GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–22.
Article
Google Scholar
Li S, Liu Z, Joseph P, Hu B, Yin L, Tse LA, et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in china: a PURE substudy. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(30):2852–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crea F. The burden of cardiovascular risk factors: a global perspective. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(30):2817–20.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223–49.
Article
Google Scholar
Wang W, Hu M, Liu H, Zhang X, Li H, Zhou F, et al. Global burden of disease study 2019 suggests that metabolic risk factors are the leading drivers of the burden of ischemic heart disease. Cell Metab. 2021;33(10):1943–e19562.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–1645.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rana JS, Nieuwdorp M, Jukema JW, Kastelein JJ. Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome—an interplay of, obesity, inflammation, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007;9(3):218–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daiber A, Hahad O, Andreadou I, Steven S, Daub S, Münzel T. Redox-related biomarkers in human cardiovascular disease—classical footprints and beyond. Redox Biol. 2021;42:101875.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Peterson LR, Gropler RJ. Metabolic and molecular imaging of the diabetic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 2020;126(11):1628–45.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Juszczyk A, Jankowska K, Zawiślak B, Surdacki A, Chyrchel B. Depressed cardiac mechanical energetic efficiency: a contributor to cardiovascular risk in common metabolic diseases-from mechanisms to clinical applications. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2681.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Losi MA, Izzo R, Mancusi C, Wang W, Roman MJ, Lee ET, et al. Depressed myocardial energetic efficiency increases risk of incident heart failure: the strong heart study. J Clin Med. 2019;8(7):1044.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Giusca S, Korosoglou G, Montenbruck M, Geršak B, Schwarz AK, Esch S, et al. Multiparametric early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity using myocardial strain, T1 and T2 mapping, and biochemical markers: a longitudinal cardiac resonance imaging study during 2 years of Follow-Up. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(6):e012459.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ordovas KG, Baldassarre LA, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Carr J, Fernandes JL, Ferreira VM, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in women with cardiovascular disease: position statement from the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2021;23(1):52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kammerlander AA, Donà C, Nitsche C, Koschutnik M, Schönbauer R, Duca F, et al. Feature tracking of global longitudinal strain by using cardiovascular MRI improves risk stratification in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Radiology. 2020;296(2):290–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Voigt JU, Cvijic M. 2- and 3-dimensional myocardial strain in cardiac health and disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(9):1849–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chadalavada S, Fung K, Rauseo E, Lee AM, Khanji MY, Amir-Khalili A, et al. Myocardial strain measured by cardiac magnetic resonance predicts cardiovascular morbidity and death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;84(7):648–59.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bakaeen FG, Gaudino M, Whitman G, Doenst T, Ruel M, Taggart DP, et al. Invited experts. 2021: the American association for thoracic surgery expert consensus document: coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;162(3):829–e8501.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Masrouri S, Moazzeni SS, Cheraghloo N, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. The clinical value of metabolic syndrome and its components with respect to sudden cardiac death using different definitions: two decades of follow-up from the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):269.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Campbell DJ, Somaratne JB, Jenkins AJ, Prior DL, Yii M, Kenny JF, et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome on myocardial structure and microvasculature of men with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;10:80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fratz S, Chung T, Greil GF, Samyn MM, Taylor AM, Valsangiacomo Buechel ER, et al. Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15(1):51.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schulz-Menger J, Bluemke DA, Bremerich J, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, et al. Standardized image interpretation and post-processing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance—2020 update: society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (SCMR): board of trustees task force on standardized Post-Processing. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2020;22(1):19.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang TY, An DA, Fang Y, Zhou H, Yan H, Chen B, et al. Assessment of the prognostic value of MRI left ventricular global function index (LVGFI) in patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance Dialysis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2024;59(6):2275–86.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ma X, Zhu S. Metabolic syndrome in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes–still a matter of debate? Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(5):518–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elnakish MT, Hassanain HH, Janssen PM, Angelos MG, Khan M. Emerging role of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: important role of rac/nadph oxidase. J Pathol. 2013;231(3):290–300.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de las Fuentes L, Yang W, Dávila-Román VG, Gu C. Pathway-based genome-wide association analysis of coronary heart disease identifies biologically important gene sets. Eur J Hum Genet. 2012;20(11):1168–73.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Neeland IJ, Lim S, Tchernof A, Gastaldelli A, Rangaswami J, Ndumele CE, et al. Metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10(1):77.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kolwicz SC Jr, Purohit S, Tian R. Cardiac metabolism and its interactions with contraction, growth, and survival of cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 2013;113(5):603–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mancusi C, de Simone G, Best LG, Wang W, Zhang Y, Roman MJ, et al. Myocardial mechano-energetic efficiency and insulin resistance in non-diabetic members of the strong heart study cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):56.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
