Blog

  • Blood test detects early signs of Alzheimer’s in middle age

    Blood test detects early signs of Alzheimer’s in middle age

    A Finnish population study shows that signs related to Alzheimer’s disease may already be found in the brain in middle age. In the future, blood-based biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease could allow earlier detection of the disease. This would allow preventive treatment to be targeted at the right individuals while the disease is still at the mild stage.

    As the population ages, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementing diseases are becoming more common. The disease processes leading to symptoms begin years or even decades before any decline in cognitive functions, such as memory, becomes apparent.

    A study conducted at the University of Turku in Finland found that even middle-aged individuals may have high levels of blood-based biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease, and the levels are higher with increasing age.

    A novel finding was that a high biomarker concentration in the parent, particularly mother, may be associated with higher biomarker levels in the middle-aged offspring. In addition, the researchers found that kidney disease may be linked to higher levels of biomarkers already in middle-age.

    The APOE ε4 gene, which increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, was associated with higher blood-based biomarker levels in older age, but not yet in middle age.

    A blood sample will help diagnose Alzheimer’s disease in the future

    Recently, it has become possible to identify biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease through a blood sample. In the future, this offers a cost-effective method for identifying those at greatest risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and prioritising them for preventive treatments.

    “In clinical practice, detecting beta-amyloid pathology associated with Alzheimer’s disease currently requires imaging studies or cerebrospinal fluid sampling. However, recently developed ultrasensitive measurement technologies now allow the detection of Alzheimer’s disease-related brain biomarkers from blood samples,” says Suvi Rovio, Senior Researcher at the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine at the University of Turku, who led the study.

    It is not yet possible to definitively diagnose Alzheimer’s disease with a blood sample, as the method is still limited by the lack of well-known reference values. Additionally, it remains unclear which confounding factors influence biomarker concentrations in blood related to Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, the interpretations of the biomarkers obtained from blood sample could lead to misdiagnosis.

    “In order to reliably use blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis in the future, more research is needed across different population and age groups to standardize reference values,” highlights Rovio.

    In the study, biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease were measured from blood samples of middle-aged participants (aged 41-56) and their parents (aged 59-90), with a total sample size of 2,051 individuals.

    Until now, brain biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease have mainly been studied in older individuals. Our study provides new insights into biomarker levels and associated factors starting from middle age.”


    Marja Heiskanen, Senior Researcher, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku

    The study is part of the national Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study coordinated by the Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine at the University of Turku in Finland. The research results have been published in the Lancet Healthy Longevity.

    Source:

    Turun yliopisto (University of Turku)

    Journal reference:

    Heiskanen, M. A., et al. (2025). Factors related to blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases and their intergenerational associations in the Young Finns Study: a cohort study. The Lancet Healthy Longevity. doi.org/10.1016/j.lanhl.2025.100717.

    Continue Reading

  • Trump threatens Russia’s trade unless Ukraine peace deal is reached

    Trump threatens Russia’s trade unless Ukraine peace deal is reached

    U.S. President Donald Trump, flanked by Vice President JD Vance and U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, meets with NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte in the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, D.C., U.S., July 14, 2025.

    Nathan Howard | Reuters

    President Donald Trump on Monday threatened to impose “secondary tariffs” on Russia’s trade partners “at about 100%” if President Vladimir Putin does not agree to a deal to end his invasion of Ukraine in 50 days.

    “We’re very, very unhappy with them, and we’re going to be doing very severe tariffs, if you don’t have a deal in 50 days, tariffs at about 100%, they call them secondary tariffs,” Trump said from the White House while meeting with NATO’s secretary general, Mark Rutte.

    The president said that he is “disappointed” with Putin, because he thought they would have had a deal months ago.

    If a ceasefire deal is not reached by September, said Trump, “we’re going to be doing secondary tariffs.”

    Trump also announced Monday that the United States would send “billions of dollars worth of military equipment” purchased from American companies, paid for by European countries and delivered to NATO allies to be sent on to Ukraine.

    Trump’s announcement — coupled with the secondary tariff threat against Russia — marks a shift in the president’s support for Ukraine, and underscores his growing frustration with the Russian leader.

    Read more CNBC politics coverage

    Trump’s secondary tariffs would impose levies on the countries and entities that buy Russia’s exports.

    They could take an especially heavy toll on countries that rely on Russian fossil fuels as part of their energy plan, like China, India, Brazil and Turkiye.

    This is not the first time that Trump has threatened to impose “secondary tariffs” on Russia over its ongoing war with Ukraine.

    It’s also not the first time that Trump has issued such a warning against an adversary.

    Trump in March said that countries that buy oil and gas from Venezuela will face a 25% levy, and in May he threatened to impose similar levies on countries that import Iranian oil.

