Category: 4. Technology

Welcome to NeurologyLive^® Brain Games! This weekly quiz series, which goes live every Sunday morning, will feature questions on a variety of clinical and historical neurology topics, written by physicians, clinicians, and experts in the fields of neurological care and advocacy.

Test your mettle each week with 3 questions that cover a variety of aspects in the field of neurology, with a focus on dementia and Alzheimer disease, epilepsy and seizure disorders, headache and migraine, movement disorders, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders, sleep disorders, and stroke and cerebrovascular disease.

This week’s questions includes the theme of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and neurodegeneration.

Click here to check out the prior iterations of Brain Games.

Interested in submitting quiz questions? Contact our editor, Marco Meglio, via email: mmeglio@neurologylive.com.

Please click here after selecting answer

Please click here after selecting answer

Please click here after selecting answer

How did you do on this week’s quiz? Let us know with a response to the poll below. Don’t forget to share and compare your results with your friends!

Artificial intelligence chatbots like OpenAI’s ChatGPT are increasingly serving as confidants and stand-in therapists for many users.

But for the average user, sharing your deepest secrets with AI tools can potentially open you up to serious risks. Those conversations are not legally protected in the same way that they would be with, say, a doctor, lawyer, therapist, or even a spouse, attorneys warned.

Two lawyers with expertise in AI-related legal issues told Business Insider that people should exercise caution when conversing with AI chatbots, be familiar with their terms of service and data retention policies, and understand that sensitive chat records, if relevant, could be subpoenaed in a lawsuit or government investigation.

“People are just pouring their hearts out in these chats, and I think they need to be cautious,” said Juan Perla, a partner at the global firm Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP.

Perla, a leader in the firm’s AI practice, said, “Right now, there really isn’t anything that would protect them if a court really wanted to get to the chat for some reason related to a litigation.”

OpenAI CEO Sam Atlman raised this point during a podcast that aired last month, noting that users, especially young people, are frequently turning to ChatGPT as a therapist or life coach. “People,” the billionaire said, “talk about the most personal shit in their lives to ChatGPT.”

“Right now, if you talk to a therapist or a lawyer or a doctor about those problems, there’s like legal privilege for it — there’s doctor-patient confidentiality, there’s legal confidentiality,” Altman told podcaster Theo Von. “We haven’t figured that out yet for when you talk to ChatGPT.”

Related stories

Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

Business Insider tells the innovative stories you want to know

“So if you go talk to ChatGPT about your most sensitive stuff and then there’s like a lawsuit or whatever, we could be required to produce that, and I think that’s very screwed up,” Altman said.

This lack of legal confidentiality when using AI tools, Perla said, should make users think twice about how much they choose to share.

Chatbot messages tied to situations like a workplace dispute, divorce, or custody case could be subject to discovery in related litigation, he said. The same goes for messages related to potential criminal activity.

“If you’re putting something into ChatGPT because it’s something that you would normally only share with your medical doctor, with your therapist, or with a lawyer, that should already tell you, ‘I should not be putting this information in here,’” Perla said.

Even if users attempt to shield their identities or speak hypothetically to the chatbots, that won’t fully eliminate possible risk.

The “wisest and safest” thing to do is not have those sensitive conversations with AI chatbots at all, Perla said.

“If you’re talking about your personal intimate affairs with a chatbot that have nothing to do with the commission of a crime, that have nothing to do with a dispute or a litigation that could emerge, then the likelihood that these chats are going to be public or be turned over to a court or another party in discovery is pretty low,” Perla said.

Knowing how AI platforms handle data

James Gatto, a partner at Sheppard Mullin who co-leads the firm’s AI industry team of attorneys, told Business Insider that it’s crucial for users to understand how different AI tools handle their data.

Some paid versions of certain AI platforms may offer more robust privacy features, such as the automatic deletion of user inputs, while the free, public versions typically do not, he said.

“If I was going to use a tool for anything sensitive. I’d want a tool that deleted the information,” Gatto said. “And I would want to make sure the terms of service explicitly calls that out.”

If users care about confidentiality and protecting themselves from any kinds of future legal risks, they must do their own diligence, he said.

“The important takeaway is you need to understand the pros and cons of using these tools, you need to understand the legal and personal risk,” Gatto said.

“There may be circumstances where you’re taking some risk, but the worst case scenario is not that bad,” Gatto said. “There are other cases where a worst-case scenario is really bad and you wouldn’t want to do it.”

