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‘Interstellar visitor’ 3I/ATLAS could be the oldest comet ever seen — and could grow a spectacular tail later this year

The mysterious “interstellar visitor” that was recently spotted whizzing through the solar system may be around 3 billion years older than our cosmic neighborhood, a new study suggests. If confirmed, the alien interloper would be the oldest comet ever seen from Earth. And, if it’s made of what researchers think it is, it may also grow a spectacularly long tail in the coming months.

3I/ATLAS is an interstellar comet, potentially up to 15 miles (24 kilometers) across, that is currently shooting toward the sun at more than 130,000 mph (210,000 km/h). Once it passes its closest point to our home star, or perihelion, in late October, the extrasolar entity will begin its long journey back out of the solar system, before eventually leaving us behind forever.

The cosmic visitor was discovered July 1 and was confirmed as an interstellar object by NASA less than 24 hours later. Ever since, the astronomical community has been racing to uncover as much as they can about the alien comet.

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In a new study, uploaded July 7 to the preprint server arXiv and presented July 11 at the Royal Astronomical Society’s National Astronomy Meeting in Durham, England, researchers used a computer model to simulate where 3I/ATLAS may have originated from. The team found that the comet likely originates from the Milky Way’s “thick disk” — a population of stars located above and below the main disk where the sun and a majority of our galaxy’s stars reside.

Most of the stars in this part of the galaxy are believed to be billions of years older than our solar system, and because comets are made up from the leftovers of the protoplanetary disks that surround new stars, it is highly likely that 3I/ATLAS could be just as old.

Related: Watch newly discovered ‘interstellar visitor’ 3I/ATLAS shoot toward us in first livestream

New simulations show that 3I/ATLAS likely originated from the Milky Way’s thick disk (red lines) before crossing paths with the sun’s trajectory through our galaxy (yellow lines). (Image credit: M. Hopkins/Ōtautahi-Oxford team. Base map: ESA/Gaia/DPAC, Stefan Payne-Wardenaar, CC-BY-SA 4.0)

“Our statistical method suggests that 3I/ATLAS is very likely to be the oldest comet we have ever seen,” study lead author Matthew Hopkins, a doctoral candidate at the University of Oxford in the U.K., said in a statement. However, the new findings have not yet been peer-reviewed, and more observations are needed to determine exactly how old the comet is.

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The study team used a novel computer program, known as the Ōtautahi-Oxford model, which helps predict where interstellar objects (ISOs) come from using data from the European Space Agency’s Gaia space observatory.

Hopkins designed the model while working toward completing his PhD, and he had only finished defending his doctoral thesis on the topic around a week before 3I/ATLAS was discovered, providing an immediate chance to put his theories to the test.

“It’s a fantastic opportunity to test our model on something brand new and possibly ancient,” Hopkins said.

Interstellar origins

3I/ATLAS was discovered on July 1 in images captured by the NASA-funded Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS). (Image credit: ATLAS/University of Hawaii/NASA)

Only two other ISOs have been discovered to date: 1I/’Oumuamua, an asteroid that was discovered in 2017; and 2I/Borisov, a comet spotted in 2019.

Both ‘Oumuamua and Comet Borisov entered the solar system head-on to the sun, relative to our home star’s trajectory through the Milky Way, hinting they come from the galaxy’s main disk. But 3I/ATLAS is coming at us side-on, meaning it has a totally different origin from the previous ISOs.

“This is an object from a part of the galaxy we’ve never seen up close before,” study co-author Chris Lintott, an astronomer at the University of Oxford, said in the statement. “We think there’s a two-thirds chance this comet is older than the solar system, and that it’s been drifting through interstellar space ever since,” he added.

As we collect more data about 3I/ATLAS, the researchers will continue to refine their model to further pinpoint where the alien interloper may have originated from. However, even then, there are limits to how precisely scientists can track its interstellar origins.

“We probably won’t ever be able to pin it down to a single star system,” Aster Taylor, a graduate student at the University of Michigan who was not involved in the new study, previously told Live Science.

A spectacular tail?

Study researchers suspect there is a high chance that 3I/ATLAS will grow a significant cometary tail as it approaches the sun. This photo shows the tail of the “devil comet,” 12P/Pons-Brooks, as it passed by Earth last year. (Image credit: Jan Erik Vallestad)

Understanding where 3I/ATLAS came from can also help researchers predict how it will behave when it shoots past the sun later this year.

