Distance vs. Stellar Mass for over 15,000 known galaxies out to 50 Mpc (Ohlson et al. 2024). Galaxies are colorcoded by their Hubble “T” Type, with early type galaxies T < 0 and late-type galaxies T > 0. The three stellar luminosity depth limits – RGB, sub-Red Clump, and sub-oMSTO – are shown as lines, corresponding to the distances where they are achievable for massive galaxies, and color-coded according to Fig. 1. The distances for these 3 depths achievable with HST and JWST are shown as dashed lines, while those achievable with HWO are shown as solid lines. The increase in galaxy diversity accessible from JWST→HWO is striking. The color bimodality of galaxies (e.g., Baldry et al. 2004) is visible within HWO’s reach, as is the Virgo Cluster which is notable as a vertical line of enhanced density. — astro-ph.GA
The varied and dynamic evolutionary histories of galaxies give rise to the stunning diversity in their properties that we observe in the present-day universe.
HST, and now JWST, have pioneered the study of resolved individual stars in the Milky Way and other members of the Local Group, uncovering the drivers of their morphological, star formation, and chemical evolution. HWO will constitute a paradigm shift: introducing the ability to panchromatically resolve the main bodies of every galaxy in the Local Volume into their constituent stars.
In this science case, we summarize the breakthrough progress that HWO will advance in the field of galaxy evolution through resolved stellar populations.
HWO will transform our understanding of galaxies in three distance regimes: (1) in the nearest galaxies (∼5 Mpc), where it will resolve stars below the oldest Main Sequence Turnoff, enabling precision stellar astrophysics and star formation history (SFH) inferences to the earliest cosmic times; (2) in the greater Local Volume (∼20 Mpc), where it will resolve stars below the Red Clump, providing access to accurate SFHs for hundreds of galaxies, spanning the entire Hubble Sequence; and (3) out to cosmological volumes (∼50+ Mpc), providing access to the luminous stellar populations in thousands of galaxies, enabling unprecedented views of their morphology, stellar abundances, and dust content.
The principal technological requirement advanced by this science case is a camera with a resolution of ⩽0.015” that is diffraction-limited, and Nyquist-sampled (0.01” per pixel), to at least 550 nm − comparable to the High Definition Imager from the LUVOIR concept.
Adam Smercina, Tara Fetherolf, Eric W. Koch, Silvia Martocchia, Chris Mihos, Benjamin F. Williams
Comments: Evolution of the Elements SCDD, to be presented at HWO2025 and submitted to ASP following community comments. If interested in endorsing, or giving feedback and being included as a co-author, please use the form linked on the Community Science Case Portal (this link https://outerspace.stsci.edu/display/HWOCOMMUNITYSCI/HWO+Community+Science+Case+Portal) Subjects: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) Cite as: arXiv:2507.01960 [astro-ph.GA] (or arXiv:2507.01960v1 [astro-ph.GA] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.01960 Focus to learn more Submission history From: Adam Smercina [v1] Wed, 2 Jul 2025 17:59:54 UTC (12,254 KB) https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.01960 Astrobiology, Astronomy,
In recent years, science has made one thing clear: exercise isn’t just about fitness,it’s a vital component in preventing and managing serious diseases including cancer. From cutting the risk of developing certain cancers to improving treatment outcomes and lowering the chances of recurrence, staying physically active has powerful, proven benefits.
Dr.Arun Kumar Goel, Chairman (Surgical Oncology) at Andromeda Cancer Hospital, Sonipat talked to Firstpost onhow regular movement can strengthen the immune system, regulate hormones, reduce inflammation and support long-term survival.
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How does regular physical activity impact cancer prevention?
Cancers such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, oesophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, cancer of kidney, multiple myeloma, meningioma etc, can be associated with excess body weight/obesity. Regular physical activity helps in reducing the risk of developing certain types of cancer. It keeps body weight under control, boosts the immune system, improves hormone balance, and reduces inflammation—all of which help lower cancer risk.
