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  • Questions linger about alleged shooter’s motivation for killing Charlie Kirk | Charlie Kirk shooting

    Questions linger about alleged shooter’s motivation for killing Charlie Kirk | Charlie Kirk shooting

    Though the suspect in the killing of conservative activist Charlie Kirk was revealed by authorities on Friday, questions surrounding his identity and motivations have exacerbated intense US political debates in the aftermath of the shooting.

    Authorities revealed Kirk’s suspected killer to be Tyler Robinson, a 22-year-old man who grew up in Washington, Utah, along the state’s south-western border.

    In absence of a clear motive for the slaying, reports have tried to piece together information about Robinson and his background. He is a third-year student in an electrical apprenticeship program at Dixie Technical College in the state. Both of his parents are registered Republicans, though his personal political beliefs remain unclear. Now-deleted pictures on social media show Robinson and his family posing with guns.

    In an interview with the Wall Street Journal published on Saturday, Utah’s governor, Spencer Cox, said: “It’s very clear to us and to investigators that this was a person who was deeply indoctrinated with leftist ideology.” Cox cited the findings of the ongoing investigation into Robinson and his possible motive but did not provide any further details about how officials arrived at that conclusion.

    The FBI declined to comment about reporting on Saturday by conservative media outlets Fox News and the New York Post, citing law enforcement sources, that Robinson lived with a partner who was trans – a member of a community against whom Kirk rallied – and was cooperating with investigators.

    Regardless, Cox’s remarks were published a day after he delivered a speech following Robinson’s arrest in which he had a candid moment about Robinson’s identity as a Utahn.

    “Bad stuff happens, and for 33 hours, I was praying that if this had to happen here, it wouldn’t be one of us,” Cox said. “That somebody drove from another state, somebody came from another country. Sadly, that prayer was not answered the way I hoped for.”

    He went on to explain that it would have been “easier on us” if the suspect weren’t from the community.

    “Just because I thought it would make it easier on us to say, ‘Hey, we don’t do that here.’ Indeed, Utah is a special place, we lead the nation in charitable giving, we lead the nation in service every year,” Cox said, tears welling in his eyes. “But it did happen here, and it was one of us.”

    After Robinson’s identity was revealed, some conservatives have softened their attacks against Kirk’s alleged murderer as an individual – but continue to leverage anger toward liberals as a group.

    Republican congresswoman Nancy Mace of South Carolina tweeted on Wednesday that “it’s time to bring back the death penalty” following Kirk’s murder.

    On Friday, Mace said that Kirk “would want us to pray for such an evil and lost individual like Tyler Robinson to find Jesus Christ”.

    “We will try to do the same,” she wrote.

    She later doubled down on the death penalty, saying: “Some crimes are so evil, the only just punishment is the death penalty.” But, referring to the way the suspect’s father reportedly had a role in turning him over to authorities, she also said: “We are sending prayers and our high regards to Tyler Robinson’s father for doing the right thing.”

    Cox’s speech has largely been praised as highlighting unity during a divisive moment, providing a stark contrast to Donald Trump, who considered Kirk a close ally. The president on Friday appeared on Fox & Friends and was asked by host Ainsley Earhardt, “How do we fix this country? How do we come back together?”

    “The radicals on the right are radical because they don’t want to see crime,” Trump said. “The radicals on the left are the problem – and they are vicious and horrible and politically savvy. They want men in women’s sports, they want transgender people, they want open borders. The worst thing that happened to this country.”

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    Conservatives had latched onto reports – that have since been retracted – that the casings for bullets found with the gun that police suspect was used to kill Kirk were engraved with markings indicating “trans ideology”.

    “To the surprise of literally no one,” Megyn Kelly said on her show earlier in the aftermath of Kirk’s killing. “There’s one particular group that’s been running around killing Americans in the name of ideology, and it’s transgender activists or individuals, or those who proclaim that they are.”

    Once Robinson’s identity was revealed, Kelly speculated that Robinson must have been radicalized after going to college.