de Simone G, Izzo R, Losi MA, Stabile E, Rozza F, Canciello G, et al. Depressed myocardial energetic efficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens. 2016;34(9):1846–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiang L, Wang J, Liu X, Li ZL, Xia CC, Xie LJ, et al. The combined effects of cardiac geometry, microcirculation, and tissue characteristics on cardiac systolic and diastolic function in subclinical diabetes mellitus-related cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2020;320:112–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen Z, Jin ZX, Cai J, Li R, Deng KQ, Ji YX, et al. Energy substrate metabolism and oxidative stress in metabolic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Med (Berl). 2022;100(12):1721–39.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vaillant F, Dehina L, Dizerens N, Bui-Xuan B, Tabib A, Lauzier B, et al. Ivabradine but not propranolol delays the time to onset of ischaemia-induced ventricular fibrillation by preserving myocardial metabolic energy status. Resuscitation. 2013;84(3):384–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Battiprolu PK, Lopez-Crisosto C, Wang ZV, Nemchenko A, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Diabetic cardiomyopathy and metabolic remodeling of the heart. Life Sci. 2013;92(11):609–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borodzicz-Jazdzyk S, de Mooij GW, Vink CEM, van de Wiel MA, Benovoy M, Götte MJW. Stress T1 mapping and quantitative perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected obstructive coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;26:jeaf059.
Article
Google Scholar
Kaolawanich Y, Azevedo CF, Kim HW, Jenista ER, Wendell DC, Chen EL, et al. Native T1 mapping for the diagnosis of myocardial fibrosis in patients with chronic myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(12):2069–79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dąbrowska E, Narkiewicz K. Hypertension and dyslipidemia: the two partners in endothelium-related crime. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2023;25(9):605–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zou KH, O’Malley AJ, Mauri L. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation. 2007;115(5):654–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cook NR. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation. 2007;115(7):928–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levy BI, Schiffrin EL, Mourad JJ, Agostini D, Vicaut E, Safar ME, et al. Impaired tissue perfusion: a pathology common to hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2008;118(9):968–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsimihodimos V, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Meigs JB, Ferrannini E. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus: coprediction and time trajectories. Hypertension. 2018;71(3):422–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Claus P, Omar AMS, Pedrizzetti G, Sengupta PP, Nagel E. Tissue tracking technology for assessing cardiac mechanics: principles, normal values, and clinical applications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(12):1444–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tolvaj M, Fábián A, Tokodi M, Lakatos B, Assabiny A, Ladányi Z, et al. There is more than just longitudinal strain: prognostic significance of biventricular circumferential mechanics. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1082725.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hung CL, Verma A, Uno H, Shin SH, Bourgoun M, Hassanein AH, et al. Longitudinal and circumferential strain rate, left ventricular remodeling, and prognosis after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(22):1812–22.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sengupta PP, Narula J. Reclassifying heart failure: predominantly subendocardial, subepicardial, and transmural. Heart Fail Clin. 2008;4(3):379–82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Subramanian V, Keshvani N, Segar MW, Kondamudi NJ, Chandra A, Maddineni B, et al. Association of global longitudinal strain by feature tracking cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with adverse outcomes among community-dwelling adults without cardiovascular disease: the Dallas heart study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2024;26(2):208–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee WH, Liu YW, Yang LT, Tsai WC. Prognostic value of longitudinal strain of subepicardial myocardium in patients with hypertension. J Hypertens. 2016;34(6):1195–200.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Slivnick JA, Singulane C, Sun D, Eshun D, Narang A, Mazzone S, et al. Preservation of circumferential and radial left ventricular function as a mitigating mechanism for impaired longitudinal strain in early cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2023;36(12):1290–301.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Amzulescu MS, De Craene M, Langet H, Pasquet A, Vancraeynest D, Pouleur AC, et al. Myocardial strain imaging: review of general principles, validation, and sources of discrepancies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(6):605–19.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nakao T, Nakanishi K, Sawada N, Kawahara T, Miyoshi T, Takeuchi M, et al. Racial differences in Age-related changes in left ventricular structural and functional echocardiographic measurements among healthy Japanese and American participants—a subanalysis of the world alliance society of echocardiography normal values study. Circ J. 2024;88(9):1461–71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Osei K, Gaillard T. Disparities in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk factors in blacks and whites: dissecting racial paradox of metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017;8:204.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar