Nvidia is the leader in the semiconductor industry. Ahead of its fiscal second-quarter earnings report on Wednesday, and largely due to its dominance in artificial intelligence, Nvidia is the largest publicly traded company in the world by market capitalization — and by a substantial margin. The difference between the valuation of Nvidia and second-place Microsoft is large enough to buy Exxon Mobil with some change left over. Here’s another superlative” Nvidia has a total return of more than 32,000% over the past 10 years. This extraordinary investment performance is driven by the company’s GPUs, which offer superior parallel processing, essential for AI model training and inference, building on their origins in gaming. The company’s proprietary CUDA software platform further solidifies its market leadership by providing a seamless integration environment for developers, creating a robust ecosystem that is challenging for competitors to replicate. The demand for AI compute remains exceptionally strong, driven by substantial capex growth at the hyperscalers. The Blackwell architecture is expected to further boost this momentum, with analysts projecting quarterly revenue reaching $50 billion by year-end, provided supply constraints ease and orders continue. Beyond data centers, Nvidia is expanding into automotive AI, robotics and cloud gaming, opening up additional revenue streams. Gross margins have consistently been near 70% ( > 56% net is projected next year), and the company has a history of exceeding earnings expectations. If the company achieves the $5.98 in adjusted earnings per share, the Street is forecasting next year that would represent nearly 36% growth year over year. As of Wednesday’s close (~$175), that suggests a PEG ratio (price-earnings to growth ratio) of less than 1. Unsurprisingly then, analyst sentiment is overwhelmingly positive. While the growth projections remain extraordinary, along with the apparent enthusiasm for the stock, its performance has been somewhat less so recently. It may surprise you to learn that the Dow Jones Industrial Average has actually outperformed by nearly 4% over the past 10 trading days. Admittedly, some of that outperformance is attributable to the recent rebound in UnitedHealth. Is the underperformance due to exhaustion? Concerns from the latest Federal Reserve meeting minutes that a rate cut is less likely? Merely the lagging industrials indexing finally playing catch-up? Whatever the reason, it’s worth considering whether an options trade might offer better risk-adjusted returns between now and the end of the year than the stock itself. A calendar call spread risk reversal would still offer upside, likely provide a modest standstill return in the event the stock stalls and, in the worst case, compel the trader to own the stock at a slight discount (~12.5%) to the prevailing market price in the example trade provided below. DISCLOSURES: None. All opinions expressed by the CNBC Pro contributors are solely their opinions and do not reflect the opinions of CNBC, NBC UNIVERSAL, their parent company or affiliates, and may have been previously disseminated by them on television, radio, internet or another medium. THE ABOVE CONTENT IS SUBJECT TO OUR TERMS AND CONDITIONS AND PRIVACY POLICY . THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND DOES NOT CONSITUTE FINANCIAL, INVESTMENT, TAX OR LEGAL ADVICE OR A RECOMMENDATION TO BUY ANY SECURITY OR OTHER FINANCIAL ASSET. THE CONTENT IS GENERAL IN NATURE AND DOES NOT REFLECT ANY INDIVIDUAL’S UNIQUE PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES. THE ABOVE CONTENT MIGHT NOT BE SUITABLE FOR YOUR PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES. BEFORE MAKING ANY FINANCIAL DECISIONS, YOU SHOULD STRONGLY CONSIDER SEEKING ADVICE FROM YOUR OWN FINANCIAL OR INVESTMENT ADVISOR. Click here for the full disclaimer.