Is there scientific evidence linking specific types of exercise to reduced cancer risk?
Yes. Studies show that aerobic exercises like walking, jogging, swimming and cycling as well as strength training, can lower the risk of some cancers. Among them, brisk walking for at least 30 minutes a day has shown significant benefits.
What are the most common cancers where exercise shows a strong preventive benefit?
Exercise is especially helpful in reducing the risk of: Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Endometrial (uterine) cancer, Prostate cancer, Lung cancer (in non-smokers), and many more.
Can moderate daily activity like walking or household chores also lower cancer risk?
Yes. Even regular household work, climbing stairs, or walking to the local market can contribute to better health and lower cancer risk. You don’t need to join a gym—being active in daily life makes a difference.
How safe is it for patients to exercise during cancer treatment like chemotherapy or radiation?
For most patients, gentle to moderate exercise is safe and often recommended during treatment. It should be done under medical guidance, especially if the patient feels weak or has specific health issues. We advise patients to remain active during the cancer treatments so that they do not gain excess weight during the treatment.
Does exercise help reduce the side effects of cancer treatments, such as fatigue or neuropathy?
Yes. Light exercise can help reduce tiredness (fatigue), nausea, constipation, depression, and even nerve pain (neuropathy). It also improves sleep and overall mood.
What are the biological pathways through which exercise influencestumorgrowth or immune function?
Exercise improves blood flow, enhances the body’s natural killer cells (which fight cancer), reduces growth factors that feedtumors, and helps the body repair damage faster. It also controls insulin and hormone levels.
Is there a link between exercise and inflammation, hormone regulation, or insulin resistance in cancer patients?
Yes. Exercise reduces chronic inflammation, balances hormones likeestrogenand insulin, and improves the way the body uses sugar. These changes help prevent cancer and slow its progression.
Are there standard exercise guidelines for cancer patients or survivors, and how should they be customised?
Global guidelines suggest at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week, plus two days of strength training. However, the plan should be personalised based on age, type of cancer, stage, current treatment, and energy levels.
Should the approach differ based on cancer type, stage, or treatment status?
Yes. Someone recovering from surgery needs a different routine than someone on chemotherapy. A patient with bone cancer or lung involvement may need supervised or lighter exercises. Always consult your cancer doctor or physiotherapist before starting.
How important is exercise in post-cancer recovery and preventing recurrence?
Physical activity plays a big role in recovery. It helps patients regain strength, reduce depression, and may lower the chances of cancer coming back, especially in breast, colon, and prostate cancers.
What role does physical activity play in improving long-term outcomes and survival rates?
Patients who remain active tend to live longer and have a better quality of life. They are less likely to face complications, and their chances of surviving the disease improve.
Are there any myths or misconceptions about exercise and cancer you would like to correct?
Yes. Some people think rest is best during cancer—this is not true. While rest is needed when one is exhausted, avoiding all activity can lead to weakness, loss of muscle, and poor recovery. Another myth is that exercise can “spread cancer”—this is false. Exercise is safe and helpful in most cases.
Are there cases where patients should avoid certain types of exercise during treatment or recovery?
Yes. Patients with low blood counts, severe fatigue, balance problems, or risk of fractures (e.g., bone metastasis) should avoid heavy or risky exercises. In such cases, exercises should be guided by a physiotherapist or oncology team.
Red Bull’s Max Verstappen claimed a last-gasp pole position for the British Grand Prix following a scintillating Qualifying session at Silverstone.
The four-time and reigning World Champion posted a 1m 24.892s with his final lap, leaving him just over one-tenth clear of McLaren pairing Oscar Piastri and Lando Norris, with Mercedes’ George Russell only fractions further back.
Briton Lewis Hamilton finished fifth, just two-tenths shy of Verstappen after losing time through the final sequence of corners but will start directly ahead of Ferrari team mate, Charles Leclerc.
The session was red-flagged during Q1 after Franco Colapinto’s Alpine found the barrier at the final corner, with the Argentinean racer rejoining before coming to a halt at the start of the lap.
