an increased dosage.

    Toward more effective RNA-based therapies

    The study provides a comprehensive overview of genes that modulate ASO activity and demonstrates that slowing down endosomal transport can boost the therapeutic efficacy of ASOs. “The key to more effective therapies thus lies not only in the drug itself, but also in intracellular trafficking,” adds Anne Spang. “This concept may also apply to other drugs and even to bacterial and viral pathogens. Shortening the residence time of pathogens in endosomes could reduce their chance of escaping and replicating within the cell. This might represent a novel strategy in the fight against infections.”

    Source:

    Journal reference:

    Malong, L., et al. (2025). A CRISPR/Cas9 screen reveals proteins at the endosome-Golgi interface that modulate cellular anti-sense oligonucleotide activity. Nature Communications. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61039-y.

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  • How soil viruses impact carbon emissions and sequestration

    How soil viruses impact carbon emissions and sequestration

    Relationships between measured variables and keystone bacterial taxa with metal-bound organic C after 30-d incubation.

    FAYETTEVILLE, GA, UNITED STATES, July 1, 2025 /EINPresswire.com/ — Soil viruses play an influential but often overlooked role in soil carbon (C) dynamics, directly affecting both the release and sequestration of carbon. The research uncovers the significant role these viruses play in enhancing the accumulation of recalcitrant carbon, such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) and mineral-associated organic carbon, which are vital for carbon sequestration.

    Soil, a major global carbon sink, holds more than twice the amount of organic carbon found in vegetation biomass and the atmosphere. As climate change accelerates, understanding the dynamics of soil carbon has become increasingly important, particularly regarding microbial processes that control carbon emissions and storage. Viruses, which impact microbial communities, have been found to affect the mineralization and stabilization of organic carbon in soils. However, studies on how viruses influence both carbon loss and retention have been limited, necessitating further research to clarify these viral roles in soil carbon cycling.

    A recent study (DOI: 10.1016/j.pedsph.2025.03.008) published in Pedosphere examines the role of soil viruses in carbon dynamics. The team from Zhejiang University (China) and La Trobe University (Australia) analyzed the impact of viruses on microbial activities and soil carbon emissions, identifying complex interactions between viral lysis and carbon sequestration. This research provides new insights into how viruses might contribute to both the release of CO2 and the stabilization of carbon in soils.

    The study reveals that viruses can both stimulate and inhibit soil CO2 release, depending on the interplay between viral lysis and microbial recycling of lysates. The researchers found that, while viral activity led to variable carbon emissions across different soil types, it generally enhanced the accumulation of recalcitrant dissolved organic matter. This finding suggests that viruses may play a critical role in enhancing soil carbon sequestration, especially by facilitating the binding of carbon to soil minerals like iron and calcium. Interestingly, the study also found that soil viruses influence nitrogen cycling, highlighting the viral shuttle process that links carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil ecosystems.

    The experiment involved introducing soil viruses into sterilized soils from different regions, including forest and cropland areas in China. The results demonstrated that viral lysis triggered a shift in the microbial biomass and nutrient cycling, with viral presence leading to increased microbial activity in some soil types, enhancing soil’s carbon storage capacity.

    Professor Jianming Xu from Zhejiang University, a leading expert in soil and environmental science, comments: “This study is the first to demonstrate how soil viruses not only influence carbon release but also help to stabilize carbon through mineral-binding processes. Our findings suggest a more complex role for viruses in soil ecosystems, one that could have significant implications for climate change mitigation strategies.”

    The findings from this study provide a novel perspective on the role of viruses in soil carbon cycling, emphasizing their potential impact on carbon sequestration. Understanding how viruses influence both microbial communities and soil carbon dynamics could inform future strategies for managing soil health and mitigating climate change. Furthermore, the research underscores the need for broader studies to explore the impacts of viral processes on various soil types, potentially leading to new methods for enhancing soil carbon sinks in agricultural and forested landscapes.

    References
    DOI
    10.1016/j.pedsph.2025.03.008

    Original Source URL
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedsph.2025.03.008

    Funding Information
    This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2024YFD1501801), the Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province (No. 2022C02046), 111 Project (No. B17039), and China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS-01).