    The “secondary tariffs” on Venezuela have squeezed China particularly hard as the largest importer of Venezuela oil.

    But Trump’s Monday comments escalate his threat against Russia with a deadline in September.

    In March, Trump said that, “If Russia and I are unable to make a deal on stopping the bloodshed in Ukraine… and if I think it was Russia’s fault, I am going to put secondary tariffs on oil, on all oil coming out of Russia.”

    It was unclear Monday what products would be impacted by Trump’s latest secondary tariff threat.

    Continue Reading

  • High Pneumococcal Disease Burden Persists Among Adults Over 65

    High Pneumococcal Disease Burden Persists Among Adults Over 65

    There remains a continuous unmet need among French adults 65 or over as the pneumococcal disease (PD) burden remains substantial among this population, according to a study published in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.1 The researchers’ results helped them provide support for the recent recommendation change of increasing pneumococcal vaccination ages to all patients 65 and over.

    “PD affects people of all ages, but young children (≤5 years of age, and especially those ≤2 years of age) and adults ≥65 years of age are at higher risk of PD or experiencing severe disease than other age groups,” wrote authors of the study. “Furthermore, adults with underlying medical conditions (UMCs), including chronic diseases or immunocompromising illnesses, have a higher likelihood of developing PD than those without UMCs, potentially leading to greater rates of hospitalization and mortality.”

    PD, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, can be categorized as either invasive (e.g., meningitis, bacteremia, and bacteremic pneumonia), or noninvasive (e.g., bronchitis, otitis media, and sinusitis), according to study authors. | image credit: Ольга Лукьяненко / stock.adobe.com

    While PD is known to impact at-risk populations, it too is manifested in 2 different types: invasive and noninvasive PD.1 However, when it comes to staying protected against either PD, both types are significantly prominent amongst populations. In a study published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, researchers reported that both invasive and noninvasive PD remained significantly substantial from 2010 to 2018.2

    READ MORE: Pneumococcal Vaccine Rates Low Despite Updated Recommendations

    Furthermore, focusing specifically on noninvasive PD, additional research shows that noninvasive pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia remains a significant burden despite widespread introduction of pneumococcal vaccines. This study explored data from January 1990 to March 2021.3

    Researchers of the current study, however, focused on the overall PD burden within a specific location: France. The current standard of care for preventing PD among medium- or high-risk adults since 2023 has been the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20). In January 2025, the PCV20 recommendation was expanded to all adults 65 years or older.1

    Despite data from the current study showing low rates of pneumococcal vaccination at 4.5% in 2018, those rates have since recovered, reported at 19% of patients in France from 2016 to 2022.4 Amid the ongoing trends in PD and pneumococcal vaccination rates, researchers assessed patients’ PD burden in France over a 4-year time period.

    “To understand the extent of PD and its impact on public health, an assessment of the current PD landscape in France is considered crucial,” continued the authors.1 “This retrospective cohort study used data from the national health care data system to assess pneumococcal vaccination patterns and vaccine coverage and estimate the clinical and economic burden of PD in adults ≥18 years of age in France, by age group and by health risk status.”

    The researchers’ cohort study consisted of adults in France 18 or older from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2018. To determine the official PD burden in France, they estimated in-patient PD incidence and the factors associated with mortality among this population.

    The study consisted of 2 separate cohorts. Patients with UMCs, whether they had PD or not, were considered the “UMC population.” Those with PD leading to hospitalization were included in the “in-patient PD population” group. The final cohort analysis included a total of 7,947,622 patients in the UMC population (mean age, 65 years; 50.8% women) and 41,885 in the in-patient PD population group (59.6% were 65 or older).

    “From 2015 to 2018, there was a notable increase in the absolute number of in-patient PD episodes, indicating a growing burden of PD among French adults,” they wrote.1 “The highest incidence of in-patient PD episodes was observed among adults ≥65 years of age (regardless of risk group) and among adults with UMCs.”

    For the UMC population, the incidence rate of in-patient PD episodes was 121.98 per 100,000 person-years. The incidence rate of in-patient IPD on the overall study population was 4.82 episodes per 100,000 person-years. Furthermore, collectively observing the overall population, individuals with at least 1 UMC held a 15-fold increased risk of in-patient IPD.

    With a persistent PD burden in this area of the world, despite expanded vaccine technology, this study reinforces the need for a revamp of France’s immunization efforts for pneumococcal diseases. As at-risk groups go unvaccinated and older adults experience increased hospitalization, the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate management, and targeted preventive strategies has been increasing substantially within the PD space.

    “Our findings support the recent expansion of vaccination to all individuals ≥65 years of age, regardless of health risk status,” concluded the authors.1 “The role of further preventive measures against PD, such as the implementation of health insurance vouchers and the simultaneous administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines for older adults, are important areas of future inquiry.”