Perla added that the risk factor should be weighed “any time we’re creating a record — text messages, chats, for sure.”

“The question should be,” Perla said, “am I comfortable with this information ever landing in the hands of somebody else that is not the person that I thought I was having this conversation with, or that is limited to the technology that I was engaged with?”

WhatsApp recently announced that it has patched a software vulnerability that was being used by unknown hackers to target specific users of Apple products and hack them with spyware. In an advisory, WhatsApp said that a previously unknown bug “may have been exploited in a sophisticated attack against specific targeted users.” WhatsApp fixed the bug while last week, Apple fixed another bug, known as CVE-2025-43300. Together, these vulnerabilities appear to have been the weak spots that allowed malicious spyware attacks targeting specific. The spyware aims to steal users’ data. So, how do you know if your phone has been compromised? Often, a phone hack isn’t announced with a flashing red light. Instead, it manifests through a series of subtle, yet concerning, changes in your phone’s behavior. One of the first indicators of a potential hack is unusual phone behavior. This isn’t always obvious, and sometimes it can be dismissed as a minor glitch. However, consistent and unexplained anomalies should raise a red flag. Understanding these indicators is the first step towards recognizing a potential breach.Unusual Battery Drain: One of the most common signs of a compromised phone is a rapidly draining battery. Malware or spyware running in the background constantly consumes power, even when you’re not actively using your device. If your phone that once lasted all day now struggles to make it past lunch, it’s worth investigating.Increased Data Usage: Similar to battery drain, unexpected spikes in data usage can point to a hack. Malicious software often communicates with external servers, sending out your data or receiving instructions. Check your phone’s data usage statistics regularly. If you notice a significant increase without a corresponding change in your habits, be suspicious.Slow Performance and Frequent Crashes: A hacked phone can become noticeably sluggish. Apps might take longer to open, your phone could freeze frequently, or it might spontaneously restart. This is often due to the malicious software consuming your phone’s processing power and memory.Strange Pop-ups and Ads: While some apps legitimately display ads, an abundance of unsolicited pop-up ads, especially when you’re not even browsing the internet, can be a strong indicator of adware or spyware. These ads might also redirect you to suspicious websites.Unfamiliar Apps: Regularly review the apps installed on your phone. If you discover apps you don’t recognize or remember installing, delete them immediately. Some sophisticated malware can even disguise itself as legitimate system applications.Overheating: A phone working overtime due to hidden processes can generate excessive heat, even when it’s idle. If your phone feels unusually warm to the touch without heavy usage, it could be a warning sign.Unusual Messages or Calls: Be wary of text messages or calls from unknown numbers that seem out of place. Phishing attempts often start this way, trying to trick you into clicking malicious links or revealing personal information. If friends or family report receiving strange messages or calls from your number that you didn’t send, your phone might be compromised.Changes to Settings You Didn’t Make: If you notice changes to your phone’s settings, such as your homepage being altered, new browser extensions appearing, or security settings being lowered, without your input, it’s a red flag.

An update to the EA App on August 28 unintentionally revealed upcoming content for The Sims 4, including details of a new expansion pack and the game’s roadmap until the end of 2025. The post appeared briefly before being removed, though fans captured screenshots of the information.

According to the leaked roadmap, the next expansion pack will be revealed on September 4, with an associated in-game event beginning on September 23. The expansion is scheduled for release on October 2, alongside additional free updates and creator kits.

The Sims 4 has been available for over a decade, but continues to receive frequent updates. Its most recent expansion, Enchanted by Nature, launched in July 2025, followed by two smaller creator kits.

Given the short time since those releases, players had not widely expected another expansion so soon, but the leak suggests otherwise.

Following the roadmap leak, a promotional image circulated online, appearing to confirm the next expansion’s title as Adventure Awaits. The pack seems to focus on outdoor activities, with speculation among players that archery will be introduced as a new skill.

Some fans have also suggested that the return of imaginary friends, a feature from earlier entries in the series, could be included.

The structure of the leaked event resembles the Nature’s Calling promotion that accompanied the launch of Enchanted by Nature. While EA has not commented publicly, the screenshots align with a previously leaked roadmap image shared by a user known as MedievalKiller12, whose account has since been deactivated.

If the schedule from the leak is accurate, fans will not have long to wait, with an official reveal of Adventure Awaits expected on September 4 and a launch planned for early October.