    “This kid got radicalized, and obviously had a psychotic break … I am disturbed to see that he appears to have come from a loving, intact family,” Kelly said. “If you look at the family social media profile, it looks like a happy family. It looks like a loving mom, and a loving dad. He had two younger brothers, there’s lots of family photos of them going on vacations and family dinners.”

    Kelly noted that while authorities will be seeking the death penalty, it is ultimately a “mental health issue” that underpins the “radicalization” of young people who go to college.

    Meanwhile, white nationalist Nick Fuentes sought to shut down speculation that Robinson may have been a “Groyper”, a nickname for a follower of Fuentes, after reports on the engravings on the bullets of the alleged killer’s gun led to theorizing on his ideology.

    Groypers had long criticized Kirk and trolled speakers at his events because the former perceived the latter to be too politically moderate.

    While Fuentes claimed in a social media post that he and his followers were “currently being framed for the murder of Charlie Kirk,” he also said in a streaming video: “I pray to God there is no further violence.”

    “To all of my followers, if you take up arms, I disavow you,” Fuentes said. “I disown you in the strongest possible terms.”

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  • Novel RNA target offers hope for improving outcomes in patients with chronic limb ischemia

    Novel RNA target offers hope for improving outcomes in patients with chronic limb ischemia

    Mark W. Feinberg, MD, cardiologist with the Mass General Brigham Heart and Vascular Institute and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, is the senior author of a paper published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, “A smooth muscle cell lncRNA controls angiogenesis in chronic limb-threatening ischemia through miR-143-3p/HHIP signaling.”

    Q: What question were you investigating?

    What causes poor outcomes in patients with advanced peripheral artery disease who develop a complication called chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI), which has a high risk of limb amputation due to the restriction of blood flow to the extremities?

    For decades, a lot of research into CTLI has focused on understanding endothelial-derived factors-substances released by cells that line our blood vessels-and how those factors lead to the growth of new blood vessels. (The development of new blood vessel from existing ones is called angiogenesis.) The idea is that if we can find a therapy that helps patients with CLTI produce more blood vessels, we can improve blood flow to threatened limbs and reduce the risk of amputation or other health complications.

    To date, the growth factors those studies have identified have failed in clinical trials to improve outcomes. Our study points to a different approach. We screened for factors in skeletal muscle samples from patients with CLTI to identify those that were different compared to controls.

    Surprisingly, it wasn’t growth factors that emerged as different, but a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) called CARMN – and it wasn’t expressed in endothelial cells, only in vascular smooth muscle cells.

    Q: What methods or approach did you use?

    We used a range of transcriptomic profiling approaches to identify the lncRNA CARMN in human skeletal muscle biopsies and in mouse models of limb ischemia.

    We developed a knockout mouse of the lncRNA CARMN which exhibited impaired blood flow recovery, limb necrosis, and amputation in a similar manner to CLTI patients that have reduced expression levels of this lncRNA in skeletal muscle biopsies.

    Q: What did you find?

    We found that a unique protein called HHIP, made by smooth muscle cells, is controlled by lncRNA CARMN. HHIP helps manage blood vessel growth, blood flow, and tissue healing.

    When HHIP was blocked-or when another molecule that controls HHIP was increased-blood vessels grew better, and damaged tissue healed more effectively. This reveals a new way that smooth muscle cells and blood vessel cells work together, which scientists hadn’t understood before.

    Q: What was surprising about your study?

    Surprisingly, despite this lncRNA not being expressed in endothelial cells that make capillaries, mice that can’t produce this lncRNA have reduced capillaries in their skeletal muscles with limb ischemia. HHIP appears to be the missing link, connecting what’s happening in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the effects we see in endothelial cells (ECs). Inhibition of HHIP or overexpression of a microRNA that regulates HHIP was sufficient to fully rescue angiogenesis, limb tissue perfusion, and repair.

    Q: What are the implications?

    The work provides new therapeutic strategies for chronic limb-threatening ischemia and provides new insights into SMC-EC crosstalk that was not previously understood in the field of angiogenesis.

    Q: What are the next steps?