To view all the best moments from a frenetic Qualifying session, click on the video player above.
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The stock market has been on a roller coaster this year, as escalating trade tensions under President Donald Trump have rattled investor confidence. Many are worried about the fate of their finances.
But investing legend Warren Buffett has a simple test to help cut through the noise — and spot what truly counts.
In a 2018 interview with Yahoo Finance, Buffett said there are two types of things people buy: one qualifies as a real investment — the other, not so much.
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The test to tell the difference is simple. If trading were banned for a period of time, would the asset still hold up?
Buffett walked through how that works with some examples.
“If you buy something — a farm, an apartment house or an interest in a business — and look to the asset itself to determine whether you’ve done something, what the farm produces, what the business earns, and so on, you don’t really care whether the stock market’s open,” Buffett said. “You look at the investment itself to deliver the return to you.”
Simply put, the kinds of assets Buffett sees as real investments produce returns on their own. They don’t need an open market — or a future buyer — to be worthwhile.
That’s not the case with more speculative assets. As Buffett explained:
“Now, if you buy something like Bitcoin or some cryptocurrency, you don’t have anything that’s producing anything. You’re just hoping the next guy pays more — and you only feel you’ll find the next guy to pay more if he thinks he’s going to find somebody that’s going to pay more.”
Buffett’s philosophy can offer peace of mind. Markets are inherently volatile. Even high-quality assets can swing wildly in price. But if your investment doesn’t depend on being sold to someone else to deliver value, you can worry less about the day-to-day ups and downs.
He summed it up clearly: “If you ban trading in farms, you could still buy farms and have a perfectly decent investment.”
Let’s take a closer look at the kinds of assets that pass Buffett’s test — and how you can get in on them.
Buffett may not be known as a real estate investor, but he often uses real estate to illustrate what a productive, income-generating asset looks like.
In 2022, Buffett stated that if you offered him “1% of all the apartment houses in the country” for $25 billion, he would “write you a check.”
Why? Because regardless of what’s happening in the broader economy, people still need a place to live and apartments can consistently produce rent money.
The best part? You don’t need to be a billionaire investor to get in the game. Crowdfunding platforms like Arrived have made it easier for average Americans to invest in rental properties without the need for a hefty down payment or the burden of property management.
With Arrived, you can invest in shares of rental homes with as little as $100, all without the hassle of mowing lawns, fixing leaky faucets or handling difficult tenants.
The process is simple: browse a curated selection of homes that have been vetted for their appreciation and income potential. Once you find a property you like, select the number of shares you’d like to purchase, and then sit back as you start receiving rental income deposits from your investment.
For accredited investors, Homeshares gives access to the $36 trillion U.S. home equity market, which has historically been the exclusive playground of institutional investors.
With a minimum investment of $25,000, investors can gain direct exposure to hundreds of owner-occupied homes in top U.S. cities through their U.S. Home Equity Fund — without the headaches of buying, owning or managing property.
With risk-adjusted target returns ranging from 14% to 17%, this approach provides an effective, hands-off way to invest in owner-occupied residential properties across regional markets.
If you’re interested in commercial real estate, there are plenty of opportunities as well.
First National Realty Partners (FNRP), for instance, allows accredited investors to diversify their portfolio through grocery-anchored commercial properties without taking on the responsibilities of being a landlord.
With a minimum investment of $50,000, investors can own a share of properties leased by national brands like Whole Foods, Kroger and Walmart, which provide essential goods to their communities. Thanks to Triple Net (NNN) leases, accredited investors are able to invest in these properties without worrying about tenant costs cutting into their potential returns.
Simply answer a few questions — including how much you would like to invest — to start browsing their full list of available properties.
Read more: Want an extra $1,300,000 when you retire? Dave Ramsey says this 7-step plan ‘works every single time’ to kill debt, get rich in America — and that ‘anyone’ can do it
Farmland is another asset Buffett likes to point to — and yes, it passes his test with flying colors.