Blizzard Entertainment has filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Turtle WoW, a network of privately operated servers for World of Warcraft.

The lawsuit, submitted to the District Court for the Central District of California on August 29, claims that the group uses Blizzard’s code, assets, and trademarks without authorisation.

The company argues that the servers negatively affect the wider player community by fragmenting the audience, causing brand confusion, and creating potential security risks.

Blizzard stated in its complaint that it has “invested an enormous amount of time and money into creating, maintaining, and updating” World of Warcraft, and alleged that the defendants have built “an entire business on large-scale, egregious, and ongoing infringement.”

Turtle WoW launched in 2018, offering free access to alternative versions of the MMORPG. While it does not charge players directly, it accepts donations through its website. Its servers feature fan-created expansions, including Mysteries of Azeroth, described as an exploration of original game lore.

The group has also promoted Turtle WoW 2.0, an upcoming project claiming to replicate the Vanilla WoW client in Unreal Engine 5.

Blizzard alleges that Turtle WoW profits from its operations by providing “paid access to a group of unauthorised, ‘emulated’ private WoW game servers, as well as all of the software and other tools necessary to access and use these emulated servers, including pirated copies of WoW.”

The company further claimed that Turtle WoW has “brazenly escalated its efforts” through social media promotion, influencer partnerships, and marketing for its next release.

In a statement to PCGamesN, a Blizzard spokesperson said, “Our games are built on decades of innovation and creativity, and we take seriously our responsibility to protect the integrity of that work for our employees, our partners, and our players.”

Though Adobe has tools for every imaginable workflow, the last thing I expected was the Creativity giant launching a feature that felt like a competitor to one of my favorite productivity tools, NotebookLM. If you aren’t familiar with NotebookLM, it’s Google’s AI-powered research assistant, a tool I’ve been using daily since Google first tested it as an experimental project in Labs.

I might be the biggest NotebookLM fan you’ll meet, but that doesn’t mean I’ll ignore alternatives that claim to do something similar. I’ve tested NotebookLM competitors before, including tools focused on specific features like Mind Maps and Audio Overviews, and even pitted other Google Labs experiments against it to see how they stack up in comparison.

So, of course, when Adobe announced a feature whose description sounded surprisingly similar to NotebookLM’s core functionality, I had to take a closer look. I decided to use it for a week straight, and the results were…interesting.

What are Adobe PDF Spaces

A workspace for your PDFs

A couple of days ago, Adobe announced Acrobat Studio, which included a feature called PDF Spaces. In the press release, Adobe explained that the feature uses AI agents to convert documents you upload into conversational knowledge hubs.

Once your documents have been uploaded to a PDF Space and processed, you can interact with it by asking questions about the content of your document, requesting summaries of sections, getting recommendations, and more. If you’ve used NotebookLM before, you likely know that this is exactly what the tool is built on. NotebookLM’s biggest strength lies in helping users interact with information they already have, and with PDF Spaces, Adobe brought a similar capability into its own ecosystem.

Both NotebookLM and PDF Spaces don’t access the internet or rely on their own knowledge to answer any question you may have about what you’ve uploaded. So, say you upload lecture slides your economics professor sent you, and you ask the AI to tell you what features iPadOS 26 introduces. Since there’s no relation between economics and iPadOS 26 whatsoever (unless your lecture slides happen to cover both, which is unlikely), the AI in both tools won’t guess or pull in outside information.

NotebookLM often just tells you straight-up that your sources don’t include the information you’re asking for, while Adobe’s PDF Spaces tend to give you a summary of the content in your sources instead. With both tools, any claim the AI makes is backed up by clickable citations, which you can use to quickly cross-reference information. So, the core idea behind both NotebookLM and Adobe PDF Spaces is to let you interact directly with the information you’ve uploaded and turn documents into AI-powered workspaces.

So, how do PDF Spaces compare to NotebookLM?

Can Adobe keep up with NotebookLM?

Now that you have a good idea of what PDF Spaces are, the next question is how they actually perform compared to NotebookLM. When you’re creating a PDF Space in Adobe Acrobat, you can add up to 100 files. Like NotebookLM, PDF Spaces supports a range of file types, including PDF, DOCX, PPTX, TXT, and more. You can also add URLs or paste copied text.

Right off the bat, one thing I’ll give Adobe credit for is that its interface beats NotebookLM. Maybe I feel that way because I’ve been using NotebookLM for far too long and have grown accustomed to its interface, but Adobe’s interface just feels cleaner and more modern. The structure of both tools is quite similar, though.