New research is shedding light on the potential benefits of implementing a targeted C.difficile screening and prophylaxis intervention for high-risk immunocompromised patients, highlighting subsequent reductions in hospital-onset infection, length of stay, and symptoms.1
The screening and targeted prophylaxis (STOP) intervention was implemented over a 2-year period and focused on patients newly admitted for solid organ transplant and planned oncology treatment admissions for autologous stem cell transplant, CAR-T, and leukemia treatment, populations known to be disproportionately affected by CDI but who may not benefit from universal primary prophylaxis approaches. Compared with historical controls in the 2 years prior to implementation of the intervention, STOP was effective at reducing hospital-onset CDI and associated symptoms.1,2
“Prior studies have attempted eradication among asymptomatic carriers, but none have been designed to specifically halt the progression from asymptomatic colonization to CDI among vulnerable populations during their period of highest risk,” Matthew Ziegler, MD, an assistant professor of medicine (infectious diseases) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and colleagues wrote.1 “In comparison to prior literature, our work has notable differences.”
To better understand the potential for prophylactic antibiotics to reduce hospital- onset CDI and the adverse effects of prophylaxis, investigators implemented a novel strategy in which they preemptively identified patients at high risk of CDI during inpatient admissions with planned intensive immunosuppression and antimicrobial exposures. Patients admitted for solid organ transplant, autologous stem cell transplant, CAR-T, or treatment for leukemia were screened for colonization with C.difficile, with colonized patients placed in contact isolation and advised to start anti-C.difficile antibiotic prophylaxis.1
The primary study outcome was the incidence of hospital-onset CDI, defined as a positive C.difficile test after hospital day 3. To assess the effect of the STOP intervention on both C.difficile testing and incident hospital-onset CDI, comparison was made to historical controls in the 2 years prior to implementation of the intervention, both unweighted and weighted by treatment category and separately by treatment category and severity of illness.1
Between November 2021 and December 2023, 696 patients were screened for C.difficile, among whom 11.1% (n = 77) were found to be colonized and received the prophylactic intervention.1
Investigators noted the rate of hospital-onset CDI was 0.88% in the intervention cohort compared to 3.7% in the unweighted historical control and 5.6% in the treatment-weighted control cohort, representing a 4.8% absolute reduction in probability of hospital-onset CDI (95% credible interval [CrI], 3.4% to 6.2%) from the STOP intervention. This absolute risk reduction corresponds to an odds ratio (OR) of 0.15 (95% CrI, 0.06 to 0.30) in STOP cohort subjects, compared to weighted historical controls.1
Among patients screened, 3.0% developed CDI within 90 days of their index admission. Among those who were identified to be colonized, 7.8% subsequently had a positive test for CDI within 90 days of their index admission.1
Investigators observed significant reductions in 90-day CDI (OR, 0.40; 95% CrI, 0.25 to 0.64), stool output (incidence rate ratio, 0.84; 95% CrI, 0.77 to 0.92), and length of stay (-2.5 days; 95% CrI, -3.4 to -1.5) in the intervention group. Of note, there was no detected difference in VRE infection (OR, 0.77; 95% CrI, 0.33 to 1.75) or mortality (OR, 0.44; 95% CrI, 0.11 to 1.49).1
“A targeted screening and prophylaxis intervention for the prevention of C.difficile infection among immunocompromised patients was associated with a significant reduction in HO-CDI and symptoms associated with CDI,” investigators concluded.1 “Future work with randomized trial design would help to confirm these findings, assess the potential for this intervention to reduce transmission of C.difficile within healthcare units, and to target additional patient populations who may benefit from this strategy.”