    READ MORE: Pneumococcal Resource Center

    Are you ready to elevate your pharmacy practice? Sign up today for our free Drug Topics newsletter and get the latest drug information, industry trends, and patient care tips, straight to your inbox.

    References
    1. Bailey MD, Farge G, Mohanty S, et al. Clinical burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in France: a retrospective cohort study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2025;21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2025.2515760
    2. López-Lacort M, Amini M, Emborg HD, et al. Incidence of invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalizations in people aged ≥50 years: assessing variability across Denmark and Spain. J Infect Dis. 2024;230(3):e559-e567. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiae088
    3. Lansbury L, Lim B, McKeever TM, et al. Non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia due to vaccine serotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Jan 24;44:101271. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101271.
    4. Rolland S, Nguyen LL, Descamps A, et al. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccine coverage among adults hospitalised with acute respiratory infection in France: a prospective cohort study. IJID. 2025;153:107811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107811

    Continue Reading

  • Man Utd fan admits slapping Man City’s Jack Grealish at derby

    Man Utd fan admits slapping Man City’s Jack Grealish at derby

    PA Media Footballer Jack Grealish runs on a football pitch. He is wearing a sky blue Manchester City jersey with long sleeves underneath it. PA Media

    Alfie Holt claims Jack Grealish insulted him before the assault

    A Manchester United fan has admitted assaulting Manchester City player Jack Grealish by slapping his face after he claimed the footballer insulted him.

    Alfie Holt, 20, pleaded guilty to a single count of assault on Grealish, who he said had called him ugly and a swear word after the Manchester Derby on 6 April, Manchester Magistrates’ Court heard.

    Holt, a Manchester United season ticket holder in the Stretford End, was given a three-year Football Banning Order and ordered to pay a £120 fine.

    The defendant, of Droylsden, Tameside, told the court: “I did not expect [Grealish] to say what he said to me and I have reacted. I regret it. That’s it.”

    Shazia Aslam, prosecuting, told the court Grealish was leaving the field after the Manchester Derby at Old Trafford, which was always a “contentious affair”.

    “Both sets of fans were very vocal, shouting abusive comments to rival players,” Ms Aslam said.

    The court heard that as players left the field, heading for the tunnel, Holt stood very close by, shouting abuse at City players.

    Grealish then heard Holt’s comments and walked back towards him before they had an “exchange of words”, she said.

    “As the complainant walks away, the defendant slaps the complainant across the face.”

    She said there was no injury and Holt had been arrested outside the stadium.

    In a witness statement, Grealish told police he could not hear what the defendant was shouting due to the crowd noise, so he walked towards him and tried to engage in conversation and leaned in to speak to him.

    He said he was still unable to hear, so he moved to walk away when he was slapped.

    ‘Vulnerable players’

    After his arrest, Holt told police he had been drinking before the game “in town” and went to the match with his father.

    He said he had been shouting abuse at City players, including Phil Foden, who had ignored him.

    He then shouted an insult at Grealish, who reacted and a “verbal altercation took place,” the court heard.

    Holt told police he had “flipped” when Grealish had insulted him back and he reached out and slapped the footballer.

    Magistrates were shown a brief clip of the incident, which had no sound.

    Ms Aslam said: “The defendant uses force against a player. Players are extremely vulnerable to this sort of conduct and need to be protected.”

    Melanie Winstantley, defending, said Holt had no previous convictions and had never been arrested before, so the incident was completely out of character for him.

    She said his Manchester United season ticket, which he had for 12 years, had already been revoked, which was a “significant punishment” to him.

    “He’s admitted what he’s done, he’s owned what he’s done. It’s a very minor assault,” she said.

    Reuters A view from outside Old Trafford stadium. A red sign at the top of the stadium reads 'Manchester United'. Reuters

    Holt assaulted Grealish after the Manchester derby at Old Trafford

    Ms Winstanley told the court Grealish had “doubled back” after going into the tunnel to speak to Holt.

    She added: “He didn’t have to do that. It’s not unusual for players and fans to engage in banter at football matches.

    “I’m not trying to excuse the behaviour.”

    Passing sentence, chairwoman of the magistrates’ bench Jill Hodges told Holt she accepted he had pleaded guilty and he appeared to regret his actions, but there must be “punishment and deterrence” for such behaviour.

    He was also ordered to pay £85 costs and a surcharge of £48.

    The court heard fines could not be deducted from Holt’s Personal Independence Payments, so his parents, who he lives with, agreed to pay them in full within 28 days.