You’ll notice a chat panel at the bottom of the workspace where you can type questions, ask for summaries, or request recommendations. One unique feature from PDF Spaces that stood out to me is its auto-generated insights. PDF Spaces essentially goes through the documents you uploaded and pulls out key points, displaying them in individual cards with an ‘Ask a question’ button.

NotebookLM simply displays a summary of all your sources under the title of a notebook, so I found Adobe’s approach really refreshing. By breaking insights into individual cards with a clear button, PDF Spaces makes it easier to interact with specific pieces of information without getting lost in a long summary. When it comes to interacting with the PDF, Adobe doesn’t disappoint either. Like NotebookLM, the moment your sources in the PDF Space are processed, the AI instantly generates three suggested questions you can ask.

Whether you use one of the AI-generated questions or type your own, the feature does a pretty good job of pulling out relevant insights from your documents. The answers also don’t seem filled with fluff; they’re usually concise, accurate, and well-organized. You can also follow up with additional questions or dive deeper into specific points.

PDF Spaces only covers one NotebookLM feature

Not quite the full NotebookLM experience

Though Adobe’s PDF Spaces is built around NotebookLM’s core functionality, interacting with PDFs isn’t the only thing NotebookLM can do. In fact, most would argue that the real strength of NotebookLM is its other features. With NotebookLM, you can convert sources you upload into AI-generated podcasts called Audio Overviews, Video Overviews, interactive Mind Maps, Briefing Docs, Study Guides, and soon, you’ll even be able to convert them into interactive flashcards. PDF Spaces, on the other hand, is focused solely on letting you interact with uploaded documents through its chat interface and auto-generated insights. So, while PDF Spaces does its one job well, it’s only a fraction of what NotebookLM offers.

The reason I focused so much on the fact that Adobe PDF Spaces only covers one NotebookLM feature is because there’s another major difference between the two. NotebookLM has a solid free tier, which I’ve been relying on since I started using it, while PDF Spaces is a paid feature. At the time I’m writing this, it is free for all and will remain so until September 1, 2025.

This is because Adobe gave all users a 14-day free trial when it launched. After the trial, early access pricing starts at $24.99/month for individuals and $29.99/month for teams. By comparison, you can get NotebookLM by subscribing to Google AI Pro, which costs $19.99/month ($9.99/month for the first two months). You not only get a lot more features in NotebookLM for a lower cost but also access other Google AI Pro perks. And if you’re a college student, you can get NotebookLM’s premium tier completely free for a year.​​​​​​​

So, would I switch to PDF Spaces permanently?

Credit where credit’s due — PDF Spaces does what it’s meant to do well. However, NotebookLM does the same thing, and does it just as well too. If NotebookLM didn’t exist, I might have considered paying for PDF Spaces. But since NotebookLM already offers this functionality for free, I frankly can’t imagine paying $30/month just to get a single feature that I already use daily for free.

TL;DR: Grab a 2020 MacBook Air with Apple’s M1 chip, 256GB SSD, and 8GB of RAM for only $429.99 (reg. $999). It’s fast, reliable, and deeply discounted — inventory is limited.

---

Looking for a MacBook that can keep up with your workflow without draining your bank account? This 2020 MacBook Air delivers flagship-level performance in a compact, ultra-lightweight design. And right now, you can grab a refurbished 13.3-inch model for only $429.99 (reg. $999) — that’s over half off the retail price.

This is one of the lowest prices you’ll find anywhere — beating both Amazon and Walmart — but stock is limited, and deals like this don’t last long.

What makes this MacBook Air worth it?

At just under 3 pounds, this MacBook Air is built for portability but doesn’t hold back on power. The Apple M1 chip provides up to 3.5x faster performance and 5x faster graphics compared to previous Intel-based models, making it ideal for everything from video editing to multitasking in pro apps.

You’ll also get:

• 8GB of RAM for smooth multitasking

• 256GB SSD for fast storage and plenty of room for your files

• A 13.3-inch Retina display with vibrant color and crisp resolution

• 18-hour battery life to keep you going all day

• Fanless design for silent operation — no more whirring or weird ‘breathing’ from your laptop

Another bonus? This MacBook’s 16-core Neural Engine inside the M1 chip helps power advanced tasks like photo recognition, voice processing, and machine learning applications, all without breaking a sweat.