References
Ziegler MJ, Anesi J, Tolomeo P, et al. Screening and Targeted Prophylaxis for Clostridioides difficile Infection: STOP-CDI. Clin Microbiol Infect. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2025.08.004
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About C. diff. December 18, 2024. Accessed August 21, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/c-diff/about/index.html
Amanda Anisimova, who has made an inspiring return to tennis since taking a mental health break in 2023, may have been on the wrong side of a lopsided Wimbledon final last month but expects that will only make her stronger for the U.S. Open. The American made waves on the WTA Tour as a teenage prodigy but in 2023 took an eight-month break from the sport to focus on her mental health, a stretch during which she went months without picking up a racket. Anisimova returned to action in 2024 and failed to make the main draw at Wimbledon but a year later the 23-year-old enjoyed a magical run to the final at the All England Club where she was brushed aside 6-0 6-0 by Iga Swiatek in 57 minutes. “When I got back to the locker room, I kind of had that switch in my mind of, ‘You know what, this is probably going to make you stronger in the end and to not really dig myself down or put myself down after today and just try and focus on how I can come out stronger after this’,” said Anisimova. “It’s honestly, like, a fork in the road. It’s whatever direction you want to go in. I’m going to choose the path of working towards my goals and to try and keep improving.” Anisimova’s next chance at Grand Slam glory will come at the U.S. Open where the main draw begins on Sunday and where she lost in the first round last year and enjoyed her best result in 2020 when she reached the third round. Despite having never reached the second week in New York, world number eight Anisimova has more reasons to be confident in her ability going into the year’s final Grand Slam. In addition to her Wimbledon run, Anisimova won the first WTA 1000 title of her career in February, a triumph that saw her crack the top 20 for the first time in her career. Anisimova, who was ranked as low as 359th in 2023 when she took a break, admitted her Wimbledon loss was “tough to digest” and knows she has improvements to make but takes comfort in finally having a Grand Slam final under her belt. “To be able to last two weeks in a Grand Slam is definitely something that you need to work a lot on. It’s not an easy feat,” said Anisimova. “Yeah, there’s a lot of room for improvement, I think. If anything, I think it’s more experience for me on how to handle nerves. It’s my first slam final, so at least I have that experience now.”
Moscow threw Donald Trump’s Ukraine peace initiative into disarray on Thursday, insisting it must have a veto over any postwar support for the country as its forces carried out a large-scale overnight missile barrage.
In a series of hardline remarks, Russia’s foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov, said European proposals to deploy troops in Ukraine after a settlement would amount to “foreign intervention”, which he called absolutely unacceptable for Russia.
Lavrov said Russia wanted to return to discussing a framework first proposed during the initial peace talks held in Istanbul in 2022, under which Moscow and Beijing would help guarantee Ukraine’s security alongside European allies – terms Kyiv considers unacceptable.
“We support the principles and security guarantees that were agreed … in April 2022,” Lavrov said. “Anything else … is of course an absolutely futile undertaking.”
European leaders are exploring possible security guarantees for Ukraine after the war, building on Trump’s promise to back the country under any settlement with Russia. France, Britain and Estonia have indicated they could send troops to a postwar Ukraine, while several other nations said they might take part, though much depends on US involvement.
Lavrov’s comments cast doubt on the prospects for peace talks.
After the recent Trump-Putin summit in Alaska, US officials said the Russian president had accepted the prospect of western security guarantees for Ukraine.
But the latest statements suggest Moscow may be backing away from that understanding – or that Washington may have misinterpreted the Kremlin’s position from the outset.
Trump on Thursday appeared to vent his frustration at Russia’s obstruction. In a post on Truth Social, the US president blamed his predecessor, Joe Biden, for not allowing Ukraine to “fight back” against Russia.
“It is very hard, if not impossible, to win a war without attacking an invaders country. It’s like a great team in sports that has a fantastic defense, but is not allowed to play offense. There is no chance of winning! It is like that with Ukraine and Russia. Crooked and grossly incompetent Joe Biden would not let Ukraine FIGHT BACK, only DEFEND. How did that work out? … Interesting times ahead!!!” Trump wrote.
Trump’s veiled threats against Russia will be welcomed in Kyiv and European capitals, though the US leader has previously backed away from imposing sanctions or boosting support for Ukraine.
Lavrov also poured cold water on the prospect of a summit between the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, and the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, which has been touted by Trump. Lavrov said a bilateral meeting at the highest level would be possible only “if all issues requiring discussion are thoroughly prepared”.