    We’re trying to figure out why the molecule CARMN drops when blood flow is blocked in the limbs. We’ve found a promising new target that may control CARMN when oxygen levels are low. This could lead to new ways to boost CARMN, improve blood flow, and help heal tissues-potentially benefiting people with various heart and blood vessel problems such as peripheral artery disease and CLTI.

    Source:

    Journal reference:

    Zhai, M., et al. (2025). A smooth muscle cell lncRNA controls angiogenesis in chronic limb-threatening ischemia through miR-143-3p/HHIP signaling. Journal of Clinical Investigation. doi.org/10.1172/jci188559

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  • China launches discrimination and dumping probes into US chips ahead of trade talks – Reuters

    1. China launches discrimination and dumping probes into US chips ahead of trade talks  Reuters
    2. China initiates comprehensive anti-discrimination investigation into US actions against China in IC sector  Global Times
    3. U.S. semiconductor sector targeted in new China investigations  MSN
    4. China Probes U.S. Chip Sector On Eve Of Trade Talks  Investor’s Business Daily
    5. China declares anti-dumping probe into US analogue chips  South China Morning Post

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  • Molly McCann: Former UFC star starts professional boxing career with TKO win

    Molly McCann: Former UFC star starts professional boxing career with TKO win

    McCann, who added Radomska should have been deducted a point for the kick, said she felt as though she was learning on the job after a long career in a different fighting discipline.

    “It didn’t hurt as much as sparring!

    “The girls punched my head in more than that. It was really learning on the job.

    “You know when you have your driving test and you’re a bit like “ahhh”, but you know how to drive, it was one of them. I’m happy.”

    Analysing her fight on 5 Live, former undisputed world champion Josh Taylor predicted a title fight for McCann before too long.

    “I’ve known her for a couple of years now, we’re training in Liverpool,” said the Scot.

    “She’s improved a hell of a lot even from the last time I saw her.

    “She did very well. She gave a very good account of herself and definitely looks like she could fight for a title after another couple of fights.”

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  • Preparing Canada’s health workforce for the digital future

    Preparing Canada’s health workforce for the digital future

    As Canada’s health care system rapidly adopts digital technologies, a group of Canadian researchers is calling for a major overhaul of health professional education to ensure consistent, outcomes-based training in digital health and informatics competencies. A new article published in JMIR Medical Education by researchers at the British Columbia Institute of Technology and University of Calgary proposes using the Quintuple Aim as a national guiding framework to prioritize the digital health skills health care workers need now and in the future.

    The paper, titled “Shaping the Future of Digital Health Education in Canada: Prioritizing Competencies for Health Care Professionals Using the Quintuple Aim” and published by JMIR Publications, argues that current education is fragmented and inconsistent, leaving health professionals underprepared to use tools like telehealth, electronic health records, and data analytics effectively. The proposed framework offers a solution: to align digital health competencies with five key goals-improving patient experience, boosting population health, lowering health care costs, enhancing provider experience, and advancing health equity.

    This model helps identify and prioritize core skills such as digital literacy, privacy awareness, user-friendly technology integration, data-informed decision-making, and inclusive access. The authors also emphasize that training programs should include practical, real-world assessments-like simulation exercises and project-based evaluations-to ensure professionals are ready to apply their knowledge in the field.

    Additional professional development opportunities in digital health are essential to support scaled and sustainable change in Canada’s health systems that can truly create opportunities for better outcomes for all.” 


    Tracie Risling, Author, University of Calgary

    While calling for national standards, the article allows room for local adaptation, encouraging educational institutions to customize learning based on regional health needs and resources. The authors also emphasize the importance of collaboration among health care organizations, educational institutions, and technology developers to ensure that programs keep pace with rapid innovation.

    Ultimately, this research signals a clear call to action: to prepare Canada’s health workforce for the digital age, the country needs cohesive, forward-thinking education strategies now more than ever.

