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  • What is the legacy of Ozzy Osbourne going to be for Birmingham?

    What is the legacy of Ozzy Osbourne going to be for Birmingham?

    Vanessa PearceBBC News, West Midlands

    Ross Halfin A seated Ozzy Osbourne wears dark eye make-up and a dark leather jacket at the Villa Park gig. His throne has a bat at the head. Ross Halfin

    Ozzy Osbourne performed his last gig at Villa Park in Birmingham on 5 July

    As Birmingham plays host to a weekend of festivals music industry insiders said there had been a boost in interest in the city’s musical heritage, thanks to the city’s final Black Sabbath gig and Ozzy Osbourne.

    But can the city hold on to the Ozzy effect?

    On 5 July thousands of people flocked to Birmingham to see some of the greatest names in heavy metal music perform.

    Black Sabbath’s Back to the Beginning gig, which featured the band plus other big names such as Metallica, “served as an amazing reminder of the city’s music scene,” said DJ Andrew Miller.

    “And the intensity of that reminder was off the scale. It was turned all the way up to eleven.

    “And there’s been so much happening ever since.”

    The Brum Radio presenter recently set up a monthly event, Let’s Build an Alternative Network.

    The aim was to help Birmingham musicians meet promoters, labels and other industry professionals.

    Connor Harvey Andrew Miller, aka DJ Millabong, sits on a sofa with guest speaker Lyle Bignon. He has long hair and a beard. They are both in front of a screen which reads Let's build an alternative network.Connor Harvey

    Andrew Miller, aka DJ Millabong, pictured with Lyle Bignon, says a networking event for musicians he set up has received “off the chart” support

    Interest at the first meeting had been “off the chart,” he said.

    “The thing I was asking around the Villa Park gig is what’s the legacy going to be, and who’s going to be the next Brum band with the profile to be able to play a gig like that?’

    “That night and the next morning I had a little cry just because of the reception and the messages I received,” he said.

    “But that’s the heavy music scene for you, they’re beautiful people and they really inspire me.”

    Dr David Gange is smiling at the camera. He is wearing a green cap with sunglasses balanced on the rim. He wears a black "battle" jacket, bearing the names of various metal bands and a green and black tea-shirt

    Dr David Gange is carrying out the Why Metal Matters project at the University of Birmingham

    There has been a recent series of metal festivals with sell-out crowds and attendances breaking previous records, said Dr David Gange of Birmingham University.

    “I think something really exciting is going on,” he said, “I’ve never seen the mood in this scene so positive and vibrant”.

    There were a lot of people working very hard to make sure the Ozzy effect continues and grows, he added.

    “There are so many ways in which it’s been brilliant, just seeing the pride with which people have been wearing their metal gear around Birmingham, it’s felt like such a shift.”

    The associate professor of history is carrying out a research project Why Metal Matters.

    The recent ban on busking in the city centre wasn’t helpful, he said, “but that’s galvanised bands and got people talking about the right things,” he added.

    Dr David Gange Two female members of Meatdripper are seen on stage in a black and white image. They both have guitars. Dr David Gange

    Birmingham band Meatdripper play the Supersonic festival in the city on Saturday

    Meatdripper are a Birmingham-based band who recently played at Metal in the Midlands, a showcase event for bands which took place just before the Black Sabbath gig.

    Since the Town Hall Sabbath celebration the band had been getting regular gigs, including their first festival, bass player Liv Barlow said.

    The band were excited to be playing at Supersonic, a three day event at various venues in the city, with organiser Lisa Meyer being a cheerleader of theirs since day one.

    Despite the music industry “being dominated by white men,” the scene in the city had evolved and was being reclaimed “by queer, by non-binary people, by women,” she said.

    “It’s nice that we can be in that space and feel welcomed, and there’s some really good pockets of communities for that in Birmingham””.

    Sarah Jfq Three members of Morbid Atrocity are seen in a black and white image. The singer, wearing a dark cap, tee-shirt and trousers, is flanked byy two guitarists, both of whom have long hair. Sarah Jfq

    Morbid Atrocity are playing Noose Fest in Digbeth on Sunday

    Also playing this weekend, at Noose Fest, held at Digbeth’s Dead Wax, is James Cole with band Morbid Atrocity.