Alongside his comment about apartments in 2022, he also stated: “If you said … for a 1% interest in all the farmland in the United States, pay our group $25 billion, I’ll write you a check this afternoon.”
Just like housing, farmland meets a basic human need. No matter what’s happening in the markets, people still need to eat. That consistent demand makes farmland a resilient, long-term asset — and often a hedge during times of economic uncertainty.
If you are interested in gaining exposure to this space, FarmTogether is an all-in-one investment platform that lets qualified investors buy stakes in U.S. farmland. The platform identifies high-potential agricultural properties and then partners with experienced local operators to manage the land effectively.
Depending on the type of stake you want, you can get a cut from both the leasing fees and crop sales, providing you with a cash income. Then, years down the line after the farm rises in value, you can benefit from appreciation of the land and profits from its sale.
When it comes to advice for everyday investors, Buffett suggests one simple thing: an S&P 500 index fund. These are investment funds that offer broad exposure to the S&P 500 — the top stocks listed on U.S. exchanges.
Such a straightforward approach gives investors instant diversification without the need for constant monitoring or active trading.
The beauty of this approach is its accessibility — anyone, regardless of wealth, can take advantage of it.
Just keep in mind that, while the S&P 500 has a healthy average annual rate of return, past gains don’t guarantee future returns. There may be rough times ahead, but long term, tracking the index can provide results.
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This article provides information only and should not be construed as advice. It is provided without warranty of any kind.
The second quarter of 2025 brought a flurry of regulatory activity and major clinical trial updates underscoring the rapidly evolving landscape in nephrology. From IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) to lupus nephritis (LN) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a string of FDA actions—including multiple Priority Review designations, a novel autoinjector approval, and an accelerated approval for a new class of therapy in IgAN—signal increasing momentum for therapeutic innovation across a range of kidney diseases.
Meanwhile, the 62nd European Renal Association (ERA 2025) Congress served as a showcase for emerging data that could shape future standards of care. Highlights included 52-week results from VALIANT supporting pegcetacoplan’s benefit in C3G/primary immune complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN), CONFIDENCE trial findings backing dual initiation of finerenone and empagliflozin in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes, and sibeprenlimab’s 51% proteinuria reduction in IgAN.
Here’s a recap of what made headlines in Q2 of 2025:
Renal FDA News
FDA Accepts Pegcetacoplan (Empaveli) sNDA for C3G, IC-MPGN
Starting Q2 on a high note, on April 1, 2025, Apellis Pharmaceuticals announced the FDA accepted and granted Priority Review designation to the Company’s supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for pegcetacoplan (Empaveli) for C3G and IC-MPGN. Supported by positive 26-week results from the phase 3 VALIANT trial, a Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of July 28, 2025, has been assigned.
Atrasentan (Vanrafia) Receives Accelerated Approval in IgA Nephropathy
The next day, on April 2, 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval to atrasentan (Vanrafia), a once-daily, non-steroidal, oral treatment, for reducing proteinuria in adults with primary IgAN at risk of rapid disease progression. Notably, the decision marked the FDA’s first approval for a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist for reducing protein in IgAN and came without any requirement for a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program for use.
Related: Understanding Atrasentan (Vanrafia) for IgA Nephropathy, with Richard Lafayette, MD
FDA Accepts Sparsentan (Filspari) sNDA for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
On May 15, 2025, the FDA accepted Travere Therapeutics’ sNDA for traditional approval of sparsentan (Filspari) for the treatment of FSGS, supported by results from the phase 3 DUPLEX Study and the phase 2 DUET Study. With the acceptance, the FDA assigned a PDUFA target action date of January 13, 2026, and indicated plans to hold an advisory committee meeting to discuss the application.