    Continue Reading

  • European shares end lower as Trump's tariff threats keep markets on edge – Reuters

    1. European shares end lower as Trump’s tariff threats keep markets on edge  Reuters
    2. EUR/USD steady amid US-EU trade tensions and EU countermeasure proposal  FXStreet
    3. FTSE 100 hovers near record highs as investors monitor tariffs, rate path  Reuters
    4. Stocks diverge after Trump’s latest tariff warning  ttownmedia.com
    5. Financial markets calm, economy tense  evidencenetwork.ca

    Continue Reading

  • Phase II Trial Supports SRT as Alternative to WBRT in SCLC

    Phase II Trial Supports SRT as Alternative to WBRT in SCLC

    Patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) that has metastasized to the brain were safely and successfully treated with targeted stereotactic radiation (SRT) rather than whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in a phase II trial, demonstrating the practicality of a less-invasive approach for patients with limited brain metastases. Findings from the study were recently published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology

    “Despite being the historical standard, [WBRT] might not be necessary for all patients,” stated first author Ayal Aizer, MD, MHS, Director of Central Nervous System Radiation Oncology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “Our findings demonstrate that targeted, brain-directed radiation may be a viable treatment for patients with limited brain metastases from [SCLC] and potentially spare them from the side effects of [WBRT].” 

    Study Methods and Rationale 

    Although WBRT is known to cause significant long-term adverse effects, it is still the standard approach for patients with SCLC and brain metastases due to a lack of prospective data supporting stereotactic approaches and concerns for neurologic death without whole-brain radiation. 

    Investigators from Mass General Brigham conducted a single-arm, multicenter phase II trial to explore possible neurologic death rates for patients with SCLC and brain metastases when receiving SRT compared with historical WBRT controls. Patients were eligible for the study if they had 1 to 10 brain metastases. Prior brain-directed radiation therapy was not allowed in the study. 

    A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study between February 2018 and April 2023. Participants had a median of two brain metastases. 

    Key Study Findings 

    A total of 20 neurologic deaths and 64 non-neurologic deaths were reported with SRT. The median overall survival was 10.2 months and only 22% of patients required salvage WBRT. 

    The neurologic death rate was 11.0% at 12 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.8%–18.1%); the historical rate for patients managed with WBRT was 17.5% at 12 months. 

    “These results support a shift toward more personalized, targeted treatment approaches that can help maintain quality of life while effectively managing brain metastases,” Dr. Aizer said. “By avoiding [WBRT] in select patients, we may be able to improve quality of life and reduce cognitive side effects without compromising outcomes.” 

    Disclosure: For full disclosures of the study authors, visit ascopubs.org.  

    Continue Reading

  • Safety Runs Point as NBA Summer League Returns to UNLV

    Safety Runs Point as NBA Summer League Returns to UNLV

    If you’ve been near the Thomas & Mack Center (TMC) in the last few days, you may have noticed some exciting activity. The 2025 NBA Summer League, one of the NBA’s marquee events, is back. From now until July 20, Las Vegas will turn once again into the hub for professional basketball’s off-season. 

    But long before the players take the court, another kind of team is hard at work, expertly preparing for the event’s intense demands. Behind the blare of the buzzer and the roar of the crowd is a critical partnership between UNLV’s Risk Management & Safety (RMS) department and TMC operations staff. Their game plan? Protect the well-being of employees working long hours in one of the hottest months of the year, all while creating an exciting and safe environment for visitors, professional players, and students.

    “RMS, in particular Occupational Safety & Health’s, role is to support Thomas & Mack employees by providing resources and guidance to help keep them safe, with a particular focus on heat illness prevention planning,” says Julie Moos, occupational safety program manager.

    The NBA Summer League at UNLV: A Short History

    Every July since 2004, the NBA Summer League transforms the Maryland campus into the epicenter of basketball’s future. Over 150,000 fans descend on campus for 11 days of nonstop action in back-to-back games featuring all 30 NBA teams showcasing their newest talent. Eager rookies, G-League players, and unsigned prospects battle it out on the court from morning to night, looking to make their mark. For local basketball enthusiasts, it’s a unique opportunity to witness rising stars and future MVPs before they make it big. But for RMS and TMC leadership, it’s a reminder that while the action heats up inside, the relentless Las Vegas summer poses serious risks for those working behind the scenes.

    “Summer League in July brings challenges with the heat both inside on our systems and outside with our staff,” says Michael Newcomb, executive director of the Thomas & Mack Center. “Having the support from RMS, in conjunction with our external management and supervisor team, is very important to us and the staff.”

    The Preparation, The Training, The Commitment

    As temperatures soar, so do the risks of heat-related illness. To combat this, Occupational Safety & Health, in partnership with TMC, has built a proactive, months-long preparation process that kicks off each spring.