    Source:

    Journal reference:

    Rees, G., et al. (2025). Shaping the Future of Digital Health Education in Canada: Prioritizing Competencies for Healthcare Professionals using the Quintuple Aim. JMIR Medical Education. doi.org/10.2196/75904

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  • Dubai police warn cricket fans ahead of Pakistan-India clash

    Dubai police warn cricket fans ahead of Pakistan-India clash

    Dubai Police horse riders patrol around the stadium, monitoring unruly fans and rule-breakers ( photo sibte Arif )

    DUBAI: Ahead of the high-voltage Asia Cup 2025 match between Pakistan and India, Dubai Police has issued a stern warning to fans.

    In a statement, the authorities stressed that violence, abusive language, or racist behaviour will not be tolerated inside the stadium.

    The most anticipated match between arch-rivals is set to be played today in Dubai International Stadium.

    Chairman of the Events Security Committee of Dubai Police Major General Saif Muhair Al Mazrouei, said offenders could face one to three months in jail and fines ranging from AED 10,000 to AED 30,000 (equivalent to PKR 750,000 to 2.3 million).

    Dubai Police advised spectators to maintain discipline and display positive behaviour during the match.

    Any violation will result in immediate legal action to protect the safety of fans and preserve the stadium’s environment, according to the officials.


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  • Thomas Frank reaction: What did Spurs boss say after derby demolition of West Ham?

    Thomas Frank reaction: What did Spurs boss say after derby demolition of West Ham?

    Tottenham Hotspur bounced back in a big way on Saturday, as Thomas Frank’s side hammered West Ham at the London Stadium to rebound from their feeble defeat to Bournemouth prior to the international break.

    WEST HAM 3-0 SPURS Video highlights & recap

    Below is the latest Thomas Frank reaction, speaking after Spurs’ derby domination in east London.

    What did Thomas Frank say after Spurs hammered West Ham?

    “I think overall it was a good performance. I think in the first half we didn’t really give anything [to them]. On the flip side, I felt we were close. We had some good shots and crosses in the box and we dominated, we kept them backed in. And then we scored the goal second half, we came out well. Sometimes the game can change, the momentum can change just after halftime, but we just kept going.”

    “Of course the red card helps, but I felt we were dominant anyway.”

    “I think [the red card] was the right decision. [Tomas] Soucek is a very honest player, a player I respect a lot, so I don’t think that was the intention, but it was a red card.”

    On Xavi Simons making his debut: “I thought he was good. I thought he was really good. It was really positive and promising, there’s more to come. Excellent ball for the goal, I think he took initiative on the ball, he created something when he was on the ball. So I was happy with that.”

    On the second goal: “It was a fantastic pass from [Cristian] Romero — he’s got that in his locker — actually, we trained on it a little bit yesterday, that run from Lucas [Bergvall] and that ball. So it was perfect — perfect from Romero and perfect from Lucas.”

    On rotating the team after internationals and before Champions League: “It’s a fine balance — we want to perform and win every game, we can’t look too far ahead, we need to stay focused on the first one, but need to have a little think of [upcoming fixtures].

    Xavi Simons, on making his Spurs debut and assisting a goal

    “Really happy with the win first of all, and to make my debut in the Premier League is such a special moment for me. … Always has been a dream of mine to play here on the biggest stage, the best [league] of all. Now I’m here with a magnificent team and I’m really enjoying the first days here.”

    “We know that set pieces are just as important as [the rest of] the game. In the second half, we talked about it — with Pape [Matar Sarr] — and I found him [for the goal].”

    “Obviously I played my whole life in the no. 10 position, but the last couple of years I’ve developed on the left side. I’m a player that wants to go for the 1-on-1, take on my defender, try to help the team scoring goals and making assists.”


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  • MDA and PPMD Release Consensus Guidelines for Safe and Equitable Use of Gene Therapy in Duchenne

    MDA and PPMD Release Consensus Guidelines for Safe and Equitable Use of Gene Therapy in Duchenne

    Through a joint effort of clinicians, researchers, and advocacy leaders, the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) and Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy (PPMD) announced the publication of new guidelines that promote the delivery and monitoring of gene therapy in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).1,2

    DMD is caused by mutations in the DMD gene, one of the largest in the human genome, which encodes dystrophin, a critical protein for stabilizing muscle fibers. To date, the FDA has approved one gene therapy, Sarepta’s Elevidys, an AAV vector-based therapy that is indicated for both ambulatory and non-ambulatory patients with DMD.

