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  • Google says discord over search results is unresolved; risks EU antitrust fine – Reuters

    1. Google says discord over search results is unresolved; risks EU antitrust fine  Reuters
    2. Landmark EU tech rules holding back innovation, Google says  Reuters
    3. Google’s Dual-Box Plan Seeks to Avert DMA Fines  Yahoo Finance
    4. The European Antitrust Agenda: Google’s Search Redesigns Spark Criticism; Ireland’s Regulator Hires More Staff Amid Surge in Tech Complaints  The Capitol Forum
    5. Google’s search solution for EU gatekeeper law favors Booking over hotels  MLex

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  • Large-scale DNA study maps 37,000 years of human disease history

    Large-scale DNA study maps 37,000 years of human disease history

    A new study suggests that our ancestors’ close cohabitation with domesticated animals and large-scale migrations played a key role in the spread of infectious diseases.

    The team, led by Professor Eske Willerslev at the Universities of Cambridge and Copenhagen, recovered ancient DNA from 214 known human pathogens in prehistoric humans from Eurasia.

    They found that the earliest evidence of zoonotic diseases – illnesses transmitted from animals to humans, like COVID in recent times – dates back to around 6,500 years ago, with these diseases becoming more widespread approximately 5,000 years ago.

    The study detected the world’s oldest genetic trace of the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, in a 5,500-year-old sample. The plague is estimated to have killed between one-quarter and one-half of Europe’s population during the Middle Ages.

    In addition, the researchers found traces of many other diseases including:

    Malaria (Plasmodium vivax) – 4,200 years ago

    Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) – 1,400 years ago

    Hepatitis B virus – 9,800 years ago

    Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) – 11,100 years ago

    This is the largest study to date on the history of infectious diseases and is published today in the journal Nature.

    The researchers analysed DNA from over 1,300 prehistoric humans, some up to 37,000 years old. The ancient bones and teeth have provided a unique insight into the development of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

    “We’ve long suspected that the transition to farming and animal husbandry opened the door to a new era of disease – now DNA shows us that it happened at least 6,500 years ago,” said Willerslev.

    He added: “These infections didn’t just cause illness – they may have contributed to population collapse, migration, and genetic adaptation.”

    The significant increase in the incidence of zoonoses around 5,000 years ago coincides with a migration to north-western Europe from the Pontic Steppe – that is from parts of present-day Ukraine, south-western Russia and western Kazakhstan. The people embarking on this migration – and who to a large extent passed on the genetic profile found among people in north-western Europe today – belonged to the Yamnaya herders.

    The findings could be significant for the development of vaccines and for understanding how diseases arise and mutate over time.

    “If we understand what happened in the past, it can help us prepare for the future. Many of the newly emerging infectious diseases are predicted to originate from animals,” said Associate Professor Martin Sikora at the University of Copenhagen, and first author of the report.

    Willerslev added: “Mutations that were successful in the past are likely to reappear. This knowledge is important for future vaccines, as it allows us to test whether current vaccines provide sufficient coverage or whether new ones need to be developed due to mutations.”

    The sample material was primarily provided by museums in Europe and Asia. The samples were partly extracted from teeth, where the enamel acts as a lid that can protect the DNA against degradation as a result of the ravages of time. The rest of the DNA was primarily extracted from petrosa bones – the hardest bone in humans – located on the inside of the skull.

    The research was funded by the Lundbeck Foundation.

    Reference

    Sikora, M. et al: ‘The spatiotemporal distribution of human pathogens in ancient Eurasia.’ Nature, July 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09192-8

    Adapted from a press release by the University of Copenhagen.

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  • Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board announced the sale of Sahyadri Hospitals; Alvarez & Marsal and Jefferies acted as co-bankers on the transaction | Alvarez & Marsal | Management Consulting

    Mumbai, India: Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board (Ontario Teachers’) today announced that it has reached an agreement to sell its majority stake in Sahyadri Hospitals Group (Sahyadri) to Manipal Hospitals. Manipal Hospitals is one of the top healthcare providers in India serving over 7 million patients annually, with a focus on providing affordable, high-quality healthcare services. Manipal Hospitals is backed by Temasek, a global investment company headquartered in Singapore with net portfolio value of US$324b as on Mar 31, 2025.