He suggested that Putin would meet Zelenskyy only to accept Russia’s maximalist conditions, which would entail Ukraine’s capitulation.
Russia’s veteran foreign minister further questioned whether Zelenskyy had the legitimacy to sign any future peace accord, parroting a familiar Kremlin line that portrays Ukraine’s leadership as illegitimate.
Despite a flurry of diplomacy in recent days between Trump and his Russian and Ukrainian counterparts, the path to peace remains uncertain as Moscow has shown little willingness to climb down from its maximalist demands.
Ukraine map
Even so, the White House on Wednesday continued to strike a positive tone.
“President Trump and his national security team continue to engage with Russian and Ukrainian officials towards a bilateral meeting to stop the killing and end the war,” a White House spokesperson told Fox News.
Speaking to foreign correspondents in Kyiv, Zelenskyy, who has agreed to meet Putin, said he would like a “strong reaction” from Washington if the Russian leader was not willing to sit down for a bilateral meeting with him soon.
“I responded immediately to the proposal for a bilateral meeting: we are ready. But what if the Russians are not ready?” Zelenskyy said in comments released on Thursday from a briefing with reporters in Kyiv a day earlier.
As uncertainty over peace talks persisted, Russia launched one of its heaviest bombardments in weeks.
The Ukrainian military said Moscow had fired 574 drones and 40 missiles in a major aerial assault that struck western regions, killing at least one person and injuring 15. Ukraine’s foreign minister said a major US electronics manufacturer was among the targets.
“The message is clear: Russia is not looking for peace. Russia is attacking American business in Ukraine, humiliating American business,” said Andy Hunder, president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Ukraine.
Ukraine, for its part, has stepped up drone attacks on Russian infrastructure supporting the war, with strikes on oil refineries pushing wholesale gasoline prices in Russia to record highs.
If you like the idea of zoning out and luxuriating in the sounds of a “Psychologically Ultimate Seashore” or an “Optimum Aviary,” you are not alone—and in fact are part of a lineage that traces back to a series of mind-altering recordings debuted in 1969. The 11 volumes of Environments, a series of LPs featuring long-duration selections of nature sounds and aural abstractions like computer-generated bell tones, figure prominently in the history of ambient music and New Age culture. Now, more than five decades later, they serve as the subject of a new body of artwork by Martin Beck.
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The original records are both obscure and ubiquitous, secreted away in record bins and hiding in plain sight. “When I first started buying them, they were $1.50 or $2,” Beck said. “Now they have gone up a little, probably because I bought so many.”
Beck, whose Environments-inspired works are the subject of a show at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut (through October 5), first learned about the series at a talk by a friend at Columbia University—“an architecture theorist preparing a book on psychedelics and space in the ’70s,” he said. “The records were a footnote, and after I looked them up and started reading the liner notes and finding more information, it became clear that they were a treasure.”
Environments was more than a footnote in its prime, garnering wide-eyed (and -eared) press attention—Newsweek called the first volume a “sonic tonic”—and landing a distribution deal with Atlantic Records. But it was a curious enterprise from the start, helmed by an impresario named Irv Teibel who came across as a mix of a utopian visionary and a hubristic pitchman with a flair for extravagant claims. An advertisement for Environments said the records could “replace aspirin, tranquilizers, other drugs,” and so-called “listening test responses” touted as testimonials on the LP sleeves include “a gentle, subtle trip,” “fantastic for making love,” “reading speed doubled,” “the speakers seemed to be dripping,” and “the alligators are star quality!,” among many, many more.
Installation view of “Martin Beck: … or hours, days, or weeks at a time” at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum.