    Lucy Wang
    BioDesign Research
    email us here

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  • Scientists decode fruit flies’s entire life cycle, offering clues for human health-Xinhua

    BEIJING, July 1 (Xinhua) — Researchers have constructed a comprehensive 3D spatiotemporal multi-omics atlas of single cells throughout the entire developmental cycle of fruit flies, offering molecular-level insights into biological development.

    The breakthrough is anticipated to advance research on developmental defects and related disease mechanisms. The study, a collaboration between BGI Research based in Hangzhou and the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, has been published in the journal Cell.

    Scientists describe animal development as an intricately orchestrated process in which genes and cells collaborate with spatiotemporal precision.

    Using fruit flies as a model organism, they note its developmental cycle progresses through four well-defined phases: egg, larva, pupa and adult. This entire developmental process can be likened to a meticulously staged “living theater production,” where each cell’s entrance timing, spatial positioning, and subsequent transformation into specialized cell types are all meticulously regulated by genetic “scripts.”

    The research team employed BGI’s self-developed technologies to conduct intensive sampling of fruit fly embryos at 30-minute to two-hour intervals, complemented by systematic sampling of larval and pupal stages at key developmental time points.

    This strategy produced a massive dataset of more than 3.8 million spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes spanning the entire life cycle.

    Using Spateo, an algorithmic tool for spatiotemporal analysis, they reconstructed a high-resolution 3D model, precisely mapping the spatial dynamics of tissue morphology and gene expression. By integrating these data, the researchers built a differentiation trajectory map, uncovering fundamental molecular mechanisms governing cell fate decisions.

    “Cells from different germ layers follow distinct differentiation paths. Transcription factors act as ‘cellular directors’, orchestrating differentiation by activating or repressing genes to assign specific roles to cells,” said Wang Mingyue, co-first author of the study.

    Wang noted that multiple previously unknown transcription factors were identified, potentially playing critical roles in the nervous system, gut, and endocrine development.

    Given that approximately 70 percent of human disease-related genes have counterparts in fruit flies, this research provides a powerful reference for studying human developmental diseases and offers new avenues for biomedical research, Wang said. ■

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  • The Sky Today on Tuesday, July 1: See Iapetus near Saturn

    The Sky Today on Tuesday, July 1: See Iapetus near Saturn

    Saturn’s two-toned moon Iapetus reaches superior conjunction this morning, just south of the ringed world.

    Iapetus lies due south of Saturn this morning, while Titan lies to the east. Credit: Stellarium/Oleg Pluton (CC BY 4.0)

    Visible in the early-morning sky today, Saturn’s two-toned moon Iapetus reaches superior conjunction just 1.4′ due south of Saturn. The proximity makes the now-11th-magnitude moon easier to find, as it spends much of its time far east or west of Saturn, several arcminutes from the planet. 

    Try your luck about two hours before sunrise, while the sky is still dark and the dim moon will be easiest to see against the background. At that time, 1st-magnitude Saturn stands some 30° high in the southeast, easy to find in southern Pisces below the Circlet asterism. Center your scope on the ringed planet to find Iapetus less than 2’ south of the disk; brighter Titan, shining around 8th magnitude, is roughly the same distance east of the planet. Observers with larger scopes may also catch Enceladus, around 12th magnitude, just northeast of the planet’s equator, north of the rings. This moon can be difficult to see because of its proximity to the bright rings, but since they’re tipped such that they appear relatively thin, you may have better luck. Enceladus is heading behind the planet, however, and disappears shortly before 5 A.M. EDT. Meanwhile, 10th-magnitude Tethys reappears from occultation behind Saturn’s southeastern limb around 4:35 A.M. EDT — see if you’re able to catch the moment it winks back into view. 

    Sunrise: 5:35 A.M.
    Sunset: 8:33 P.M.
    Moonrise: 12:11 P.M. 
    Moonset: 12:02 A.M.
    Moon Phase: Waxing crescent (39%)
    *Times for sunrise, sunset, moonrise, and moonset are given in local time from 40° N 90° W. The Moon’s illumination is given at 12 P.M. local time from the same location.

    For a look ahead at more upcoming sky events, check out our full Sky This Week column. 

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  • China to set up first international association on deep-space exploration

    China to set up first international association on deep-space exploration

    HEFEI – China will officially launch the International Deep Space Exploration Association (IDSEA) next Monday, with a particular aim of empowering other developing countries in developing deep-space technologies.