    “We start planning in April,” says Moos. “Given the scale of the NBA Summer League and the number of Thomas & Mack staff required to work outdoors, we recognized their elevated risk of heat exposure. We must take additional precautions to help protect their health and safety during the event.”

    Preparation for the NBA Summer League extends beyond UNLV. Its impact and visibility demand a citywide and statewide collaborative effort.

    “The Vegas Summer League meets months before the event starts, working with local law enforcement, federal agencies, and other interested parties to ensure a safe event,” says Event Manager & Parking Services Manager Domonick Lovitz. 

    Safety whiz Dan Bollard instructs staff on the perils of dehydration. (Josh Hawkins/UNLV)

    More than 45 staff members are trained by OSH, including security officers manning metal detectors, ticket takers at the doors, parking staff, traffic control, and custodians emptying trash and cleaning up grounds outside. Each staff member receives several hours of workplace safety protocol training that goes beyond the basics. It emphasizes scenario-based learning, practical application, prevention strategies (e.g., proper hydration, rest breaks, acclimatization), equipment-specific training for boom lifts and forklifts for the production staff, and real-time decision-making. 

    For example, parking attendants are directed to arrive early, check in at designated shade tents, receive hydration supplies, and get a briefing on the day’s schedule and safety reminders. 

    “All external staff are trained in heat-related issues, told what to wear, and provided proper safety equipment,” says Newcomb.

    Supervisors rotate teams through scheduled cooling breaks, and RMS teams are on-site and on-call for support throughout the event.

    “We emphasize open communication by encouraging staff to report safety concerns early to cultivate a proactive safety culture during this high-risk season,” says Moos.

    In addition to classroom sessions, OSH conducts site assessments, helps implement cooling stations for parking lot attendants, and supplies cooling fans, towels, and electrolyte drinks. They also help staff develop heat break rotations and emergency response protocols, all essential tools for safe and successful events.

    “The training and support we receive from RMS is year-round,” says Lovitz. “We meet quarterly as part of our safety committee, and their partnership ensures we’re constantly improving and prioritizing safety at every event we host.”

    Heat Safety Is a Community Responsibility

    Last year, Southern Nevada recorded 294 heat-related deaths and over 2,200 emergency department visits. These sobering statistics serve as a reminder that heat safety is more than an operational concern — it’s a community health issue.

    “The excessive heat we experience in Las Vegas is not something to be taken lightly,” says Moos. “These numbers highlight the critical need for awareness, planning, and prevention to keep our workforce safe during extreme heat conditions.”

    At UNLV, the commitment to prevention through education, preparation, and cross-departmental relationships is setting a gold standard.

    A Partnership That Grows Stronger Every Year

    The collaboration between RMS and TMC is built on years of mutual trust and commitment to continuous improvement. It’s a proactive relationship with one goal—safety.

    “Our partnership with RMS is essential,” says Lovitz. 

    For the RMS team, safety isn’t just a box to check. It’s a pledge to people. Whether it’s a parking attendant braving the heat or an event coordinator managing the crowd, the goal is the same: make sure every staff member finishes their shift safe and healthy.

    So, while fans cheer courtside, players deliver highlight-reel dunks, and coaches push for excellence, there’s a powerful team behind the scenes making it all possible. A dedicated network of safety experts, venue veterans, and passionate leaders working tirelessly to ensure the NBA Summer League isn’t just thrilling — it’s a model of preparation, protection, and care. In a city known for high stakes, their commitment ensures that safety always wins.

    Continue Reading

  • Cooper Koch Joins ‘Artificial’ Movie From Luca Guadagnino At Amazon

    Cooper Koch Joins ‘Artificial’ Movie From Luca Guadagnino At Amazon

    EXCLUSIVE: Monsters breakout Cooper Koch has closed a deal to join Anora breakout Yura Borisov and Andrew Garfield in Artificial, Luca Guadagnino’s new AI-themed feature for Amazon MGM Studios.

    No word on the role Koch is playing, and official plot details for the film are being kept under wraps, although it’s described as a comedic drama set in the world of artificial intelligence. While unconfirmed, sources say the film revolves around the period at the artificial intelligence company OpenAI in 2023 that saw CEO Sam Altman fired and rehired in a matter of days.

    Related Stories

    Taylor Kitsch

    Simon Rich wrote the script and will produce alongside Heyday Films’ David Heyman and Jeffrey Clifford, as well as Jennifer Fox. The project was first announced in early June.

    Koch is coming off a Golden Globe nomination for his turn as Erik Menendez in Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story, the latest critically acclaimed season of the true-crime anthology Monster from Ryan Murphy and Ian Brennan, which debuted at #1 on Netflix and on the Nielsen Streaming Chart, racking up billions of minutes viewed. The actor has also been seen in the Peacock/Blumhouse slasher They/Them, opposite Kevin Bacone, as well as the indie Swallowed directed by Carter Smith.