Experts predict that planetary systems within the thick disk might have an abundance of water, meaning that 3I/ATLAS could be rich with water ice. If this is the case, it means the comet could likely grow a large cometary tail in the coming months, as the sun vaporizes its outer layers, the researchers wrote.

The cloud of ice, dust and gas that surrounds the comet, known as its coma, could also become much larger, allowing it to reflect more sunlight and appear much brighter to us, making it even more visually stunning as it approaches Earth.

However, the interstellar comet won’t be visible to the naked eye, meaning you will require a decent backyard telescope or a pair of stargazing binoculars to see it for yourself. The best time to see it will likely be in late 2025 and early 2026, the researchers wrote.

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July 15, 2025
Nominees, times, and how to watch the Excellence in Sports Performance Yearly awards ceremony live

The stars of Paris 2024 and the global sporting world are set for a big night on Wednesday (16 July) as the 2025 ESPY (Excellence in Sports Performance Yearly) awards honour the best and brightest in the US and beyond.

The ceremony, which will be hosted by comedian Shane Gillis and held in Los Angeles’ Dolby Theatre, has a star-studded roster of Olympic champion nominees from Team USA, including gymnasts Simone Biles and Suni Lee, track athletics stars Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone and Gabby Thomas, basketball legend Stephen Curry, and footballer Trinity Rodman.

Several awards include nominees from outside the US for their impact on the world of sport, both in North America and around the globe, including Japan’s baseball sensation Shohei Ohtani, Irish golf star Rory McIlroy, and Spanish tennis phenomenon Carlos Alcaraz.

In addition, rapper Busta Rhymes, hip-hop duo Clipse, and rapper and singer Tobe Nwigwe are scheduled to perform at the event.

Read on for the full list of nominees and how to watch live.

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July 15, 2025
Stunning Images and Asteroids Aplenty

The NSF-DOE Rubin Observatory has officially begun its journey to map the universe, and it started with a remarkable feat: capturing over 4,000 asteroids, including 2,100 brand new discoveries, in just ten hours of test imaging. One of the leaders in this groundbreaking effort is Dr. Beth Willman, CEO of the LSST Discovery Alliance, who joined SETI Institute communications specialist Beth Johnson on a special SETI Live to discuss the observatory’s first light, the astonishing data pipeline behind it, and the future of public engagement with Rubin’s unprecedented volume of data.

The Rubin Observatory, located in Chile and supported by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy, is designed to survey the entire southern sky every three nights for ten years, capturing over 20 billion galaxies and trillions of cosmic objects along the way. This massive initiative marks a shift not only in how we observe the cosmos but also in how researchers and the public can participate in discovery.

The Technology Behind the Rubin Observatory

Rubin’s performance during the initial engineering observations exceeded expectations. At the core of the system is the Simonyi Survey Telescope, a rapid-slewing structure paired with a 3.2-gigapixel camera — currently the largest ever built for astronomy. These components work in tandem with an advanced data management system that handles real-time analysis of astronomical images as they’re captured.

Dr. Willman explained how images are read from the camera’s 3.2 billion pixels in just two seconds. From there, the data travels down the Cerro Pachón mountain, through South America, and around the world to international data centers, including SLAC in California. Within minutes, potential asteroid detections are processed and reported to the IAU’s Minor Planet Center.

What makes this system exceptional is not just its speed but its scale. “You’re getting a new image every 40 seconds, every night, for ten years,” Dr. Willman noted. “It’s a huge volume of data, and it has only just begun.”

Cosmic Treasures in a Ten-Hour Test

Among the highlights of the first look were images of the Trifid and Lagoon Nebulae. Another highlight was a stitched mosaic image, created from over 1,100 exposures, covering 15 square degrees of the sky near the Virgo Cluster. It revealed a breathtaking “cosmic treasure chest” of stars, galaxies, and moving objects. The observatory’s sensitivity even allowed the team to detect 2,100 previously unknown asteroids, demonstrating Rubin’s potential to significantly enhance planetary defense.

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July 15, 2025
Spacecraft can navigate using light from just two stars – Physics World

Exit strategy Artist’s impression of New Horizons as it flew past Pluto in 2015. (Courtesy: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)

NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft has been used to demonstrate simple interstellar navigation by measuring the parallax of just two stars. An international team was able to determine the location and heading of the spacecraft using observations made from space and the Earth.