    While Elevidys remains the only approved gene therapy, the published guidelines are potentially applicable to other products in clinical development. The main themes of the guidelines include the value and role of multidisciplinary care teams, protocols for monitoring and managing adverse events, and safety surveillance and transparent reporting.

    “One of the most important take-home messages is that gene therapy requires an amplified version of the multidisciplinary care we already deliver in Duchenne,” Barry Byrne, MD, PhD, chief medical officer of the MDA, told NeurologyLive®. “Beyond the routine involvement of neurology and cardiology, we now need hematology, nephrology, immunology, and other subspecialists engaged from the very beginning.”

    Byrne, who also serves as director of the Powell Gene Therapy Center at the University of Florida, added, “That’s because the adverse events we’ve observed are often immune-mediated, and only a team fully aligned on protocols and communication can both prevent and respond to these complications in real time.”

    The consensus guidelines emphasize institutional readiness, which includes having access to rapid labs and weekly or same-day tests, as well as consistency across different administration sites. Per the new guidelines, institutions should have an established plan for rare complications, begin to build rapport with payers, and proactive prepare for authorization requests with documented eligibility.

    In terms of patient selection, eligible patients for gene therapy should have a confirmed genetic diagnosis with updated molecular testing, as well as a review of exclusions according to the therapy’s label. Patients must be on high dose corticosteroids for at least 2 months before starting treatment and must undergo weekly blood tests and routine laboratory tests for safety.

    “We now recommend close weekly monitoring of liver function tests—AST, ALT, and GGT—following gene therapy, since subacute inflammation and endothelial injury have been seen despite routine glucocorticoid use,” Byrne noted.

    During the preparing stages for gene therapy, the recommended guidelines note several baseline labs, such as troponin-1, CMP, CBC, and liver panel, as well as cardiac and evaluations and functional assessments, such as the North Star Ambulatory Assessment, PuL, and 10-Meter Walk/Run. At this stage, patients should be informed about consent obligations, as well as a rundown of their future care plan and what it will involve.

    On the day of treatment, clinicians should be prepared to review the patient’s medical history, prep infusion sites, and be vigil of and infusion reactions. Post-infusion observation is expected to last around 3 hours, and institutions should be equipped with discharge instructions and an emergency plan if necessary.

    In the early stages following the start of gene therapy, the guidelines call for weekly labs testing troponin, platelets, and LFTs, followed by a corticosteroid taper that starts around 8 weeks. Safety remains the most key part during this 3-month phase, as clinicians should track adverse events, including cardiac toxicity, TMA, and hepatoxicity, while also adjusting ECG monitoring based on symptoms. For adjustments, the group of experts recommended following Action Network recommendations, while also noting that troponin elevation 3 times more than baseline warrants immediate follow-up. In addition, arrhythmia should trigger a cardiac consultation.

    Past the initial 3-month stage, the guidelines call for continued tracking of gene therapy safety and efficacy through annual lab panels, as well as ensured AE reporting through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and registries like ENDURE.

    “The number one takeaway of all this is that we have to ensure that these products are safe in order to fully realize the direct benefit they might bring to patients. That’s why establishing best practices around safety became such a central theme of the guidelines,” Byrne added. “There’s growing interest in agents like rapamycin, already used in transplantation, which may enhance the safety of therapy. The hope is not only to reduce the rate of liver toxicity but also potentially increase efficacy, which could fundamentally change the risk-benefit conversation for patients and families.”

    Liver toxicity, as Byrne noted, was the subject of recent concern for Elevidys and other Sarepta gene therapy products. In mid-July, the FDA requested the company to suspend the distribution of Elevidys following the third death of a patient in Sarepta’s gene therapy program. The latest death, a 51-year-old man with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) type 2D/R3, was enrolled in the company’s phase 1 study testing SRP-9004, also known as patidistrogene bexoparvovec. This third instance was also attributed to liver failure, the same as the prior 2 deaths.3

    At the time, the FDA revoked Sarepta’s platform technology designation and met with the company to request a voluntary halt on all Elevidys shipments. Sarepta declined to comply with the agency’s request. The reasons for revoking were because of insufficient evidence—especially in light of new safety concerns—that the company’s AAVrh74 Platform Technology can be used across multiple drugs without compromising safety.