    Monica Barbaro remain in talks to star in Artificial. Koch is represented by UTA, Strand Entertainment, and Hansen, Jacobson, Teller.

    Continue Reading

  • LIGO Detects Most Massive Black Hole Merger to Date

    LIGO Detects Most Massive Black Hole Merger to Date

    The LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) Collaboration has detected the merger of the most massive black holes ever observed with gravitational waves using the US National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded LIGO observatories. The powerful merger produced a final black hole approximately 225 times the mass of our Sun. The signal, designated GW231123, was detected during the fourth observing run of the LVK network on November 23, 2023.

    LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, made history in 2015 when it made the first-ever direct detection of gravitational waves, ripples in space-time. In that case, the waves emanated from a black hole merger that resulted in a final black hole 62 times the mass of our Sun. The signal was detected jointly by the twin detectors of LIGO, one located in Livingston, Louisiana, and the other in Hanford, Washington.

    Since then, the LIGO team has teamed up with partners at the Virgo detector in Italy and KAGRA (Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector) in Japan to form the LVK Collaboration. These detectors have collectively observed more than 200 black hole mergers in their fourth run, and about 300 in total since the start of the first run in 2015.

    Before now, the most massive black hole merger—produced by an event that took place in 2021 called GW190521—had a total mass of 140 times that of the Sun.

    In the more recent GW231123 event, the 225-solar-mass black hole was created by the coalescence of black holes each approximately 100 and 140 times the mass of the Sun.

    In addition to their high masses, the black holes are also rapidly spinning.

    “This is the most massive black hole binary we’ve observed through gravitational waves, and it presents a real challenge to our understanding of black hole formation,” says Mark Hannam of Cardiff University and a member of the LVK Collaboration. “Black holes this massive are forbidden through standard stellar evolution models. One possibility is that the two black holes in this binary formed through earlier mergers of smaller black holes.”

    Dave Reitze, the executive director of LIGO at Caltech, says, “This observation once again demonstrates how gravitational waves are uniquely revealing the fundamental and exotic nature of black holes throughout the universe.”

    A record-breaking system

    The high mass and extremely rapid spinning of the black holes in GW231123 push the limits of both gravitational-wave detection technology and current theoretical models. Extracting accurate information from the signal required the use of models that account for the intricate dynamics of highly spinning black holes.

    “The black holes appear to be spinning very rapidly—near the limit allowed by Einstein’s theory of general relativity,” explains Charlie Hoy of the University of Portsmouth and a member of the LVK. “That makes the signal difficult to model and interpret. It’s an excellent case study for pushing forward the development of our theoretical tools.”

    Researchers are continuing to refine their analysis and improve the models used to interpret such extreme events. “It will take years for the community to fully unravel this intricate signal pattern and all its implications,” says Gregorio Carullo of the University of Birmingham and a member of the LVK. “Despite the most likely explanation remaining a black hole merger, more complex scenarios could be the key to deciphering its unexpected features. Exciting times ahead!”

    Probing the limits of gravitational-wave astronomy

    Gravitational-wave detectors such as LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA are designed to measure minute distortions in space-time caused by violent cosmic events. The fourth observing run began in May 2023, and additional observations from the first half of the run (up to January 2024) will be published later in the summer.

    “This event pushes our instrumentation and data-analysis capabilities to the edge of what’s currently possible,” says Sophie Bini, a postdoctoral researcher at Caltech and member of the LVK. “It’s a powerful example of how much we can learn from gravitational-wave astronomy—and how much more there is to uncover.”

    GW231123 will be presented at the 24th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation (GR24) and the 16th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves held jointly at the GR-Amaldi meeting in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, July 14–18, 2025. The calibrated data used to detect and study GW231123 will be made available for other researchers to analyze through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center (GWOSC).

    The LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration

    LIGO is funded by the NSF and operated by Caltech and MIT, which conceived and built the project. Financial support for the Advanced LIGO project was led by the NSF with Germany (Max Planck Society), the UK (Science and Technology Facilities Council), and Australia (Australian Research Council) making significant commitments and contributions to the project. More than 1,600 scientists from around the world participate in the effort through the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, which includes the GEO Collaboration. Additional partners are listed at my.ligo.org/census.php.

    The Virgo Collaboration is currently composed of approximately 880 members from 152 institutions in 17 different (mainly European) countries. The European Gravitational Observatory (EGO) hosts the Virgo detector near Pisa in Italy and is funded by Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in France, the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy, and the National Institute for Subatomic Physics (Nikhef) in the Netherlands. A list of the Virgo Collaboration groups can be found at: www.virgo-gw.eu/about/scientific-collaboration/. More information is available on the Virgo website at www.virgo-gw.eu.