Developed by an international team of researchers, the technique could one day be used by other spacecraft exploring the outermost regions of the solar system or even provide navigation for the first truly interstellar missions.

New Horizons visited the Pluto system in 2015 and has now passed through the Kuiper Belt in the outermost solar system.

Now, NOIRLab‘s Tod Lauer and colleagues have created a navigation technique for the spacecraft by choosing two of the nearest stars for parallax measurements. These are Proxima Centauri, which is just 4.2 light–years away, and Wolf 359 at 7.9 light–years. On 23 April 2020, New Horizons imaged star-fields containing the two stars, while on Earth astronomers did the same.

At that time, New Horizons was 47.1 AU (seven billion kilometres) from Earth, as measured by NASA’s Deep Space Network. The intention was to replicate that distance determination using parallax.

Difficult measurement

The 47.1 AU separation between Earth and New Horizons meant that each vantage point observed Proxima and Wolf 359 in a slightly different position relative to the background stars. This displacement is the parallax angle, which the observations showed to be 32.4 arcseconds for Proxima and 15.7 arcseconds for Wolf 359 at the time of measurement.

By applying simple trigonometry using the parallax angle and the known distance to the stars, it should be relatively straightforward to triangulate New Horizons’ position. In practice, however, the team struggled to make it work. It was the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, and finding observatories that were still open and could perform the observations on the required night was not easy.

Edward Gomez, of the UK’s Cardiff University and the international Las Cumbres Observatory, recalls the efforts made to get the observations. “Tod Lauer contacted me saying that these two observations were going to be made, and was there any possibility that I could take them with the Las Cumbres telescope network?” he tells Physics World.

In the end, Gomez was able to image Proxima with Las Cumbres’ telescope at Siding Spring in Australia. Meanwhile, Wolf 359 was observed by the University of Louisville’s Manner Telescope at Mount Lemmon Observatory in Arizona. At the same time, New Horizons’ Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) took pictures of both stars, and all three observations were analysed using a 3D model of the stellar neighbourhood based on data from the European Space Agency’s star-measuring Gaia mission.

The project was more a proof-of-concept than an accurate determination of New Horizons’ position and heading, with the team describing the measurements as “educational”.

“The reason why we call it an educational measurement is because we don’t have a high degree of, first, precision, and secondly, reproducibility, because we’ve got a small number of measurements, and they weren’t amazingly precise,” says Gomez. “But they still demonstrate the parallax effect really nicely.”

New Horizons position was calculated to within 0.27 AU, which is not especially useful for navigating towards a trans-Neptunian object. The measurements were also able to ascertain New Horizon’s heading to an accuracy of 0.4°, relative to the precise value derived from Deep Space Network signals.

Just two stars

But the fact that only two stars were needed is significant, explains Gomez. “The good thing about this method is just having two close stars as our reference stars. The handed-down wisdom normally is that you need loads and loads [of stars], but actually you just need two and that’s enough to triangulate your position.”

There are more accurate ways to navigate, such as pulsar measurements, but these require more complex and larger instrumentation on a spacecraft – not just an optical telescope and a camera. While pulsar navigation has been demonstrated on the International Space Station in low-Earth orbit, this is the first time that any method of interstellar navigation has been demonstrated for a much more distant spacecraft.

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New Horizons probe may have observed light from decaying dark matter

Today, more than five years after the parallax observations, New Horizons is still speeding out of the solar system. It has cleared the Kuiper Belt and today is 61 AU from Earth.

When asked if the parallax measurements will be made again under better circumstances Gomez replied. “I hope so. Now that we’ve written a paper in The Astronomical Journal that’s getting some interest, hopefully we can reproduce it, but nothing has been planned so far.”

In a way, the parallax measurements have brought Gomez full-circle. “When I was doing [high school] mathematics more years ago than I care to remember, I was a massive Star Trek fan and I did a three-dimensional interstellar navigation system as my mathematics project!”

Now here he is, as part of a team using the stars to guide our own would-be interstellar emissary.