    Less than 2 weeks after the FDA shut down the distribution of Elevidys, the agency recommended to remove the voluntary hold for ambulatory patients eligible for the gene therapy. At the time, the FDA’s investigation concluded that the death of the ambulatory 8-year-old boy, who was on Elevidys, was unrelated to the gene therapy product itself. The agency also noted it will work with Sarepta regarding non-ambulatory patients, which remains subject to a voluntary hold, following 2 deaths.4

    Regarding the future landscape of gene therapy, Byrne went on to note, that “We now know that more than a thousand boys with Duchenne have already received gene therapy, and additional products are right behind. Some of the most exciting work involves gene editing approaches that could apply to at least half the Duchenne population, or near full-length dystrophin strategies that are mutation independent.”

    He added, “Others aim to improve tissue targeting—enhancing muscle or cardiac delivery while lessening liver toxicity. Together, these advances suggest that patients will soon have multiple options, hopefully available at younger ages, and supported by the best safety practices outlined in these recommendations.”

    REFERENCES
    1. Muscular Dystrophy Association and Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy Announce Joint Consensus Guidelines for Safe and Equitable Delivery of Gene Therapy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. News release. Muscular Dystrophy Association. https://www.mda.org/press-releases/mda-and-ppmd-announce-joint-consensus-guidelines
    2. Wolff JM, Capocci N, Atas E, et al. Consensus recommendations and considerations for the delivery and monitoring of gene therapy in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disord. Published online August 23, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2025.106208
    3. FDA Requests Sarepta Therapeutics Suspend Distribution of Elevidys and Places Clinical Trials on Hold for Multiple Gene Therapy Products Following 3 Deaths. News release. FDA. July 18, 2025. Accessed September 12, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-requests-sarepta-therapeutics-suspend-distribution-elevidys-and-places-clinical-trials-hold
    4. FDA Recommends Removal of Voluntary Hold for Elevidys for Ambulatory Patients. News release. FDA. July 28, 2025. Accessed September 12, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-recommends-removal-voluntary-hold-elevidys-ambulatory-patients

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  • Electrical stimulation predicts recovery potential after acute nerve injuries

    Electrical stimulation predicts recovery potential after acute nerve injuries

    Bottom line: This study found that, in rats, acute nerve injuries that may recover can be distinguished from those that are unlikely to recover based on the response to intraoperative electrical nerve stimulation in the acute clinical setting. Rather than requiring a greater amount of stimulation, researchers found that non-recoverable nerve stretch injuries demonstrate a complete lack of response to electrical stimulation immediately following nerve injury. Nerves that did not respond to stimulation had a very low chance to recover without surgical intervention, whereas responsive nerves showed a greater likelihood to recover on their own. 

    Why this study is unique: There is at present no quick, reliable, and evidence-based way of evaluating the extent of nerve damage and need for surgical intervention after a patient experiences an acute injury. This study is the first to evaluate and distinguish the specific degrees of acute nerve injury using electrical nerve stimulation intraoperatively. The two injury levels tested in this study are both in-continuity stretch injuries, which means that they look similar from the outside and there is no way of determining the recovery potential by external observation alone.

    Researchers may now have found a tool that can distinguish these injuries and predict recovery intraoperatively, opening the door for evidence-based surgical decision making and for patient-centered care tailored to a patient’s individual needs and injury severity.

    Why the study is important: Nerve injury is usually the limiting step in recovery after serious acute injury. If clinicians can more easily determine which injuries can recover without surgical intervention and which require surgery, patient outcomes can be significantly improved. This study promotes a novel approach for assessing a patient’s regenerative potential after nerve stretch injuries, which could help prevent permanent functional deficits and improve outcomes for patients by supporting more accurate prognoses and more informed decisions about surgical treatment and patient care.