    KAGRA is the laser interferometer with 3-kilometer arm length in Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. The host institute is the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), the University of Tokyo, and the project is co-hosted by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) and High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). KAGRA collaboration is composed of more than 400 members from 128 institutes in 17 countries/regions. KAGRA’s information for general audiences is at the website gwcenter.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/. Resources for researchers are accessible from gwwiki.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/JGWwiki/KAGRA.


    Continue Reading

  • Nintendo Rolls Out New eShop Publishing Guidelines for Switch 2 in Asia, Seemingly to Curb Spam Games

    Nintendo Rolls Out New eShop Publishing Guidelines for Switch 2 in Asia, Seemingly to Curb Spam Games

    Nintendo has quietly made some subtle changes to its guidelines for developers publishing games on its Nintendo Switch 2 eShop, seemingly in an effort to slow an oft-criticized flood of low-effort “slop” content that’s been crowding out other games and frustrating users.

    Earlier this year, we reported on a growing epidemic of “slop” games flooding the recommendation pages of multiple gaming storefronts, most prevalently on the PlayStation Store and Nintendo eShop. Many of these games shared a number of commonalities: obscure publishing companies with little available public information, very little game content, low-quality assets, numerous bugs, inaccurate store page descriptions, and often AI-generated storefront art that wasn’t representative of the game itself. A number of them also centered around adult content.

    Since then, IGN has once again spoken to multiple developers with access to the Nintendo Switch eShop developer and publishing portal, who have shown us a new set of guidelines for publishing games on the Nintendo Switch 2 eShop specific to the platform’s storefronts in Japan and other regions of Asia. Critically, these rules seem to include attempts at curbing the flow of “slop”, reducing the amount of adult content recommended on the front pages, and making the Nintendo Switch 2 eShop storefront, at least, more user-friendly than its predecessor.

    The New Rules

    The guidelines, which took effect on June 5 (the day of the Nintendo Switch 2’s launch), cover a wide range of topics, including how game bundles can be sold, restrictions on sensitive content, prohibitions on inaccurate product descriptions, and when and how product information can be updated.

    First, regarding bundles, the restrictions state that in the first year of a game’s release, only a maximum of five game bundles may be distributed. After the first year, that number goes up by one for each year the game is available, up to a maximum of eight different bundles. This seems to be a direct response to developer concerns in our previous reporting that some companies were simply creating “bundle spam” and offering deep discounts on new bundle after new bundle to keep their game at the top of eShop listings.

    Many of the new guidelines discuss “sensitive content,” and include specific rules for what qualifies as sensitive content in the first place. Listed criteria that “would be considered damaging to the Nintendo brand” include sexualization of children, overly sexual content, discrimination and hate, exploitation of social issues (“Content that clearly exploits a topical and controversial social issue, tragedy, or catastrophic event”), instructing criminal activity, and political statements (“Content that overtly supports or criticizes real-life countries, organizations, or ideologies”). Nintendo states in the guidelines that it reserves the right not to distribute a game, but claims it offers the guidelines to help developers understand its reasoning in certain situations. “We encourage you to take this information into consideration when developing content for potential release on our platforms and before submitting such content to Nintendo,” the guidelines state. It also disclaims that the guidelines are not an exhaustive list, and that sometimes “determinations may be made on a regional basis.”

    Another new guideline includes a prohibition against inaccurate descriptions of games. It reads, in full: “It is prohibited to provide inaccurate descriptions of the contents of a product. It is prohibited to provide description of the content of a product as under development if it is not expected to be implemented in the product.”

    Other guidelines prohibit changing the name of a product without good reason (“drastic update”) or to make it consistent with a game’s name on other platforms or with other games in a series. Developers are also prohibited from changing information on the product page after the page is live. And developers are asked to contact Nintendo representatives if they intend to distribute an application “that does not include game elements.”

    The section concludes with the following:

    “In the even [sic] of any violation of these guidelines, Nintendo may refuse to sell the product, request revisions, limit the scope of disclosure by not displaying it on various pages including Nintendo eShop home page or suspend distribution on Nintendo platforms regardless of the reason.

    “Notwithstanding these guidelines, similar measures may be taken if Nintendo reasonably determines that there is a violation of laws, regulations, or other contracts, rules, etc.”