Photo Jeffrey Jenkins
The records, along with the promotional materials that were used to position them as lifestyle accessories and productivity aids, figure into Beck’s artistic exegesis, which comprises everything from wall works and video to the overall design and vibe of the show. The first room of the exhibition greets visitors with album covers cropped into isolated imagery (a sensuous face, a swamp, lightning) via white overmats situated within frames, as well as a series of large, intricate drawings of ferns overlaid with text (“relaxation spas, hypnotism clinics, mental institutions…”). A separate room is devoted to a video work—soundtracked by Environments recordings—that traces subtle scenes of outside and inside over the course of a day in Joshua Tree, California, where Beck spends some of his time. (Born in Austria, he otherwise is based in New York and Vienna.)
Beck said he approached Environments via two lines of thinking. “One was how they literally provide a tool to map one space on top of another, to turn architectural space into a natural space. It’s almost like a conflict of existence: Where are you? Are you at home? Or are you out in nature?”
He continued: “That related to an interest in the atmospheres of spaces, and particularly the atmospheres of exhibitions. What is the atmosphere when you walk into an exhibition? Is it an arrangement of objects that doesn’t affect the space, or is it something that actually does something to you as a physical body, more than just directing you from one object to another? Does it make you feel comfortable? Does it make you feel anxious? Does it make you feel focused? Does it disorient you, or orient you?”
Martin Beck: equilibrium: Dusk at New Hope (detail), 2023.
Photo Manuel Carreon Lopez
Beck sensed a connection between the way that “something simply acoustic would alter your relationship to space without you actually seeing anything” and the lurking “paradox around what kind of subject these records—or the claims made in the liner notes and the PR language behind them—propose. On one hand, there’s an explicit functional purpose behind them: to feel at ease so you can read faster, have better sex, focus better. What is the purpose of that? The purpose is that you become a more productive subject in a capitalist economy. You feel better, which is good. But you feel better for a purpose, which is exploitative. It’s a measure of control while you give a measure of well-being.”
The invocation of well-being signals the steady rise of wellness culture that, decades later, continues to be healthy and restorative but also oppressive and more than a little bit creepy. Beck noted having come across mention of the long-obscure Environments in recent scholarly books including Hush: Media and Sonic Self-Control by Mack Hagood and Turn On, Tune In, Drift Off: Ambient Music’s Psychedelic Past by Victor Szabo. And it turns out that Environments has even been reincarnated by way of a newly conceived 12th volume imagined by Machine Listening, an artist-research collective in Australia. Taking the form of a sound installation as well as a vinyl LP released in June, Environments 12 involves pointed research into the series’ origins and speculative extrapolations on its aims articulated in part by generative voice clones—all in the service of what Machine Listening describes as “a collection of songs and fables recovered from the ruins of a future history.”
Film still from Martin Beck’s in place (environments), 2020.
Photo Jeffrey Jenkins
For his part, Beck is more situated in the formative time when the New Age dawned, for better and worse. “Back in the late ’60s and early ’70s, these were the first products of a kind,” he said of the Environments records’ aspirations toward improvement, fulfillment, and anything else they might have to offer. “Now, of course, there are industries devoted to that, and everyone uses tools to try to function better in different situations.”
Ironically, the sounds of Environments brought Beck to a new state as an artist whose conceptual inclinations gave way to more elemental gestures. Around when he first delved into the series, “I started thinking that almost everything I’ve done as an artist over the last over the 20 years didn’t involve my hand, and I got curious about what I could still do to apply an artistic skill,” he said. So he began making the kind of drawings that figure in the Aldrich exhibition—and also lend the show its title: “… for hours, days, or weeks at a time.”
Martin Beck: Sites, 2023.
Photo Joerg Lohse
“For years I’ve been collecting and shooting images of ferns with a thought that someday I would do something with them, even if I didn’t quite know what,” Beck said. “I started making drawings of them and was really taken by the idea that I don’t need much to do that. I just need a pencil and a piece of paper. There’s no production involved. I don’t need any other people. I can just do it at the kitchen table.”
As he drew, he started incorporating poetic phrases pulled from text that Irv Teibel had compiled for the sake of Environments-related advertising copy—words along the lines of “concentration noise masking creativity / noise masking relaxation sleep / isolation noise masking reading / social interaction relaxation sleep.”
