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A single dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) can provide robust protection against vaccine-type serotypes of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children, particularly if the vaccine is administered once the child is aged 12 months, according to a systematic literature review published by investigators in Infectious Diseases and Therapy. The findings support single-dose catch-up programs for young children and could better inform pharmacists and health care providers on the optimal vaccine schedule for toddlers to provide the most protection in the safest manner possible.¹

Pneumococcal Dosing Schedules and Single-Dose Effectiveness

In the United States, the CDC helps set pneumococcal vaccine recommendations for children and adults. A series of PCVs have been developed over the last quarter-century, beginning with 7-valent PCV (PCV7) in 2000 and continuing with 10-valent PCV (PCV10) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13). These vaccines have drastically reduced the burden of IPD across all ages; however, as the immunizations remain serotype specific, new IPD serotypes can replace current ones protected by vaccines. This has necessitated the development of new PCVs that protect against additional serotypes.^1-3

Currently, the CDC recommends vaccination with 3 options of PCVs that have been more recently approved by regulatory authorities: 15-valent PCV, 20-valent PCV, or 21-valent PCV. The PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 vaccines are still used in many regions across the world and remain relevant in the US given the large portion of the population who may have received one of those vaccines in their lifetime.^1,4

Although adults aged 50 and older are typically recommended to receive 1 dose of PCV, infants and children aged 5 years or younger are recommended to receive a 4-dose series of PCV at the ages of 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, and 12 through 15 months, with children who missed their shots or started their vaccine series late able to receive a catch-up dose. Vaccine schedules and dosing methods vary, but they typically center around a 2- or 3-dose series in infancy with a follow-up booster dose. The effectiveness of a single dose against pneumococcal infection is unclear, but evidence suggests that protection can remain robust.^1,5

Meta-Analysis Affirms Effectiveness of a Single Dose

Therefore, the current authors sought to summarize the available evidence on the effectiveness of a single dose of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 against vaccine-type IPD in children. Most pertinently, the data could provide evidence for the effectiveness of single-dose PCVs in situations such as catch-up vaccination campaigns or in humanitarian emergencies. The investigators wrote that more recently approved vaccines, such as PCV15, PCV20, or PCV21, were not included since no long-term vaccine effectiveness data was available.¹

The review comprised literature published from 2000 to 2024, of which 27 were ultimately included. Nine studies investigated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of PCV7, 4 examined the VE of PCV10, 7 analyzed PCV13, and 7 investigated more than 1 vaccine.¹

The VE of PCV7 against vaccine-type IPD was analyzed, with this being examined in 14 total studies. A meta-analysis of VE of a single dose of PCV7, stratified by age at vaccination, found that PCV7 administered at less than 12 months of age had a pooled VE of 64.6% (95% CI, 47.3–76.2). However, for a single dose for patients aged 12 months or more, pooled VE was 81.6% (95% Ci, 72.5–87.7).¹

Five total studies reported VE for PCV10 against vaccine-type IPD. Point estimates for a single dose ranged from 37% to 95%. One notable study in Brazil determined that a single catch-up PCV dose administered between the age of 12 and 23 months had a VE of 68.0% (95% Ci, 17.6–87.6). Pooled VE for PCV10 was 73.0% (95% CI, 29.4–94.4), following a meta-analysis.^1,6

Lastly, PCV13’s VE was investigated across 13 studies. Similarly to PCV7, the effectiveness of a single dose of PCV13 increased when administered to children aged 12 months and older. Pooled VE of a single PCV13 dose was 56.8% (95% CI, 44.1–66.6) when administered to children aged less than 12 months, while children who received a single dose at age 12 months or older experienced a pooled VE of 79.2% (95% CI, 65.5–87.5).¹

Clinical Implications

Notably, this was the first systematic literature review to examine the effectiveness of a single dose of PCV against vaccine-type IPD in children, according to the investigators. The data indicates that a single dose of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 in the first year of life can provide significant protection against IPD, with effectiveness increasing with age. Health care professionals can utilize this data to better inform the optimal pneumococcal vaccine dosing schedule for children, especially those who may need to catch up from a missed vaccine in their original series. Furthermore, the data could be especially relevant in underserved or under-resourced areas where quick, single-dose vaccination campaigns could be most optimal for the community.¹

“Our findings support vaccination strategies based on the use of a single toddler dose in transition schedules or catch-up programs,” the investigators concluded. “Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of newer, higher-valency PCVs in both fully vaccinated and incompletely vaccinated children.”¹