    Ontario Teachers’ acquired a majority stake in Sahyadri in 2022 and, since then, has supported its growth into one of India’s leading regional healthcare platforms. Today, Sahyadri is one of Maharashtra’s largest hospital chains, with 11 hospitals and over 1,400 beds, delivering best-in-class healthcare to millions across the region.

    The investment was made by Ontario Teachers’ Private Capital team, in partnership with management and led by Abrarali Dalal. Sahyadri has undergone a significant transformation over the past three years, growing both organically and through strategic mergers and acquisitions. Ontario Teachers’ has supported the business in building clinical leadership and attracting medical talent in key specialties, while making sustained capital investments into infrastructure, medical equipment, specialty programs and institutional governance. The platform has also expanded its reach in smaller cities of Maharashtra, enabling the delivery of high-quality quaternary care across Maharashtra and neighboring areas.

    Deepak Dara, Senior Managing Director and Head of India, Ontario Teachers’, said, “Healthcare is a key investment theme for us globally and in India. Drawing on our global experience and playbook of investing in healthcare services, we saw the potential to build on Sahyadri’s strong brand to create a regional healthcare leader. Our partnership with Sahyadri over the past 3 years underscores our belief in India’s growing healthcare needs and our commitment to empowering local champions in delivering high-quality, accessible care. We wish the Sahyadri team continued success as they transition into their next phase.”

    Abrarali Dalal, Managing Director and CEO of Sahyadri Hospitals said, “When Ontario Teachers’ invested, our intention was to create a formidable regional player with the infrastructure, medical equipment and clinical excellence to enable high-quality medical care in cities across the region. Backed by strong shareholder support, we’ve been able to invest over INR  900 crores since 2022, leveraging our combined expertise to drive the transformation of Sahyadri. We’ve enjoyed a great partnership with the Ontario Teachers’ team and are optimistic about the platform’s continued positive impact on healthcare delivery.”

    Mohit Khullar, Managing Director and Leader – Corporate Finance, Alvarez and Marsal India, said, “The acquisition of Sahyadri Hospitals by Manipal Hospitals marks a landmark deal in the Indian healthcare sector and is the largest healthcare deal of the year so far. The combination of Sahyadri’s deep-rooted leadership in the Maharashtra market and Manipal’s legacy as a trusted national institution brings together two credible platforms, well-positioned to drive clinical excellence across Western India.”

    The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals.

    Ontario Teachers’ was supported by a team of advisors including Jefferies and Alvarez & Marsal (financial), Latham & Watkins and Trilegal (legal), and EY (accounting, tax and commercial).

    About Ontario Teachers’

    Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan Board (Ontario Teachers’) is a global investor with net assets of $266.3 billion as at December 31, 2024. Ontario Teachers’ is a fully funded defined benefit pension plan, and it invests in a broad array of asset classes to deliver retirement security for 343,000 working members and pensioners. For more information, visit otpp.com and follow us on LinkedIn.

    About Sahyadri Hospitals

    Sahyadri Hospitals is one of the largest chain of hospitals in Maharashtra, with 11 hospitals across four cities of Pune, Nashik, Ahilyanagar and Karad. The hospital chain has over 1,400 Beds, ~2,500 Clinicians and 3,500 Supporting Staff providing round the clock healthcare. With a strong commitment to accessible and quality healthcare, Sahyadri Hospitals has positively impacted the lives of over 7.5 million patients, both in Maharashtra and internationally. To know more: http://sahyadrihospital.com/ 

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  • New Scientific Statement outlines future research directions for type 1 diabetes

    New Scientific Statement outlines future research directions for type 1 diabetes

    A new Scientific Statement released today by the Endocrine Society highlights potential research directions related to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) that should help with the development of new and improved treatment options.

    Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreatic islet. Type 1 diabetes requires lifelong insulin administration and may result in complications such as eye, kidney, nerve, and heart disease. Type 1 diabetes is usually thought to be a disease of children and adolescents, but it is now recognized that T1D often has its onset in adults and can occur at any age.