“The first few attempts were small-scale and didn’t work at all—they were just boring,” Beck said of his initial drawings. “At some point I thought: why not try changing the scale? And that ended up really working out. They have a bodily scale to them that gets into the absurdity of doing this with just a pencil, spending weeks upon weeks making drawings. I couldn’t draw for more than three or four hours a day because my fingers started to hurt. But it was a nice task to have at the end of the day, to just do a few hours. Then, over the course of two or three months, these drawings started to emerge.”
Gorka Prieto-Bellver’s nutrition tips for amateur cyclists during summer
Hydration is key for summer cycling
“In the summer, it’s especially important to hydrate well with water and electrolytes. They [electrolytes] are simply mineral salts that contain a large amount of sodium to prevent dehydration. It’s very important during this hot season. Not hydrating well is a very common mistake,” said Prieto-Bellver.
Maintain your intake of carbohydrates
“One of the most common mistakes I see is that people don’t eat enough during training,” continued Prieto-Bellver. “Not consuming enough carbohydrates during training is a fairly frequent mistake, although it is becoming less common.
“I’m not saying you should consume 120 grams per hour [a figure that is more common for professional cyclists], but it’s normal for people to ride for three hours without eating anything.
“At a very, very low intensity, you can do it; however, if you’re pushing hard, it’s important to consume carbohydrates.
“What quantity should you consume? I’d say around 60 to 90 grams of carbohydrates per hour would be sufficient.”
At the heart of all this are many human storiespublished at 15:03 British Summer Time
15:03 BST
Tom Joyner Live reporter
Among the backlog of asylum claims waiting to be processed is Daastan’s.
The 26-year-old fled Afghanistan two years ago, fearing for his life after his father and brother were targeted by the Taliban.
After arriving in the UK, he applied for asylum and the Home Office found him a hotel room in Yorkshire, where he’s been ever since.
Every day, Daastan is given three meals and is allowed to leave for a walk if he signs out with a guard. Other than that, he says he spends most of his time in silence – his only roommate doesn’t speak English.
He told me it often feels like he is floating in a hopeless limbo: “You escape one problem and now you’re in another problem,” he explains, referring to his escape from the Taliban.
The nightly news coverage of protests against asylum seekers has only made things worse. One day, through his window, he watched as guards and police surrounded the hotel and stopped protestors from getting any closer to him.
“All we asylum seekers wanted was a shelter so the government put us in a hotel. That wasn’t our choice,” he says. “We haven’t done anything!”
Daastan’s mental health has taken a heavy toll, and he now takes antidepressants.
Around a year after he arrived in the UK, Daastan found out that his claim had been denied. With the help of a solicitor, he lodged an appeal, and is now awaiting news of the outcome.
Last year, he joined a local cricket team near his hotel, eager to play the game he loved back home in Afghanistan. But one day, his teammate made a comment about Daastan’s status as an asylum seeker.
“They didn’t know I understand English and they were talking about me using a lot of bad words. They gave me lots of depression,” he says.