    He said the Ozzy effect had certainly been felt by small bands like his.

    University of Birmingham research showed Sabbath’s last concert had contributed £28m to the local economy.

    “It’s very easy just to think of it as a number,” the guitarist said, “but the real human and cultural effect of that was pretty immense”.

    His band had played a city venue the same weekend as the Sabbath concert which, he said was “like a spark in a powder keg”.

    “I’ve never seen (Birmingham’s heavy metal pub) Scruffy Murphy’s so packed, and not just with Brummies but people all over the world,” he said.

    “That event was really important for us, it was about sparking this massive interest in metal music and sustaining it, not just for Ozzy but for other smaller bands as well.”

    Dr David Gange Gans guitarist and drummer are pictured in black and white at the Birmingham Town Hall gig.Dr David Gange

    Black Country duo Gans are calling on Birmingham City Council to reverse a ban on busking in the city

    Black Country duo Gans have called on the city council to reverse the busking crackdown calling it “short-sighted and detrimental” to the local music industry.

    Thomas Rhodes from the band said seeing thousands fill the streets to pay respects to Ozzy Osbourne after his death less than three weeks after the Villa Park concert “showed there was a clear drive and hunger” for the city’s cultural heritage.

    “As an artist community I think we started to believe that this would create an insurgence of investment in infrastructure in the industry,” he said.

    “But with a ban like this it’s clear the council won’t have the same vision and that’s pretty heartbreaking to be honest.”

    Dr David Gange A green-haired heavy metal fan dances in the middle of a crowdDr David Gange

    The Sabbath gig and associated events had given the city a confidence boost, says night time economy ambassador Lyle Bignon

    The Back to the Beginning gig, and associated events were “much needed” in the city, concluded Lyle Bignon, Birmingham’s night time economy ambassador.

    Reduction of the city’s cultural budget as well as coverage of the council’s financial woes and the ongoing bin strike, meant the city had had a “tough run of it in terms of civic pride and identity”.

    “Birmingham is very much built on its working class music interests, whether that’s two tone, whether that’s Bhangra, whether that’s heavy metal music and this feels like one of those moments even now weeks after after the Back to the Beginning show and Ozzy’s funeral cortege that there’s still something in the air”.

    The benefit of holding city events such as Supersonic is to “put the city and its venues on the map for the agents, the managers, the promoters and the people that are kind of the soft power within the industry.

    “So I’m not under any pretense that something huge has shifted here, but I do think what it has given us is a bit of a joie de vivre, a bit of a boost in our confidence.”

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  • Bradford transformed for The Chronicles of Narnia filming

    Bradford transformed for The Chronicles of Narnia filming

    Two of Bradford’s historic districts have been taken over for the filming of a Netflix production of The Chronicles of Narnia.

    Scenes for the film based on the children’s fantasy novels by C S Lewis are being shot on location in the Manningham and Little Germany areas of the city.

    This week film crews brought horses being used in the shoot to Fairfield Road and Farcliffe Terrace, two residential streets in the Victorian suburb of Manningham.

    Classic cars were also seen parked up ahead of the closure of a number of streets and car parks in Little Germany for filming at the weekend.

    The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven novels published between 1950 and 1956. The most famous book is The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.

    Granite Productions Ltd is the company behind the project, but told the BBC it would keep details of the filming “confidential”.

    Little Germany is a popular filming location because of its architecture. The area was developed by German Jewish textiles merchants who built ornate neoclassical warehouses in the 19th Century.

    Fifty-five of the 85 buildings in the Conservation Area built between 1855 and 1980 are listed.

    Recent productions to have used the district include the Peaky Blinders film starring Cillian Murphy, the BBC crime thriller Virdee, and the Netflix film The Six Triple Eight, starring Oprah Winfrey.

    Other period productions such as Downton Abbey, The Crown, Gentleman Jack, Red Riding and Testament of Youth have also used its streets as a backdrop.

    Manningham was historically the Jewish neighbourhood of Bradford, and later became associated with mill workers’ housing.

    Councillor Susan Hinchcliffe, the leader of Bradford Council, said: “The use of locations in the Bradford district for high quality TV and films is very welcome and brings income into our local economy.

    “Our heritage buildings provide an amazing backdrop for filming and it’s great to spot familiar places when watching films or programmes.