While this model is refurbished, it was awarded a Grade ‘A’ rating. What’s that mean? This MacBook Air will arrive to you in near-mint condition, with little to no signs of use. You’re getting the same MacBook Air experience, but at a fraction of the price. Because it’s in almost pristine condition, you may not even notice it’s a refurbished device.

This M1-powered MacBook Air is an unbeatable value, especially for students, remote workers, or anyone needing a reliable everyday laptop that’ll let them work all day long without missing a beat.

Mashable Deals

Don’t miss your shot at scoring Apple performance without the Apple price tag. Inventory is selling quickly for these 13.3-inch M1 MacBook Airs, so grab yours now for just $429.99 (reg. $999).

StackSocial prices subject to change.

Microsoft‘s AI division has unveiled its first two homegrown artificial intelligence (AI) models: MAI-Voice-1 AI and MAI-1-preview. The company has been developing its own foundational AI technology, moving beyond its reliance on external partners like OpenAI.

What Microsoft’s MAI-Voice-1 and MAI-1-preview AI models do

According to the company, the new MAI-Voice-1 is a speech model capable of generating a minute of audio in under a second using just one GPU. Microsoft is already leveraging this model to power several of its features, including Copilot Daily, which has an AI host narrate top news stories, and for generating podcast-style discussions to help explain various topics.“Voice is the interface of the future for AI companions and MAI-Voice-1 delivers high-fidelity, expressive audio across both single and multi-speaker scenarios,” Microsoft said.In addition, Microsoft introduced MAI-1-preview, which was trained on 15,000 Nvidia H100 GPUs. The company describes this model as a “glimpse of future offerings inside Copilot,” designed for users who need an AI capable of following instructions and providing helpful responses to everyday queries. Microsoft plans to roll out MAI-1-preview for specific text use cases within the Copilot AI assistant, which currently relies on OpenAI’s large language models. The company has also begun publicly testing the model on the AI benchmarking platform LMArena.“We have big ambitions for where we go next. Not only will we pursue further advances here, but we believe that orchestrating a range of specialized models serving different user intents and use cases will unlock immense value,” the company said.Microsoft AI chief Mustafa Suleyman previously indicated the company’s focus would be on consumer-facing applications, not enterprise. “My logic is that we have to create something that works extremely well for the consumer and really optimise for our use case… My focus is on building models that really work for the consumer companion,” he said in a past interview.

Haven’t you heard? There’s a new colour trend in town just in time for the end of summer. Pastel yellow, or ‘butter yellow’ as it’s been warmly nicknamed, is everywhere in fashion right now. It’s also hitting the tech world, with brands finding ingenious ways to jump on the dairy bandwagon.

As we wrote last week, Vogue ascribes the rise of butter yellow to a Louis Vuitton spring 2024 runway show, while consumer trends forecaster WGSN says the soft pastel hue is resonating with consumers as they seek comfort, optimism and a sense of nostalgia in uncertain times. But you don’t have to buy a dress to get involved in Butter Yellow Summer – there are some beautiful objects for the home (or pocket) out there too.

From perhaps the most delectable portable speaker to the iPhone that predicted the trend a year early, here are the butteriest objects to check out right now.

Not long ago, 7,000 mAh batteries were usually associated with big-screen devices like tablets. However, the latest trend in battery tech is the silicon-carbon chemistry, which enables batteries with higher energy density. The latest Oppo A6 Max smartphone features the latest battery technology on board, with its key highlight being the massive 7,000 mAh battery.

Battery aside, the A6 Max employs a large 6.8-inch OLED display with a 120Hz refresh rate and advertised 1,600 nits of peak brightness. The panel also works with wet hands, and it’s protected by the in-house Crystal Shield Glass.

The chipset is Snapdragon 7 Gen 3 and is paired with 8GB of RAM and 256GB of storage. The camera system on the back comprises a 50MP main camera and a 2MP auxiliary depth sensor. The selfie is 32MP.

The 7,000 mAh battery won’t take long to charge either. It supports Oppo’s SuperVOOC 80W fast charging, promising a 50% charge in just 24 minutes.

Another standout feature of the A6 Max is the IP69 certification against dust and water, and it also carries an SGS certification for operating in high-temperature environments.

The handset is now available in China for CNY 1,599 ($220), but it remains unclear whether Oppo will ship it to other countries, even if it rebrands it. The available colors are White and Blue, with the former featuring a glass back, while the latter is made with glass fiber.

Via