    The Endocrine Society develops Scientific Statements to explore the scientific basis of hormone-related conditions and diseases, discuss how this knowledge can be applied in practice, and identify areas that require additional research. Topics are selected on the basis of their emerging scientific impact. Scientific Statements are developed by a Task Force of experts appointed by the Endocrine Society, with internal review by the relevant Society committees and expert external reviewers prior to a comment period open to all members of the Society.

    The Endocrine Society chose type 1 diabetes for a Scientific Statement because research related to T1D is rapidly expanding, and the field is poised for new advances. The hope is that the Scientific Statement will provide scientists, physicians, and funding agencies with a guide for areas of research that seem particularly promising.”


    Alvin C. Powers, M.D., of Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tenn., member of the writing group

    According to the International Diabetes Federation, 9 million people had type 1 diabetes in 2024 with considerable variation in the rates across countries.

    The causes and factors that lead to type 1 diabetes are unknown. The Scientific Statement summarized research and suggested directions for new research in these areas related to T1D: genetics, heterogeneity, pathology of the pancreas, assessment of β cell function and mass, immunologic biomarkers in peripheral blood, changes in the exocrine pancreas, and screening to identify individuals at-risk for T1D.

    “The data highlights the need for population-based screening for type 1 diabetes and more research into the causes of the disease,” Powers said. “We hope addressing these research gaps and incorporating more widespread screening efforts will help identify those at risk sooner and improve treatment and long-term health outcomes for people living with type 1 diabetes.”

    The statement is based on the authors’ updated version of the widely cited and often modified Eisenbarth model, which outlines the different stages of progression to type 1 diabetes. The Scientific Statement proposes that Stage 0 be added to this model which already included Stages 1, 2, and 3, to highlight that there are likely events occurring earlier in the disease that currently are not understood or being studied.

    “We hope that research in these areas infused with information from the application of emerging technological and analytical tools will lead to a new understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes,” Powers concluded.

    Other statement authors are Aaron Michels of University of the Colorado School of Medicine in Denver, Colo.; Todd Brusko of the University of Florida in Gainesville, Fla.; Carmella Evans-Molina of Indiana University School of Medicine and the Roudebush VA Medical Center in Indianapolis, Ind.; Dirk Homann of the University of Miami, Miami, Fla.; and Sarah Richardson of the University of Exeter Medical School in Exeter, U.K.

    The statement, “Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement,” was published online in the Society’s journal, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

    Source:

    Journal reference:

    Michels, A. W., et al. (2025) Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf267.

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  • AIX Racing confirm Emerson Fittipaldi Jr for 2026 campaign

    AIX Racing confirm Emerson Fittipaldi Jr for 2026 campaign

    AIX Racing have become the first team to confirm part of their plans for 2026 with the signing of Emerson Fittipaldi Jr for next season.

    The Brazilian, son of two-time Formula 1 World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi, will make his F2 debut next season.

    Fittipaldi Jr has been racing in the Eurocup-3 Championship in 2025 and is currently 13th in the standings.

    Speaking about his confirmation for 2026, Fittipaldi Jr said that it was a huge opportunity, and that he was looking forward to working with the AIX outfit.

    “I am very much looking forward to this opportunity. Racing in the FIA Formula 2 is going to be a big learning curve for me. I will be competing against the best drivers in the world, so it will be an honour to be racing against all of them on the race track. My expectations are that I will be learning a lot, every single day and every single week.”

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  • key players to watch at Copa América Femenina 2025

    key players to watch at Copa América Femenina 2025

    Club stats (2025): 3 goals + 1 assist in 13 NWSL matches

    Marta came out of international retirement in May for one last hurrah with her beloved Brazil, as she seeks a fourth Copa América title, having previously won in 2003, 2010, and 2018.

    At 39, Marta is certainly a legend of the sport, with too many accolades to count. She is a six-time FIFA World Player of the Year winner, Brazil’s all-time top scorer with 119 goals, and her 17 World Cup goals are an all-time record in men’s and women’s football.

    She earned her third Olympic silver medal at Paris 2024, before winning both the NWSL Championship and the NWSL Shield with the Orlando Pride later that year.