    “There are also benefits from ‘screen tourism’ when people come to visit the locations after they’ve seen them on screen.”

    The road closures on Saturday in Little Germany are Bolton Road, Currer Street and Cater Street, with diversions in place.

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  • PM Shehbaz in China to attend SCO summit

    PM Shehbaz in China to attend SCO summit



    Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif (right) arrives in Tianjin for his official visit to China on August 30, 2025. —X/ @GovtofPakistan

    Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif on Saturday reached China, where he will attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Council of Heads of State Meeting in Tianjin.

    The premier is set to attend the 80th anniversary of China’s victory over Fascism in World War II in Beijing as well.

    During the visit, he will meet President Xi Jinping and other world leaders to enhance regional cooperation, strengthen multilateralism and advance shared goals for peace and prosperity.

    Earlier, the PM wrote in a post on X: “I look forward to meeting HE President Xi Jinping and other world leaders to further build upon our bilateral ties with China, our All Weather Strategic Cooperative Partner, as well as with other key countries of the region, enhance regional cooperation, strengthen multilateralism, and advance shared goals for peace and prosperity.”

    The prime minister will also meet Premier Li Qiang and participate in a military parade to mark the 80th anniversary of the Anti-Fascist War in Beijing alongside President Xi and other global leaders.

    The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) said that prime minister is further scheduled to interact with leading Chinese businessmen and executives to enhance trade, investment, and economic ties, and address the Pakistan-China B2B Investment Conference in Beijing.

    Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar, Information Minister Attaullah Tarar and Adviser to the Prime Minister Tariq Fatemi are accompanying the premier.

    The Foreign Office said the visit is part of high-level exchanges aimed at deepening the “All Weather Strategic Cooperative Partnership,” advancing the second phase of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and maintaining regular communication on key regional and global issues.

    The three-day important 25th meeting of SCO Heads of States is planned for 31 August, September 1 and 2.

    This year’s summit will be the largest since the SCO was founded in 2001, a Chinese foreign ministry official said last week, calling the bloc an “important force in building a new type of international relations”.

    Among the attendees at the SCO summit, set to take place in the northern port city of Tianjin from August 31 to September 1, will be Russian President Vladimir Putin, Indian PM Narendra Modi, alongside leaders from Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

    The theme of this year’s meeting will be “Upholding the Shanghai Spirit: SCO on the Move.” The annual event is likely to focus on key discussions on regional security, economic cooperation, trade and the SCO’s long-term strategic direction and way forward.

    The security-focused bloc, which began as a group of six Eurasian nations, has expanded to 10 permanent members and 16 dialogue and observer countries in recent years. Its remit has also enlarged from security and counter-terrorism to economic and military cooperation.

    In a separate X post, Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar said Pakistan’s all-weather strategic partnership with China was anchored in trust and strategic alignment, valuing President Xi Jinping’s leadership and initiatives such as the Belt and Road, as well as the Global Development, Security and Civilisation Initiatives.

    He noted that the SCO had become a pivotal Eurasian platform, advancing cooperation in security, trade, energy, connectivity and culture.

    In today’s multipolar world, he added, the SCO’s role in strengthening multilateralism, stability and inclusive growth was more vital than ever. Dar said Pakistan looked forward to constructive high-level engagements with the Chinese leadership and other SCO member states during the summit.

    Meanwhile, Indian PM Modi arrived in China today for his first visit in over seven years to attend the SCO summit and hold bilateral talks with President Xi.

    Taking to his official X handle, PM Modi said: “Landed in Tianjin, China. Looking forward to deliberations at the SCO Summit and meeting various world leaders.”

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  • Pooran and Munro punish Barbados Royals as TKR cruise to victory

    Pooran and Munro punish Barbados Royals as TKR cruise to victory

    TKR skipper Nicholas Pooran smashes one through the offside during his 65 not out. (CPL T20 via Getty Images)

    Nicholas Pooran and Colin Munro produced commanding half-centuries to power the Trinbago Knight Riders (TKR) to a comfortable seven-wicket victory over the Barbados Royals in front of a lively home crowd at the Brian Lara Cricket Academy, Tarouba, last night. The pair’s brutal hitting ensured the chase of 179 never truly looked out of reach, as TKR’s batting firepower once again took centre stage.