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July 15, 2025
OpenEvidence, the Fastest-Growing Application for Physicians in History, Announces $210 Million Round at $3.5 Billion Valuation

OpenEvidence also announces the wide release of OpenEvidence DeepConsult™—the first AI agent purpose-built for physicians

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., July 15, 2025 /PRNewswire/ — OpenEvidence, the most widely used medical search and AI application among verified U.S. clinicians, today announced a $210 million Series B round at a $3.5 Billion valuation. Google Ventures and Kleiner Perkins co-led the Series B round. Sequoia Capital, which led OpenEvidence’s Series A round earlier in 2025, followed on in this round. The round also included investments from Coatue, Conviction, and Thrive. OpenEvidence has raised more than $300 million since its founding.

OpenEvidence helps clinicians make high-stakes clinical decisions at the point of care.
OpenEvidence is redefining evidence-based medicine in real-time and transforming how frontline healthcare providers access, evaluate, and apply the world’s medical knowledge. OpenEvidence is actively used across more than 10,000 hospitals and medical centers nationwide and by more than 40% of physicians in the United States who log in daily to make high-stakes clinical decisions at the point of care. OpenEvidence continues to grow by over 65,000 new verified U.S. clinician registrations each month. In July of 2024, OpenEvidence supported approximately 358,000 logged-in, verified U.S. physician consultations in one month. One year later, OpenEvidence now handles that many each workday—and supports over 8,500,000 clinical consultations by logged-in, verified U.S. physicians per month—a 2,000%+ year-over-year growth rate. More than 100 million Americans this year will be treated by a doctor who used OpenEvidence.

Clinicians are overwhelmed by information overload, with the volume of medical research published annually doubling every five years. Traditional medical evidence databases are slow, fragmented across multiple platforms, and require extensive manual searching that pulls physicians away from patient care. Through an array of strategic content partnerships (including the American Medical Association, The New England Journal of Medicine, The Journal of the American Medical Association, and all eleven JAMA specialty journals—such as JAMA Oncology and JAMA Neurology) OpenEvidence gives clinicians the power to search once, skip the scavenger hunt, and surface the science in seconds. Clinicians using OpenEvidence (which is HIPAA compliant) can input clinical questions or patient case details and receive point-of-care answers grounded in the latest research, complete with references and even follow-up suggestions. OpenEvidence rapidly surfaces relevant medical knowledge, synthesizes medical research, and gives clinicians the power to make faster, more evidence-based decisions—accelerating both medical literature review and clinical decision support. By reducing the lag between new evidence and bedside application, OpenEvidence enables improved patient outcomes.

“At a time when U.S. healthcare faces the dual challenges of clinician burnout and a projected physician shortfall of nearly 100,000 by 2030, the question of AI’s role in bridging the gap is paramount,” says Daniel Nadler, founder of OpenEvidence. “When physicians’ lives are hard, patients’ lives are harder. OpenEvidence’s commitment to building an AI copilot for clinicians is rooted in the belief that AI will be a force for good in the world, ultimately benefiting both healthcare professionals and the patients they serve. Physicians are superheroes, and OpenEvidence is giving these superheroes new superpowers.”

“Daniel Nadler is a magnet for talent, attracting top AI researchers and a world-class medical advisory board,” said Sangeen Zeb, General Partner at Google Ventures. “As a firm with a life sciences team largely composed of physicians and scientists, we deeply understand the challenges clinicians face with traditional tools. Physicians are drowning in information but starving for timely insights. OpenEvidence changes that equation, bringing clinicians into the modern era. As early investors in Daniel’s first company, Kensho, GV has been privileged to know him for over a decade. He is a once-in-a-generation founder building one of the fastest-growing technology applications ever seen.”

Legendary investor and Kleiner Perkins Chairman John Doerr—who co-led Google’s original Series A and has served on its board since 1999—said, “It’s hard to imagine a better use for AI than OpenEvidence. Daniel Nadler and his world-class team are building what I believe will become an AI-era treasure, a life-saving resource for doctors, patients, and their families. I can’t imagine the future without it.”

“It’s exceptionally rare to see a product reach this level of adoption—let alone among physicians, who are notoriously hard to win over and exacting in what they trust—and the fact that 40% of all physicians in the United States log in daily to OpenEvidence’s software is a staggering signal of both trust and utility,” said Mamoon Hamid, Managing Partner at Kleiner Perkins. “OpenEvidence is not just building a company, they’re setting a new global standard for how evidence-based medical decisions are made. We’re proud to support a mission with this kind of generational ambition.”