    While it’s unclear how much playing time Marta will see in Ecuador, her veteran leadership—as well as her exceptional dribbling skills and rocket of a left foot—will be key to Brazil’s championship defense.

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  • Goal of the Matchday 22: Lionel Messi – MLSsoccer.com

    1. Goal of the Matchday 22: Lionel Messi  MLSsoccer.com
    2. Lionel Messi Has a Rare Poor Moment for Inter Miami vs. CF Montreal in MLS Return  Sports Illustrated
    3. CF Montreal 1-4 Inter Miami: Messi at the double in emphatic win  beIN SPORTS
    4. Messi at 38: Dazzling Double Shows He’s Still Unstoppable  Vocal
    5. Inter Miami’s Lionel Messi wins Goal of the Matchday  OneFootball

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  • Match Preview – England vs India, India tour of England 2025, 3rd Test

    Big picture: India have the momentum after Edgbaston triumph

    At Headingley, India lost the unlosable Test. At Edgbaston, they made spectacular amends, in circumstances that belied even their most optimistic pre-series hopes.

    If there had been a quiet belief before the tour that Shubman Gill was too good to keep averaging below 30 in overseas Tests, then the captain’s match haul of 430 runs – second only to Graham Gooch in a famous forerunner of this latest Lord’s contest 35 years ago – was an insatiable response to his team’s hour of need.

    And if India’s team selection – with their focus on batting depth in the lower-middle order – had implied a willingness to settle for a draw while their star strike bowler Jasprit Bumrah preserved his strength for the back end of the campaign, then no one told Akash Deep that he was intended as a conservative pick.

    Akash Deep’s superb ten-wicket haul dripped with a new-ball threat of which Bumrah himself would have been proud, most particularly his candidate for ball of the series to Joe Root in the second innings (and no, it was not a back-foot no-ball – MCC has clarified the ruling).

    With Mohammed Siraj stepping up as he has often done in Bumrah’s absence (his average in 15 Tests without Bumrah is almost eight points lower than when he plays second fiddle), India’s seamers harnessed an especially truculent Dukes ball and made sure that barely an over went to waste while it was at its shiniest and newest. England’s startling tally of six ducks in the first innings confirmed the extent to which England were caught cold by fast bowling of the highest class.

    Not that England will be unduly rattled by the extent of this setback. It’s easy to mock their determination to take on any given run-chase, particularly when two of their last four fourth innings have resulted in defeats by 423 runs against New Zealand in Hamilton in December, and now by 336 runs at Edgbaston.

    But six 250-plus chases in the Bazball era, with India on the receiving end of each of their two highest in history, confirms the extent of England’s divorce from precedent. Where once there might have been shame at such a monumental thumping in a Test match, now there’s merely a shrug, and a determination to do the same again next time, only better.

    play4:11
    Harmison draws parallels between Archer and Mo Salah

    England will have the fast bowler back playing Test cricket again, and that’s big

    Whether India allow England to improve on that showing, however, is a different matter. Gill’s relentless run-making at Edgbaston reflected his determination not to be drawn into playing his opponents’ game – as had arguably been the case when he holed out for 147 to trigger the dramatic collapse that allowed England back into that first Test. In the second, fatigue eventually got the better of him on 269 but, until that point, he had been in control of 93% of his shots across 386 balls, a remarkable figure that confirmed his refusal to give any suckers an even break.

    Perhaps the return of Jofra Archer will give Gill the hurry-up that was so lacking at Edgbaston. The mind’s eye is sure to drift back to Archer’s stunning debut on this ground six years ago, when he felled Steven Smith in the midst of a witheringly quick spell in the 2019 Ashes.

    The reality, however, might be subtly different. At the age of 30 and with a litany of injuries now hopefully behind him, Archer would be within his rights to pitch himself as a different type of bowler for this second coming: a scalpel rather than the sledgehammer that Brydon Carse and Josh Tongue set out to be, with varying degrees of success, across the first two matches.