    Sent in to bat after losing the toss, the Royals posted a competitive 178 for six from their allotted 20 overs. Their innings was built around steady contributions from the middle order, as Kadeem Alleyne struck a fluent 41 and Sherfane Rutherford added a breezy 45. Skipper Rovman Powell chipped in with 31, while Brandon King played his part with 29. Quinton de Kock, however, departed cheaply for 17 after being undone by Ali Khan, leaving the Royals short of the explosive start they had hoped for.

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  • Kent’s measles, mumps and rubella vaccine uptake below target

    Kent’s measles, mumps and rubella vaccine uptake below target

    Jacob PanonsBBC News, South East

    Getty Images A person with a blue glove on holding a white cotton pad against a child's arm.Getty Images

    Health chiefs in the county are urging people to check if their child has both doses of the vaccine

    The uptake of the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in Kent is below target, the county’s chief medical officer says.

    By the end of March 2025, 85.3% of five-year-olds in Kent had received both doses of the vaccine. In Medway, the figure was slightly lower at 84.7%.

    Health leaders are now urging parents and carers to check if their children have had both doses.

    Dr Kate Langford, chief medical officer at NHS Kent and Medway, said uptake is “below the target of 95%”, adding: “We need parents and carers to take action now.”

    Ms Langford added: “They may have concerns about the vaccine, they may have read things that are not right, but it is safe and effective.”

    A 95% uptake is needed to prevent outbreaks occurring and to protect the population, according to the World Health Organization.

    Measles is a highly contagious disease which is spread by coughs and sneezes and symptoms include a high temperature, runny or blocked nose, sneezing, coughing, and red, sore, watery eyes.

    Dr Langford said: “It is vitally important parents take up all NHS vaccines they are offered, which are free and safe, to make sure their children have the best protection.”

    Dr Anjan Ghosh, KCC’s director of public health, said: “We live in a world where advice is just a screen tap or swipe away, but so is misleading content and conspiracy theories that have no scientific basis.

    “The fact is vaccines are our best defence against many infectious and potentially serious diseases like measles.”

    Medway Council’s director of public health, Dr David Whiting, added: “Getting vaccinated means you are also helping protect others who can’t have the vaccine.

    “This includes infants under one year, and people with weakened immune systems, who are at greater risk of serious illness and complications from measles.”

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  • Hexham solar park planned close to Northumberland National Park

    A solar farm the size of 92 football pitches could be built next to a national park, if plans are approved.

    Arm Dev Energy Ltd has submitted an application to Northumberland County Council, which includes a battery energy storage system (BESS), for the development on agricultural land at Fourstones, near Hexham.

    Planning documents show it would be less than half a mile (800m) from the Northumberland National Park border, and less than a mile (1.6km) from Hadrian’s Wall.

    The company, a European renewable energy developer, said the solar farm would generate energy for distribution into the National Grid.

    The BESS would allow the energy to be stored and released when necessary, according to the firm.

    “This is vital for managing periods of fluctuating generation, helping to deliver a more stable and reliable supply of renewable energy to the grid,” the documents said.

    The plant would have a licence to operate for 40 years, with the site “reinstated to full agricultural use”.

    The company added: “[The development] will contribute to meeting both local and national renewable energy targets and reduce reliance on fossil fuel-based energy sources.”

    Loadman Farm Airstrip is also located near to the site. The company said it did not predict any “aviation safety impacts” from potential glare from the panels.

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  • Talk to Microsoft Copilot on Select Samsung TVs & Monitors: Features & Risks – eWeek

    1. Talk to Microsoft Copilot on Select Samsung TVs & Monitors: Features & Risks  eWeek
    2. A smarter way to talk to your TV: Microsoft Copilot launches on Samsung TVs and monitors  Microsoft
    3. Microsoft’s AI Copilot slides into Samsung TVs, with eyes on LG  PCWorld
    4. “Find Something that Will Cheer Me Up,” Microsoft Stock (NASDAQ:MSFT) Gains With AI on TV  TipRanks
    5. Samsung Brings Microsoft Copilot to 2025 TVs and Monitors, Unlocking Smarter On-Screen Experiences  Samsung Global Newsroom

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  • Bungie offers gamers $500 to playtest Marathon

    Bungie offers gamers $500 to playtest Marathon

    Bungie is ramping up testing for Marathon, and this time, players can walk away with a $500 reward just for taking part in the playtest.