OpenEvidence has announced key strategic content partnerships with the American Medical Association (JAMA) and The New England Journal of Medicine so that full-text content and multimedia from the global gold standards of medical knowledge are used to inform answers in OpenEvidence—giving physicians, medical researchers, and healthcare professionals faster access to clinically relevant evidence to improve patient outcomes and save lives.

Robert M. Wachter, MD, Chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF and author of the upcoming book, A Giant Leap: How AI is Transforming Healthcare and What That Means for Our Future, said, “Thus far, the digital transformation of healthcare has mostly fallen short in its efforts to deliver trusted, evidence-based clinical decision support to clinicians when they need it most. The partnership between the American Medical Association, a cornerstone of medical research and analysis for more than a century, and OpenEvidence, my preferred platform for AI-powered clinical insights, represents a significant step toward fulfilling that promise. I’m confident that both clinicians and patients will benefit.”

OpenEvidence, founded by Harvard– and MIT-trained PhDs, also today announced the wide release of OpenEvidence DeepConsult™, the first AI agent purpose-built for physicians. DeepConsult empowers every physician with a personal, private team of PhD-level, medically-specialized AI agents built by OpenEvidence—capable of conducting advanced medical research while the physician steps away, whether to see the next patient, take a lunch break, or get some rest. OpenEvidence DeepConsult agents use advanced reasoning models to autonomously analyze and cross-reference hundreds of peer-reviewed medical studies in parallel—surfacing not just direct answers, but novel, cross-cutting connections across the literature that might otherwise go unnoticed. The result is an evidence-based synthesis: An integrative, interdisciplinary understanding distilled from hundreds of peer-reviewed medical studies—what would otherwise take a human researcher months of painstaking effort to produce for a single clinical topic.

While OpenEvidence’s core search product is designed for speed—returning precise, evidence-based answers in the 5–10 seconds physicians often have between patients—DeepConsult addresses a different kind of clinical use case: when physicians have more time to ramp up on a new body of knowledge. A physician can pose a complex question before heading to lunch—and return to a comprehensive PhD-level research report in their inbox by the time they get back. This marks a new era of medical productivity: tireless, agentic assistants—PhD-level research intelligence, never tired, never off-duty—reasoning at unprecedented scale, uncovering insights, unlocking new knowledge, and reshaping the future of care.

Each DeepConsult run requires over 100 times the compute and cost of a standard OpenEvidence search. Some leading foundation model companies have publicly speculated about charging tens of thousands of dollars per month for their envisioned PhD‑level agents that are still under development. Yet as part of its mission to support physicians at the point of care, OpenEvidence is offering DeepConsult entirely free to all verified U.S. clinicians—regardless of their institution or workplace.

OpenEvidence will use the funding to expand strategic content partnerships that enhance its library of advanced medical knowledge. OpenEvidence was founded by serial entrepreneur Daniel Nadler, founder of Kensho. Kensho became the most valuable artificial intelligence company of the 2010s when S&P Global acquired it for $700 million in 2018. Google Ventures was the first major investor in Kensho, funding the company while Daniel Nadler was completing his PhD at Harvard University. In 2025, OpenEvidence founder Daniel Nadler was named to the TIME100 Health list of the 100 Most Influential People in global health.

About OpenEvidence

OpenEvidence is the fastest-growing clinical decision support platform in the United States, and the most widely used medical search engine among U.S. clinicians. Trusted by hundreds of thousands of verified physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, OpenEvidence is actively used across more than 10,000 hospitals and medical centers nationwide and by over 40% of physicians in the United States who log in daily to make high-stakes clinical decisions at the point of care.

OpenEvidence continues to grow by over 65,000 new verified U.S. clinician registrations each month. Aside from Google itself, there has never been a piece of technology adopted by clinicians as quickly as OpenEvidence. OpenEvidence is transforming how frontline healthcare providers access, evaluate, and apply the world’s medical knowledge. More than 100 million Americans this year will be treated by a doctor who used OpenEvidence.

OpenEvidence was founded by Daniel Nadler and Zachary Ziegler. Founded with the mission to organize and expand global medical knowledge, OpenEvidence is redefining evidence-based medicine in real-time. In recognition of this impact, in 2025, OpenEvidence founder Daniel Nadler, PhD, was named to the TIME100 Health list of the 100 Most Influential People in global health.

SOURCE OpenEvidence

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July 15, 2025
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