    Either way, it promises to be the grandest of events. Last month, the most illustrious stage in the game proved utterly pivotal to the success of the World Test Championship (WTC) final. Now, Lord’s plays host to the modern game’s actual overlords, at the most perfect juncture of a compelling five-Test series. Neither team seems minded to take a backward step, but to judge by the battles that have gone before, someone will have been forced to blink by the time these five days are done.

    Form guide

    England LWWLW (last five Tests, most recent first)
    India WLLLD

    In the spotlight: Jofra Archer and Jasprit Bumrah

    There’s no denying the buzz of anticipation that Jofra Archer’s return to Test cricket has created. There aren’t many more box-office cricketers in England’s ranks, especially given his exploits here at Lord’s in 2019. To say a fair bit of water has flowed under the bridge since then is a gross understatement, but despite his well-documented elbow and back issues, Archer has now been injury-free for the best part of two years.

    That said, his robustness hasn’t been tested to the fullest extent in white-ball cricket. He bowled just 18 overs on his comeback for Sussex last month, on an admittedly placid deck at Chester-le-Street, but that was sufficient for England to fast-track him back into the big time.

    play1:41
    Who makes way for Bumrah?

    With India’s pace spearhead set to return to the team, Sanjay Manjrekar discusses India’s options

    When it comes to box-office, even Archer has to cede status to the undisputed grandee of contemporary seam bowling. Every ball that Jasprit Bumrah bowled in the first Test at Headingley felt like a wicket about to happen – and so it proved in the first innings, when he struck in each of his first three spells, and would surely have powered India into an indomitable position had it not been for his costly overstep with Harry Brook on 0.

    Even when his threat was negated in England’s second innings, it first required an outbreak of rare deference from Zak Crawley and Ben Duckett to set the course for their 371-run chase. He’ll be rested and raring to go at Lord’s, with a place on that dressing-room honours board very much in his sights.

    Team news: Will India persist with Nair at No. 3?

    True to form, England confirmed their XI well before the match, with Archer returning to the fray. He is the only change from the team that lost at Edgbaston, with Tongue – the series-leading wicket-taker with 11 at 33.63 – making way after his heavy workload in the first two Tests.

    England: 1 Zak Crawley, 2 Ben Duckett, 3 Ollie Pope, 4 Joe Root, 5 Harry Brook, 6 Ben Stokes (capt), 7 Jamie Smith (wk), 8 Chris Woakes, 9 Brydon Carse, 10 Jofra Archer, 11 Shoaib Bashir

    Bumrah’s absence did not derail India’s ambitions at Edgbaston – far from it – but his return after a fortnight’s rest could turbo-charge their bid to move 2-1 up, in a series in which they’ve been on top for at least seven days out of ten. He is expected to slot back in in place of Prasidh Krishna, whose economy rate took a battering in the first two games.

    With Akash Deep and Siraj sharing 17 wickets at Edgbaston, that seam unit suddenly looks potent in the extreme. Which is all the more reason why India will likely resist the temptation to include the wristspinner Kuldeep Yadav. Washington Sundar was the safer option and justified his pick with a key 42 from No. 8 in the first innings.

    India (probable): 1 Yashasvi Jaiswal, 2 KL Rahul, 3 Karun Nair, 4 Shubman Gill (capt), 5 Rishabh Pant (wk), 6 Nitish Kumar Reddy, 7 Ravindra Jadeja, 8 Washington Sundar, 9 Jasprit Bumrah, 10 Akash Deep, 11 Mohammed Siraj

    play2:22
    Harmison: England don’t want a traditional England pitch

    The former fast bowler says Lord’s will have carry for the fast bowlers and will be good for batting

    Pitch and conditions: Look up, not down

    Lord’s, as the cliché goes, is a “look up, not down” venue, where the overhead conditions play a bigger role in the pitch’s behaviour than the surface itself. This notion was borne out at the WTC final last month, when the sun broke through for the final day and a bit, and a pitch on which both sides had struggled became a road.

    That precedent is unlikely to discourage England from their preferred “we’ll have a chase” mentality, for all that Stokes insists his team are not webbed to the notion. A clear and dry forecast will be a factor, and so too a surface that still had a covering of live grass on the eve of the match and might offer some assistance on the first morning.