    The upcoming extraction shooter has had a bumpy road so far. After a lukewarm response during its Closed Alpha Test and a plagiarism controversy involving in-game artwork, Bungie made the tough call to delay Marathon‘s original September 2025 release date. At present, there’s no confirmed launch timeline.

    Now, the studio is running an extended behind-the-scenes playtest—and offering a generous incentive to participants. According to an email obtained by TheGamePost, selected players will take part in a 30-day test starting Monday, September 8, and ending Tuesday, October 7. Participants are required to play for at least one hour daily—between 3–7 PM PST on weekdays and 2–8 PM PST on weekends.

    In return, players will receive a $500 gift card of their choice upon completion of the full 30-day commitment. Partial participation will still earn a proportionate reward based on the number of days completed. At the minimum one-hour daily requirement, that works out to about $16.60 per hour—significantly higher than most paid playtest opportunities.

    There’s a catch, though: this playtest is invite-only. However, anyone who’s previously participated in Marathon testing should check their inbox to see if they’ve received an invitation. Those hoping to join future tests can head over to Bungie’s official website, create an account, and opt in for future playtesting opportunities.

    Paid community playtests aren’t unusual, but few offer a payout as high as $500. Bungie seems keen to gather meaningful feedback this time around—and they’re willing to pay for it.

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  • Fingerprint Pattern Analysis for the Early Detection of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

    Fingerprint Pattern Analysis for the Early Detection of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study


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  • Pak Navy Hangor class submarines – Defining strategic reality in Arabian Sea

    Pak Navy Hangor class submarines – Defining strategic reality in Arabian Sea

    The recent Indian media hype surrounding Pakistan Navy’s Hangor-class submarines, particularly the speculative piece by Zee News, betrays a mixture of technical naïveté and political desperation. To a professional eye, the commentary is not an objective assessment of maritime realities, but a thinly veiled attempt at psychological warfare, designed more for domestic consumption than serious naval analysis. From a submarine and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) standpoint, it is imperative to set the record straight.

    Since the advent of the nuclear age, undersea warfare has been synonymous with survivability, strategic depth, and assured second strike. Submarines, particularly conventionally powered Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) platforms like Pakistan’s Hangor class, provide the kind of opacity that surface fleets and aircraft can never achieve. They thrive on stealth, ambiguity, and tactical surprise. India’s assumption that its P-8I fleet and a handful of MH-60R Seahawks can sanitize the Arabian Sea and neutralize Pakistan Navy’s submarines reflects a shallow grasp of ASW. Modern Maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) are effective in wide-area surveillance, but their success depends on accurate cueing, persistence in hostile environments and unchallenged air dominance, conditions that are unlikely in a contested battlespace adjoining Karachi and Ormara, well within Pakistan’s layered Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) envelope.

    The Indian narrative rests heavily on the dismissal of Chinese technology, an underestimation that has recently cost India heavily. On 6–7 May, the Indian Air Force learned this lesson the hard way, suffering aircraft losses to the lethal combination of the J-10C and PL-15 Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missile system. This “bloody nose” should have been a sobering reminder that Chinese combat systems have matured beyond the stage of mere imitations. The Hangor class, derived from the Type-039A Yuan design, embodies this evolution. Fitted with AIP modules, advanced quieting measures, and modern combat management suites, these submarines represent a quantum leap in Pakistan’s underwater warfare capabilities. To dismiss them as vulnerable to standard ASW playbooks is as reckless as underestimating the Chinese technology and Pakistani skill in the skies.

    Unlike the exaggerated claims of Indian analysts, Pakistan Navy’s submarine force carries a record of professional competence and operational credibility. The most celebrated example remains the sinking of INS KHUKRI by PNS/MHANGOR in 1971, a singular event that cemented Pakistan’s place among professional undersea forces. But more recently, Pakistan’s quiet but effective tracking and exposure of Indian submarines, including the much-hyped Kalvari-class, demonstrates that the PN is the dominant maritime force in the littoral battlespace of North Arabian Sea. Repeated detections of Indian submarines attempted intrusion into Pakistani waters, only to be forced to surface or retreat under the shadow of PN’s P-3C Orions, leave little doubt as to where operational skill and discipline lie. The Kalvari incident, in particular, was not merely a tactical embarrassment for the Indian Navy, but a strategic indictment of its undersea force’s material state and poor professional training.