    Stop the Slop

    As we were working on this story, an article came to our attention that seemed to be evidence of at least one of the new policies being enforced. Last month, Automaton reported that a game series called Hentai Girls (a game about compiling jigsaw puzzles of anime women in various states of dress and undress). Per the report, Hentai Girls, which has historically been criticized for having some of the hallmarks of the “slop” games previously discussed, would be renamed to “Kawaii Girls” going forward. As Automaton reported, Hentai Girls games are currently very easy to find in the Nintendo Switch eShop, but are challenging to find on the Nintendo Switch 2 eShop, only showing up if searched for directly by publisher name. What’s more, this issue doesn’t seem to impact the U.S. eShop, suggesting that the Nintendo Switch 2 eShop in Asia is restricting the word “hentai” in a way that isn’t being enforced in the U.S. or on the Nintendo Switch 1. While there’s been no official confirmation of why this is happening, this development appears to be in line with the new guidelines.

    Earlier this year, when we wrote about the issues with the various console storefronts and their respective relationship with “slop,” or low-effort spam content, we spoke to a number of game developers about their concerns. They told us they were frustrated with Nintendo’s penchant for a lack of enforcement, and willingness to let companies flood the eShop with dozens of games containing minimal content, misleading storefront pages, cheap and recycled assets, or game-breaking bugs. These games have historically caused issues for developers by crowding out games that studios spent years working on, often manipulating sales and bundles to stay at the top of recommendation pages in the eShop and making it difficult to discover other games.

    Whether they exercise this right to combat slop is an unknown.

    We reached back out to some of the same developers we spoke to for the first article, as well as some new developers, all of whom had experience publishing their games on the Nintendo Switch eShop in both the United States and Asia. All of the people we spoke to were able to confirm the content of the new guidelines, and everyone we spoke to seemed to think that the new guidelines were created at least in part due to concerns about “slop.” However, their opinions on the efficacy of those guidelines varied.

    One developer commented on the restrictions on bundle spam to say that a more helpful method of curbing issues with developers taking over the page would look more akin to what Steam has — better tagging and recommendations. “Their algorithm will more or less naturally bury AI slop or very low-effort releases. Sure, not every ‘good indie’ rises as high as they should but the visibility situation for indies with no marketing budget is significantly better on Steam. It gives you a shot when you release. On the Nintendo eShop you just get filed into an endless list of releases never to be seen by anyone. Unless you have a big name outside Nintendo already (like e.g. Balatro last year), it’s close to impossible to stand out.”

    Another developer commented that Nintendo has always been able to refuse anything from the store at their discretion, even before these new guidelines. “Whether they exercise this right to combat slop is an unknown,” they said. “In principle, I think the latest guidelines are a step in the right direction and will help the situation that was running rampant before. To what extent remains to be seen.”

    And still another developer agreed, while stating they believed that the new guidelines didn’t go far enough.

    “For example, they now limit a new release to participating in five bundles within the first year, but if each of those bundles can span a month that means you can still have your game discounted for nearly half of the first year. It also seems like these new guidelines are only for Japan/Asia. I don’t know why they wouldn’t apply them globally. But it’s good to see them covering issues like deceptive product descriptions (e.g. promising features that don’t exist) and misleading screenshots.”

    Yet another developer I spoke to expressed a different concern – that stricter regulations might harm legitimate games that deal with more serious or mature themes. “I would say personally I would be curious to see how Nintendo will handle games that deal with serious topics, or if they will try to lean away from having more mature game that deal with such subjects, even when handled carefully or in positive support of such groups (Supporting gender expression, ethnicity, religion, ect.)” This developer also specifically mentioned the horror genre, with games like The House in Fata Morgana and The Missing: J.J. Macfield and the Island of Memories cited as having sensitive content, but which is contextualized within the story.

    Just from my own firsthand experience of the Nintendo Switch 2 eshop in the U.S., it’s clear there have been some improvements. There are more targeted sections to browse now, meaning it’s easier to organically stumble upon a game I might enjoy based on my interests. That said, it’s worth pointing out the double-edged sword of curation here: most of the top-level recommendations are already fairly popular games, ones that likely are already selling well or are critically acclaimed. It remains challenging for excellent, otherwise unknown games to break out on the eShop, whether it’s because they’re being buried by publishers pumping out multiple cheap games per month on one storefront, or because it’s nigh-impossible to get storefront prominence anyway.

    “The flood of low effort games in digital marketplaces is definitely a concern to me as an indie developer,” one developer said. “The space is already wildly competitive, and these stores don’t always provide great discoverability (the eShop is particularly bad, even on Switch 2, though at least it runs much faster now!), so it sucks that we have to compete for visibility with bad actors who are just running a grift. The increased prevalence of gen AI has only made the problem worse, unfortunately (but predictably). It feels like there’s so much room for improvement in all of these stores and it’s a bit frustrating to see platform owners moving so slowly on this.”

    Nintendo did not return our request for comment.

    Rebekah Valentine is a senior reporter for IGN. You can find her posting on BlueSky @duckvalentine.bsky.social. Got a story tip? Send it to rvalentine@ign.com.

    Continue Reading