FDA Accepts, Grants Priority Review to Sibeprenlimab BLA for IgA Nephropathy
On May 27, 2025, the FDA accepted and granted priority review to Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization’s Biologics License Application (BLA) for sibeprenlimab for the treatment of IgAN, which was supported by data from the phase 3 VISIONARY trial and the phase 2 ENVISION trial. With the acceptance, the FDA assigned a PDUFA target action date of November 28, 2025.
FDA Approves Belimumab (Benlysta) Autoinjector for Pediatric Lupus Nephritis
On June 24, 2025, the FDA approved a 200 mg/mL autoinjector of GlaxoSmithKline’s belimumab (Benlysta), a B-lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibiting monoclonal antibody, for subcutaneous injection in patients ≥ 5 years of age with active LN who are receiving standard therapy. Initially approved for pediatric patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus in 2024, the approval of the belimumab autoinjector for LN offers patients and caregivers a first-of-its-kind subcutaneous option that can be administered at home.
Top Nephrology News from ERA 2025
Pegcetacoplan Sustains Proteinuria Reductions in C3G, IC-MPGN at 52 Weeks
Extended data from the phase 3 VALIANT trial presented at ERA 2025 support the sustained efficacy and safety of pegcetacoplan (Empaveli) in patients with C3G or IC-MPGN, including adolescents and adults with native or transplanted kidneys. Specifically, the 52-week results show continued proteinuria reduction and eGFR stabilization in both treatment-naïve and crossover groups. An FDA decision on its approval for this indication is expected by July 28, 2025.
CONFIDENCE: SGLT2i and Finerenone Effective, Safe to Initiate Simultaneously in CKD
Findings from the CONFIDENCE trial presented at ERA 2025 suggest simultaneous initiation of finerenone (Kerendia) and empagliflozin (Jardiance) is well-tolerated and associated with a greater reduction in urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) than either therapy alone among patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes.
Related: Kidney Compass: CONFIDENCE Trial at ERA 2025, with Rajiv Agarwal, MD, MS
Sibeprenlimab Halves Proteinuria in IgAN in Phase 3 VISIONARY Trial
Findings from an interim analysis of the phase 3 VISIONARY trial show use of sibeprenlimab was associated with a 51.2% reduction in proteinuria at 9 months relative to placebo therapy among patients with IgAN, according to an interim analysis of the phase 3 VISIONARY trial. With its BLA acceptance in May, a decision on sibeprenlimab’s approval for IgAN is expected by November 28, 2025.
Related: Kidney Compass: Sibeprenlimab and the VISIONARY Trial, with Vlado Perkovic, MBBS, PhD, at ERA 2025
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According to ETH Zurich, researchers are developing a model in the lab made from human breast milk cells, with the hope that it will help them understand how breast milk is made – a little-researched area of female biology.
Human breast milk is uniquely adapted to meet an infant’s nutritional needs. Surprisingly, we still know very little about how milk is even made in the breast. A team of ETH Zurich researchers led by Marcy Zenobi-Wong, Professor of Tissue Engineering and Biofabrication, wants to change that. In the lab, Zenobi-Wong and her team developed tiny replicas of lactating breast tissue. This involved isolating cells from human breast milk that are naturally found in milk. Some of the cells from lactating breast tissue and the so-called lactocytes – the cells in breast tissue that produce milk – end up in breast milk during lactation.
The centrepiece of the research project is a novel tissue model that the researchers produced using a special light printing process. The volumetric bioprinting process involves a laser beam that is shone into a liquid from several angles. The liquid then hardens precisely where the light dose accumulates. In seconds, this gives rise to small structures that are similar to real milk ducts and alveoli, where the milk is produced in the breast. The material used comes from bovine udder tissue and contains similar components to human breast tissue.
The researchers populated these mini milk ducts with cells that they extracted directly from human breast milk. These mammary epithelial cells formed a dense layer of cells on the inside wall of the milk ducts. As the researchers were able to demonstrate, this resulted in functional tissue: the cells began producing typical milk components, such as β-casein and milk fat globules.