    Stats and trivia: Root nears 3000

    • Archer is set to play his 14th Test, and his first since the tour of India in February 2021, 1595 days ago. In that period, he has missed 53 Tests across 18 series, home and away.

    • Gill has a current series tally of 585 runs at 146.25, with three hundreds and a best of 269. Among the many records he could challenge in the remaining three Tests, Gill needs just 18 more to pass Rahul Dravid’s haul of 602 in 2002, the most by an India batter in England.

    • Joe Root needs 45 runs to become the first batter to score 3000 against India in Test cricket.

    • Chris Woakes has taken 32 wickets at 12.90 in seven Tests at Lord’s, including three five-wicket hauls. He has also scored 340 runs at 42.50, including his only Test century … against India in 2018.

    • India have won just three of their previous 19 Tests at Lord’s (against England’s 12 wins). However, two of those have come in their last three visits, in 2014 and in 2021, when Siraj claimed eight wickets in the match after KL Rahul’s match-defining hundred.

    Quotes

    “It’s great for English fans, but also for Jof. It’s been a long time coming for him. He can be pretty proud of himself that he’s managed to get himself back here after two pretty big injury scares.”
    Ben Stokes welcomes Jofra Archer back to the Test team after his four years on the sidelines

    “Everything. How accurate he is, the way his mind works. It is just amazing. It is more difficult for a wicketkeeper than for a batsman.”
    Rishabh Pant is in awe of Bumrah, as he prepares to return for the Lord’s Test

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  • Nepra announces Rs4.03 per unit refund for K-Electric consumers in July bills – Pakistan

    Nepra announces Rs4.03 per unit refund for K-Electric consumers in July bills – Pakistan

    The National Elec­t­ric Power Regulatory Authority (Nepra) on Wednesday notified a negative fuel cost adjustment (FCA) of Rs4.03 per unit for K-Electric (KE) consumers in July’s bills for power consumed in April.

    According to a notification issued by Nepra today, the authority “decided to allow a negative FCA of 4.0349/kWh for April 2025, to be passed on to the consumers in the billing month of July 2025”.

    Nepra said the negative FCA would apply to “all the consumer categories except lifeline consumers, domestic protected consumers, Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) and prepaid electricity consumers of all categories who opted for pre-paid tariff”.

    The adjustment would be shown separately in the consumers’ bills on the basis of units billed to the consumers in the respective month to which the adjustment pertains, it said.

    “In case any bills of July 2025 are issued before the notification of this decision, the same may be applied in the subsequent month,” the notification said.

    It also said that KE shall reflect the fuel charges adjustment in respect of April in the billing month of July.

    The notification said that the negative FCA of Rs.4.0349/kWh was being allowed on a “provisional basis subject to adjustment” once Nepra determined KE’s Multi-Year Tariff for FY2024-30. “The difference in cost, if any, based on the MYT FY 2024-30 would be allowed in future adjustments once the same is notified,” it added.

    Separately, Nepra also notified a Rs0.49 per unit negative FCA following an adjustment on account of variation in fuel charges for May in the approved tariff of ex-Wapda distribution companies (Discos).

    According to a separate notification issued today, the authority “has reviewed and assessed a National Average Uniform decrease of Rs.0.4952/kWh in the applicable tariff for Discos on account of variations in the fuel charges for May”.

    The notification said that the FCA should apply to all the consumer categories except lifeline consumers, protected consumers, EVCS and pre-paid electricity consumers of all categories who opted for prepaid tariffs.

    “Discos shall reflect the fuel charges adjustment in respect of May 2025 in the billing month of July 2025,” the notification said, adding that it would be shown separately in the consumers’ bills based on units utilised in May.

    “In case any bills of July 2025 are issued before the notification of this decision, the same may be applied in the subsequent month,” it added.

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  • Should You Eat Before or After a Workout? Dietitians Explain

    Should You Eat Before or After a Workout? Dietitians Explain

    When you’re establishing a fitness routine, making it to the gym is just one piece of the puzzle. Another big one? Figuring out when to eat. Will eating before exercise give you fuel or slow you down? And when should you time your pre-workout and post-workout snacks to get the best results?