    Researchers pursued this study to evaluate the predictive potential of a response to intraoperative electrical stimulation in injured nerves. As electrical stimulators are readily available in clinics, the results of this study can hopefully be quickly translated from bench to bedside.

    How the research was conducted: Researchers used 22 rats in three separate groups: a sham-control group without any nerve injury, an epineuroclasis injury group (a milder injury typically associated with recovery), and an endoneuroclasis injury group (a more severe injury which typically leads to poor outcomes as the internal structures of the nerve are severely damaged).

    These median nerve injury levels were induced using the novel neuroclasis animal model which, for the first time, induces specific degrees of structural nerve damage during stretching. This novel animal model, developed by researchers on this study, allows the precise induction of specific levels of nerve stretch injury on its subjects.

    Researchers stimulated each nerve using a handheld electrical nerve stimulator, provided by Checkpont Surgical, immediately following the nerve injury and evaluated the rats’ grip strength over the course of 12 weeks. A response to stimulation was observed when the nerve’s target muscle contracted. Researchers first compared how many nerves in each injury group responded to stimulation and at which amount of stimulation a response to stimulation was seen. Using a mixed-effects model, they then evaluated whether a response to stimulation was associated with recovery of grip strength at 12 weeks after injury. 

    Results: 15 of 16 nerves in the epineuroclasis injuries responded to intraoperative stimulation, whereas only 5 of 16 of the endoneuroclasis injuries responded to stimulation. This led to a three times greater likelihood that the milder epineuroclasis injury would respond to nerve stimulation, compared to the more severe endoneuroclasis nerve injury. 

    Furthermore, retrospective contingency analysis of long-term functional outcomes showed that nerves that were unresponsive to stimulation had only an eight percent chance of functional recovery. Conversely, nerves that did respond to stimulation had a 75 percent probability of recovery. In summary, researchers found that responsiveness to stimulation is indicative of long-term functional recovery after nerve stretch injury and vice versa.

    What this study means for patients: For patients, this could mean faster and more accurate diagnoses, fewer unnecessary procedures, and more personalized treatment plans, which ultimately could lead to more positive outcomes such as better functional recovery, reduced pain, and an overall improvement in quality of life.

    What this study means for doctors: The predictive value of an intraoperative response to nerve stimulation, or lack thereof, may help in accurately assessing the severity of the nerve injury and the potential for recovery, allowing surgeons to more accurately determine the need for surgical treatment. The work in this project may help clinicians reach the “holy grail” of trauma and nerve injury by allowing them to predict which nerves will recover themselves, and which will require surgical treatment so that valuable time is not lost. This timely damage assessment and potential intervention are paramount in ensuring satisfactory patient outcomes and recovery from nerve injury. Recently published research from this team has already demonstrated similar predictive abilities of electrical nerve stimulation in patients when used for chronic nerve injuries.

    What the next steps are for this work: Electrical nerve stimulators are already widely used during orthopedic surgery, often to locate and protect nearby nerves during surgeries such as fracture repair. This study now lays the foundation for the intraoperative use of electrical stimulation as a diagnostic tool for acute nerve injuries, and the next step will be to validate the findings of this study in patients.

    Quotes: “Our recent work provides important insight into the capacity to accurately assess neurologic function in real time. We are excited to continue this body of work, furthering the capacity for important clinical translation,” Dr. Cagle said.

    “For the first time, surgeons now have a readily available intraoperative tool to evaluate the recovery potential of damaged nerves shortly after injury. We hope our findings will help to enhance our capacity to predict recovery and guide surgical intervention, leading the way towards more evidence-based surgical decision-making,” Mr. Schroen said.