    Spacesuits are on display at the preview of a science exhibition marking the 10th Space Day of China at Shanghai World Expo Exhibition and Convention Center in East China’s Shanghai, April 23, 2025. (PHOTO / XINHUA)

    Located in Hefei, Anhui province, the association will be the nation’s first international academic organization in the aerospace domain, capitalizing on the growing global interest in China’s lunar and Mars missions.

    The IDSEA will focus on deep-space study, which includes probes into the moon, other planets and asteroids, and promote international cooperation, according to the Hefei-based Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, one of the association’s five initiators.

    READ MORE: China’s deep space exploration laboratory eyes top global talents

    Wang Zhongmin, director of the lab’s international cooperation center, said the IDSEA aims to become an inclusive academic platform that will benefit developing countries in particular.

    “We hope to bring in as many developing countries as possible, and by initiating small yet impactful programs, such as on CubeSat design and training of scientists, we hope to enable these nations to access cutting-edge space technologies that once seemed far beyond their reach,” he said.

    Deep-space exploration has long been limited to a few countries due to its high thresholds of capital, technologies and talents. “The vast majority of countries may see a technological monopoly. Deep space technologies must move out of the small circle to benefit the whole of humanity,” Wang said.

    Despite being a latecomer to outer space exploration, China has rapidly emerged as a prominent player in this field while demonstrating its commitment to cooperating with other nations.

    In April, China announced that seven institutions from six countries — France, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) — have been authorized to borrow lunar samples collected by China’s Chang’e-5 mission for scientific research.

    READ MORE: Space Agency: China to carry out intensive space missions in 2025

    China has also invited global partners to participate in its Mars missions. The country plans to launch the Tianwen-3 Mars sample-return mission around 2028, with the primary scientific goal of searching for signs of life on Mars. The retrieval of samples from Mars, the first of its kind in human history, is considered the most technically challenging space exploration mission since the Apollo program.

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  • Measuring temporary threshold shift from loud noises in seals

    Measuring temporary threshold shift from loud noises in seals

    Amphibious seals are less susceptible to hearing loss from airborne noises than their relatives and some can learn to close their ears for protection.

    Seals are exposed to a variety of human noises in coastal environments, from underwater noises due to shipping, dredging, and sonars, to airborne noises like cars and planes. It is important to study the impact of these sounds on the animals’ hearing.

    Reichmuth et al. analyzed a historical dataset from the University of California Santa Cruz to determine the onset of temporary threshold shift (TTS) in seals, which is the temporary decrease in hearing from loud noises.

    “Our team worked together over several years to complete and publish this study, the results of which are still very relevant today,” said author Colleen Reichmuth.

    To perform the experiments, the team trained a northern elephant seal and a harbor seal to voluntarily leave their pools and enter a hearing chamber to perform listening experiments. They first determined the hearing sensitivity of the two seals in a controlled, quiet environment, and then after exposure to noise of fixed bandwidth, level, and duration, they retested the seals so the researchers could measure any hearing changes.

    They found that compared to related species — sea lions and fur seals — seals appear to be less susceptible to hearing loss from airborne noise. By providing missing data for amphibious seals, “these results can be used to refine noise exposure criteria for marine mammals,” Reichmuth said.

    They also found that the duration of the noise was more impactful to changes in TTS than noise level.

    Surprisingly, the team observed that one harbor seal experienced a change in noise sensitivity over the course of the experiment, as it learned to close its ears to protect itself from the noise, “an intriguing possibility that merits further study,” Reichmuth said.

    Source: “Temporary threshold shifts from mid-frequency airborne noise exposures in seals,” by Colleen Reichmuth, Jillian M. Sills, Jason Mulsow, Marla M. Holt, and Brandon L. Southall, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (2025). The article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0036849 .


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  • Scientists Just Froze the World’s Most Powerful Laser Pulse – In a Single Shot – SciTechDaily

    1. Scientists Just Froze the World’s Most Powerful Laser Pulse – In a Single Shot  SciTechDaily
    2. Single-shot spatiotemporal vector field measurements of petawatt laser pulses  Nature
    3. One shot, game changed: How RAVEN captured a petawatt laser and supercharged fusion research  ScienceDaily
    4. Scientists develop new technique for capturing ultra-intense laser pulses in a single shot  Phys.org

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