    According to dietitians, when you eat matters. If you head into a workout feeling hungry and weak, you may not have the energy to push yourself. But if you eat too close to a workout, you might feel nauseous—and that’s not ideal either.

    To settle this debate once and for all, we asked dietitians whether you should eat before or after a workout—and what you should eat when you do. Here’s what they had to say.

    Should You Eat Before or After a Workout?

    The dietitians we spoke to agree: It’s generally a good idea to eat before a workout—about 30 minutes to 2 hours before exercise. But it’s more important to listen to your body.

    “Some of the people I counsel can’t eat before a workout,” says Bonnie Taub-Dix, R.D.N., creator of BetterThanDieting.com and author of Read It Before You Eat It. “They feel nauseous and don’t feel great. But there are other people who need something to eat because they feel weak.”

    The key? Ask yourself whether you’ll feel better if you eat before or after a workout, and pay attention to what happens when you do.

    When you should time your pre-workout meals is up for debate. “I recommend eating 30 minutes to 2 hours ahead,” Taub-Dix says. But Frances Largeman-Roth, R.D.N., nutrition and wellness expert, runner, and author of Eating in Color recommends an even tighter window. “Ideally, you should be eating about 1 hour before a workout,” she says. “But if you’re time-crunched and need to head out the door, I recommend having a banana or a small energy bar, like [a] chia bar, for quick fuel.”

    Both dietitians agree that fueling up wisely can help you get the most out of your workout and boost your sports performance. Eating a healthy snack that has a good combination of protein and carbs can give you the boost you need to run, jump, and lift the best you can.

    What to Eat Before a Workout

    Both dietitians say the best pre-workout snacks contain readily digestible ingredients—nothing heavy that your body will have to work hard to break down. Think: bananas, smoothies, Greek yogurt with nuts, and whole-grain toast with cheese or almond butter.

    “I like to eat 1 cup of yogurt plus 2 teaspoons of muesli and a drizzle of honey,” Largeman-Roth says. “Or 1 cup of cottage cheese with 1/2 cup cubed cantaloupe or watermelon, plus 2 tablespoons of granola.”

    Taub-Dix suggests making smoothies using greens, protein powder, Greek yogurt, and banana almond milk. (She likes Almond Breeze’s version, because it’s made with real bananas.) “Bananas are rich in potassium, which we lose from sweating,” she says. “[Potassium is] also important for muscle contraction.”

    Aim for a snack that’s around 200 to 250 calories, Largeman-Roth says. You want to feel energized but not completely stuffed. Remember to drink plenty of water, too.

    And no, the kind of workout you’re doing shouldn’t really change what you eat, Taub-Dix says. Enjoying a bowl of Greek yogurt before HIIT probably won’t benefit you more than eating it before Pilates. “But like I said, what you should eat largely depends on how your body feels,” she adds. A little trial and error can help you figure out the best pre-workout snacks for you.

    What to Eat After a Workout

    Protein is essential for repairing muscles after a tough workout, and carbs help replenish the energy you’ve used up. So the perfect post-workout snack has a combination of both.

    “Post workout is when you’re restoring your body and helping to repair any micro tears in the muscles,” Largeman-Roth says. “So I advise having a combo of carbs, protein, healthy fats, and antioxidants to combat the oxidative stress that exercise puts on your body.” She recommends refueling 15 to 20 minutes after exercise to replenish muscle glycogen and help your body recover.

    One quick and easy post-workout snack idea? A bowl of yogurt with nuts, hydrating fresh fruits (like grapes), and a drizzle of nut butter. “This snack is my go-to after a sweaty bootcamp workout in the park,” Largeman-Roth says.

    Other simple post-workout combos include a whole-wheat English muffin with avocado, or overnight oats with cottage cheese, nuts, and fruit. These snacks deliver protein, carbs, healthy fats, and some minerals you might have lost during your workout.

    And keeping healthy convenience snacks on hand is a good option if you have a busy schedule. Not having time to prepare a nutritious nosh shouldn’t keep you from refueling. “If I’m in a hurry, I’ll sometimes grab protein-rich mug muffins,” Largeman-Roth says. Look for an option that’s packed with protein and tastes good, too.


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