    Beyond tactical failings, the material condition of India’s undersea fleet leaves a troubling picture. A navy that has suffered collisions, dockyard mishaps, and even the unimaginable blunder of diving a nuclear submarine with its hatch open cannot credibly claim mastery of undersea operations. The resignation of a serving Indian Naval Chief after a string of accidents remains a rare and damning event in modern naval history. This accident-prone culture reflects systemic issues: inadequate maintenance regimes, overconfidence bred by political rhetoric, and a dangerous reliance on imported hardware with limited indigenous absorption of complex technologies. The list on such accidents is so long that Wikipedia has dedicated a page to the list of Indian Naval Accidents which is second only to the crashes of Indian Air Force.

    Much of the Indian argumentation hinges on the near-mythical capabilities of the P-8I Poseidon fleet. While undoubtedly globally one of the most capable long range maritime patrol aircraft in service, the P-8I is no panacea. Its effectiveness is contingent on uncontested access to airspace, permissive electronic warfare conditions, and sustained tactical coordination with surface and subsurface assets. Expecting P-8Is to patrol freely in waters directly abutting Karachi and Ormara, inside Pakistan’s integrated air defence and A2/AD bubble, is the height of operational fantasy. The P-8Is may excel in peacetime constabulary patrols, but in a high-threat scenario, its survivability against long-range SAM systems and fighter cover is highly questionable. Relying on it as the silver bullet against PN submarines borders on reckless self-deception.

    Indian policy makers and media organs have for too long relied on chest-thumping narratives rather than sober assessments of capability. The so-called “two-and-a-half front” excuse floated after the May 25 crisis was less an admission of strategic overextension than an attempt to pacify domestic audiences disillusioned by the IAF and Indian Army’s performance. Similarly, repeated references to Chinese and Turkish support for Pakistan are meant to externalize failure rather than recognize the very real operational shortcomings of India’s own armed forces. In the ASW domain, this propaganda-driven blindness manifests as overconfidence in imported platforms. This hubris has turned what should be serious naval debate into a comedy of errors, epitomized by the IAF Chief’s bizarre claim of shooting down a PAF aircraft months after the event, a statement more fit for late-night satire than strategic discourse.

    Submarine warfare is an unforgiving domain. Unlike surface ships that can mask weaknesses behind visible hulls and ceremonial deployments, submarines expose professional flaws ruthlessly. Noise discipline, sonar proficiency, crew training and damage-control drills cannot be faked. A submarine force either performs or it is simply hunted down. Pakistan Navy has repeatedly demonstrated mastery of these fundamentals. India, by contrast, continues to grapple with accidents, overestimates its ASW strength and systemic neglect of undersea force readiness. The expectation that Indian submarines can lurk unchallenged off Karachi or Ormara reveals not just ignorance of PN’s operational capabilities in layered defences, but also a poor grasp of submarine vulnerability in congested littoral waters.

    The continued underestimation of Chinese technology, the misplaced faith in imported ASW assets and the chronic accidents afflicting the Indian Navy leave a sobering conclusion: New Delhi’s maritime chest-thumping convinces no one beyond its Hindutva-driven domestic audience. For professionals in the field, these narratives only reinforce the perception of a force adrift between inflated rhetoric and underwhelming capability. Pakistan Navy’s Hangor-class submarines, coupled with a tradition of disciplined undersea operations and proven ASW detection track record, remain credible guarantors of deterrence in the Arabian Sea. While no port approaches are invulnerable, to imagine that P-8Is and MH-60Rs can sanitize waters adjoining Karachi under wartime conditions is to confuse Hollywood with operational art. In the unforgiving calculus of submarine warfare, professionalism, discipline and survivability matter more than propaganda. And by those metrics, Pakistan’s undersea arm continues to dictate the strategic reality in Arabian Sea.

    Ehsan Ahmed khan

    – The writer is a PhD scholar of International Relations at the School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, and Deputy President Maritime Centre of Excellence at Pakistan Navy War College, Lahore.


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