REFERENCES

1. Dunne EM, Hong L, Althouse BM, et al. Effectiveness of a single dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in children: A systematic literature review. Infect Dis Ther. (2025). doi:10.1007/s40121-025-01211-5

2. Musher DM, Anderson R, Feldman C. The remarkable history of pneumococcal vaccination: an ongoing challenge. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2022;14(5):PMC9509586. doi:10.1186/s41479-022-00097-y

3. World Health Organization; GAVI Alliance Pneumococcal Vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan; UNICEF; Global Immunization Div; Div of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC. Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine—worldwide, 2000–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(42):1135-1138. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5742a2.htm

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal vaccine recommendations. CDC. Published October 26, 2024. Accessed September 2, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/hcp/vaccine-recommendations/index.html

5. Whitney CG, Goldblatt D, O’Brien KL. Dosing schedules for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: considerations for policy makers. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33 Suppl 2:S172-S181. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000076

6. Domingues CMA, Verani JR, Renoiner EIM, et al. Effectiveness of ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in Brazil: a matched case-control study. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(6):464-471. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70060-8

A new study found that both lupus anticoagulant (LA) and anti-β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) IgG/IgM antibodies had predictive value for adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications, specifically early-onset pre-eclampsia and intrauterine fetal death, in healthy, pregnant women.

The study, which examined the pregnancies of 1,237 women, excluded those taking heparin (blood thinners) or with a prior diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Researchers tested numerous blood markers associated with pregnancy complications, including LA, anticardiolipin antibodies, β2GPI, and anti-prothrombin antibodies, as well as protein S and Factor XII, which are both involved in blood clotting. 

Logistic regression analysis revealed that lupus anticoagulant and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies were both valid predictors of early-onset preeclampsia and intrauterine fetal death. Additionally, LA also had predictive value in identifying  small-for-gestational-age infants. These findings suggest that these markers may also be of clinical relevance in obstetric APS.  

Research like this can pave the road to guiding more personalized care and improving pregnancy outcomes for women at risk of developing APS and other complications associated with pregnancy. Learn more about lupus and pregnancy..

Read the study

In an interview with Pharmacy Times®, Allison Hill, PharmD, RPh, director of professional affairs at the American Pharmacists Association, discussed how the Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) decision to end emergency use authorizations for COVID-19 vaccines places greater reliance on FDA approvals but still requires pharmacists to look to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and CDC recommendations for authority. Hill stressed the importance of pharmacists checking state regulations to remain compliant, ensuring vaccine access for patients, and navigating coverage issues effectively.

The conversation centered on the recent news that the FDA was approving 3 COVID-19 vaccines updated to target the LP.8.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2. The vaccines were approved with age restrictions, contrary to the indications allowed for under their emergency use authorizations. The FDA also revoked the emergency use authorizations for the 3 vaccines. You can read coverage here.

Pharmacy Times: What are your thoughts on the recent announcement from HHS ending emergency use authorizations for COVID-19 vaccines? How will this impact pharmacists?

Allison Hill, PharmD, RPh: Well, today is August 27, and I don’t want anything to be misconstrued, because what we’ve learned in the past few months is that vaccine information changes quite frequently. Today, the HHS Secretary announced that COVID-19 vaccine approvals are now strictly under the FDA.

Unfortunately—or fortunately—we could be in a better space, but we still need to wait and see what ACIP says about these recommendations. As pharmacists, we know our vaccine authority really relies on ACIP and CDC recommendations. Only a couple of states follow FDA approvals alone.

So, I suggest pharmacists check with their state regulatory bodies and make sure they are up to date on what their vaccine authority includes. That way, they know exactly what to follow. Ultimately, we need to continue encouraging patient health, ensuring those who need vaccines are able to access them. If there are issues with coverage, we must know the steps to take to make sure vaccines are covered for our patients.

Pharmacy Times: Do you expect further announcements from HHS that will stand to impact pharmacists?

Hill: I think we already received a couple of blows earlier this year. For example, ACIP announced there is no recommendation for pregnant women. It’s hard to think that we don’t need to protect pregnant women. APHA’s position—and I’m sure ACOG’s as well—is that pregnant women, pediatrics, and women who have recently given birth should be protected.

So, while we follow federal agency announcements, we also need to make sure we’re following the science. I do expect things may continue to change, but we don’t know what will happen, given how often guidance has shifted.