3D model of a ductal-alveolar unit of the human mammary gland: On the left is a digital design, and on the right, the real-life structure created using advanced volumetric 3D printing and visualised with a light sheet microscope. Illustration: Amelia Hasenauer / ETH Zurich.
“It took several attempts to find out how we could best make the cells grow. Many of my colleagues were surprised to learn that milk-epithelial cells could grow at all,” said Amelia Hasenauer, doctoral student in Zenobi-Wong’s team and first author of the external study, published in the journal Science Advances.
Despite the impressive findings, the two researchers emphasise that they are not yet producing complete breast milk. “We have identified the first components, but milk is made up of hundreds of different ones, including complex sugars, proteins, lipids, immune cells, and living microorganisms,” said Zenobi-Wong.
“Above all, our cell culture model is designed to help better understand the lactation process. I know many women who have struggled to breastfeed. Our model could one day help find answers,” said Hasenauer.
The model allows lactating cells to be observed and manipulated under controlled conditions in the lab for the first time. This opens up an array of possibilities. Besides lactation research, other possible areas that could be studied are the impact of medications and chemicals on lactation and models of breast cancer.
“The next step is to increase the throughput of the milk collection, something which is achievable through 3D printing,” said Zenobi-Wong.
The work by Zenobi-Wong’s research group is an example of how little scientific research has been carried out on certain processes in the female body. Models like the new breast tissue printing could change that. Unlike many other biomedical studies, this research isn’t based on invasive surgery or animal experiments, but on cells that occur naturally in breast milk. This makes it easier, ethically justifiable, and accessible to such research topics.
Both researchers hope that their work will bring greater visibility not only to the topic of lactation, but also to a whole range of long-neglected areas of women’s health. “There are so many unanswered questions, from endometriosis to mastitis and fertility issues,” said Zenobi-Wong. “It all warrants more scientific attention.”
YouTuber and Elon Musk stan Ellie Sheriff had a bizarre experience during her first Tesla robotaxi ride in Austin, Texas.
As seen in a video she shared on her channel, “Ellie in Space,” over the weekend, Sheriff got a strange call from the EV maker mid-ride, asking her and her fellow passenger to literally leave the vehicle due to incoming weather.
“So we had to get out of the robotaxi, because weather is coming in,” Sheriff said in the video while standing in the middle of a windy field.
Their ride had to be fully canceled, leaving them stranded. Worse yet, the app claimed there was “high service demand.” However, moments later, they were able to hail another robotaxi to get them back to the place where they started.
“I don’t want to just be a Tesla rah-rah cheerleader,” Sheriff said. “It is very cool. However, this is a limitation currently, how it is. You shouldn’t have to terminate the service cuz it’s about to rain.”
The head-scratching incident highlights some glaring shortcomings of Tesla’s long-awaited autonomous ride-hailing service. The company’s launch of an extremely scaled-down service that features human safety drivers in the passenger’s seat has already led to plenty of chaos, including violently jerking steering wheels, unexpected braking around cop cars, and a dangerous drop-off in the middle of a four-way intersection.
It’s unclear why exactly Sheriff’s ride was cut short beyond some wind and rain. However, considering Musk’s carmaker has long ditched light detection and ranging sensors known as lidar in favor of relying exclusively on cameras for its driver assistance features, it seems probable that Tesla is nervous about having the robotaxi drive in bad conditions.
Case in point, earlier this year, YouTuber and former NASA engineer Mark Rober published a damning video, demonstrating that Tesla’s erroneously-named “Full Self-Driving” software can be easily fooled by rain, bright lights, and even a fake, Wile E. Coyote-style wall painted to look like the road behind it.
The stakes are extremely high for the EV maker as Musk has bet the company’s fate on the tech. In light of cratering car sales, the CEO has gone all in on automation. Earlier this week, the company revealed it had delivered just 384,000 vehicles between April and June, compared to 444,000 over the same period last year, the biggest drop in the company’s history.
More on Tesla robotaxis:Tesla Robotaxi Terrifyingly Jerks Wheel Back and Forth While Carrying Passenger