    Source:

    Mount Sinai Health System

    Journal reference:

    Schroen, C. A., et al. (2025). Is a Response to Intraoperative Electrical Nerve Stimulation Associated With Recovery After Stretch Injury in the Rat Median Nerve? Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000003672

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  • Universe’s First Magnetic Fields Were As Weak as Human Brain Waves

    Universe’s First Magnetic Fields Were As Weak as Human Brain Waves

    Magnetic fields in the infant Universe may have been incredibly faint, billions of times weaker than a fridge magnet and on par with the activity of neurons in the human brain. Yet, traces of their presence linger across the cosmic web, a vast network of structures connecting galaxies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

    The early Universe hosted ultra-weak magnetic fields that still shaped cosmic structures. New simulations establish stricter limits on their strength.

    Magnetic fields that originated during the earliest moments of the Universe may have been billions of times weaker than the pull of a household fridge magnet, with strengths on the scale of the magnetism produced by neurons in the human brain. Despite being so faint, measurable evidence of these fields can still be detected in the cosmic web, the vast network of structures linking galaxies across the Universe.

    This conclusion comes from a study involving about 250,000 computer simulations carried out by researchers at SISSA (the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste) in collaboration with teams from the Universities of Hertfordshire, Cambridge, Nottingham, Stanford, and Potsdam.

    The simulations were further supported by observational data. Published in Physical Review Letters, the work establishes both potential and upper limits for the strength of primordial magnetic fields and provides new insights into the early Universe, including the processes that shaped the first stars and galaxies.

    A magnetic cosmic web

    “The cosmic web, of which much remains to be discovered, is a filamentary structure connecting the galaxies that permeates the Universe. One of its many unsolved mysteries is why it is magnetized, not only near galaxies, where this might be expected, but also in distant regions that are sparsely populated and constitute the bulk of the cosmic web. This is harder to explain.”

    These comments come from Mak Pavičević, a SISSA PhD student and lead author of the research, and Matteo Viel, his supervisor and co-author of the study.

    “Our hypothesis was that this could be a legacy of events occurring in cosmic epochs during the birth of the Universe, and that magnetism was linked essentially to physical processes in the primordial Universe. For example, the filaments would have become magnetized during the inflation process before the so-called ‘Big Bang’ or through events in later epochs, called phase transitions. This is what we sought to ascertain with our work. We also wished to assess the magnitude of these primordial magnetic fields through our investigations, establishing an upper limit and attempting to measure their strengths.”

    At the origin of the Universe with a quarter of a million simulations

    An international team conducted more than 250,000 computer simulations to investigate the cosmic web and the role of primordial magnetic fields in shaping it. According to Vid Iršič of the University of Hertfordshire, a co-author of the study, “these are the most realistic and largest suite state-of-the-art simulations of the influence of primordial magnetic field on the intergalactic cosmic web.”

    Lead author Mak Pavičević and supervisor Matteo Viel add: “By comparing these simulations with observational data, we saw that our hypotheses were correct. When the influence of primordial fields is included in the picture, the cosmic web looks different and more in agreement with observed data. In particular, we can say that a standard model of the Universe with a very weak magnetic field of around 0.2 nano-gauss actually fits experimental data much better.”

    The magnitude of primordial magnetic fields: a new upper limit

    The scientists have derived a particularly low value for the magnitude of the primordial magnetic fields, establishing a new upper limit several times lower than previously estimated.

    Pavičević and Viel continue: “Our research thus places strict limits on the intensity of magnetic fields formed in the very early moments of the Universe and is consistent with recent results obtained in independent data and studies on the cosmic microwave background.

    The two scientists explain: “This evidence will help us to improve our understanding of events in the early Universe. The magnetic field would have increased the density of the cosmic web, in turn accelerating the process of star and galaxy formation. It will be possible to further validate our results through observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope.”

    Vid Iršič concludes: “Not only will these new limits help us understand the impact of the primordial magnetic fields on the evolution of the Cosmo, but they also hold important implications for other theoretical models that enhance structure formation”.

    Reference: “Constraints on Primordial Magnetic Fields from the Lyman- Forest” by Mak Pavičević, Vid Iršič, Matteo Viel, James S. Bolton, Martin G. Haehnelt, Sergio Martin-Alvarez, Ewald Puchwein and Pranjal Ralegankar, 13 August 2025, Physical Review Letters.
    DOI: 10.1103/77rd-vkpz

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