Australia coach Joe Schmidt is banking on his side making a faster start to the second Rugby Championship test against South Africa in Cape Town on Saturday, and not having to dig quite as deep as last weekend’s heroic win at Ellis Park. The Springboks dominated the opening quarter in Johannesburg to take a 22-0 lead inside 18 minutes, before Australia roared back in the second half for a stunning 38-22 victory at a ground where they had not won in 62 years. Schmidt is convinced his team are up for the challenge again, but knows the Springboks are unlikely to let them off the hook to that degree a second time. “We can’t wait around,” Schmidt told reporters in Cape Town on Thursday. “We can’t wait for the Springboks to bring their game. We’ve got to kick off with our game a lot better than we did last week. We’ve talked more about that this week.” A fractured jaw for Dylan Pietsch means Schmidt has handed a debut to former Rugby Sevens wing Corey Toole, one of the fastest players in Super Rugby. “He’s a great young kid,” Schmidt said. “He’s obviously come in from the Sevens programme, which is something a number of the South Africans have done. He’s adapting well and this will be a big, steep learning curve for him.” Captain Harry Wilson is out having failed to recover from an injury picked up last weekend, but that blow has been softened by the return of Rob Valetini at number eight. “Losing Harry is not ideal at all,” Schmidt admitted. “Rob’s played 40 minutes for us so far this season, that is all. But it’s good to have him back and I’m sure he’ll acquit himself really well.” South Africa made 10 changes to their side as a fuming coach Rassie Erasmus brought back the experience of Handre Pollard (flyhalf), Damian de Allende (inside centre) and Willie le Roux (fullback). “It’s been a while since a game just ran away from us,” Erasmus said. “It’s not a lekker (good) feeling when that happens. You know when your Mom sends you a message to say, ‘My kid, I still love you’, things aren’t lekker.” While the Springboks will undoubtedly tighten up their game-plan on Saturday, Erasmus rejected the idea they would abandon their new expansive running style altogether. “I feel Australia are playing pretty much like we did in 2019, defend, defend, and if you make an error, they will pounce on that,” Erasmus said of his side that lifted the Rugby World Cup trophy six years ago. “We don’t believe that’s the way to win the next World Cup. We will never throw everything out, we’ve worked too hard over the last two or three years to get things in place.”
The cause of sea star wasting disease (SSWD), which affects more than 20 species of sea star on the west coast of North America and has killed more than five billion sunflower sea stars, has been identified. Knowing the bacterium responsible, Vibrio pectenicida, will benefit recovery efforts for sunflower sea stars and the kelp forests impacted by their loss.
Sea stars with the disease, which first struck in 2013 and is highly transmissible, rapidly deteriorate as their tissues develop lesions and then disintegrate. Identifying the pathogen was a painstaking process. By conducting controlled exposure experiments, genetic analyses, and making field observations, scientists closed in on the culprit.
After identifying the agent, “there was a huge celebration,” says Dr Melanie Prentice of the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the Hakai Institute and lead author of the study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. “But we are just getting started,” she adds.
A large, three-foot-wide sunflower sea star searching for prey in the Alert Bay dock, Cormorant Island, off the north coast of Vancouver Island in Canada. Credit: Pat Webster
Sunflower sea stars (Pycnopodia helianthoides), a species particularly susceptible to SSWD, are now critically endangered.
Growing to the size of a bicycle tyre, they are voracious predators of kelp-eating grazers such as sea urchins. The decline of this species has meant a proliferation of urchins and a widespread loss of kelp.
Efforts are already underway to raise sunflower sea stars in captivity for release back into the wild to boost kelp forest restoration.
“It’s incredibly hard to work on solutions without knowing what the pathogen is. Getting this information makes management and recovery possible,” explains Prentice. Diagnostic tests are now being developed that will help with the movement of captive sea stars and identify areas suitable for their reintroduction.
“It is possible that there are resistant sunflower sea stars out there,” adds Professor Alyssa Gehman of the Hakai Institute and UBC, senior author of the study. “If there are, then we can select for those animals that are resistant and try and breed them.”
Five billion sunflower sea stars have died as a result of SSWD since 2013. This one near British Columbia’s Calvert Island was killed by the disease in 2015. Credit: Grant Callegari | Hakai Institute
The link between outbreaks and ocean temperatures is also under investigation. Vibrio bacteria have been coined ‘the microbial barometer of climate change’ and outbreaks of SSWD have been linked to warming water temperatures.
For Ashley Kidd, co-founder and conservation project manager of Sunflower Star Laboratory in California where sunflower sea stars are being captively reared, knowing the pathogen responsible for SSWD is a significant milestone. “It is a huge step to understanding how safe it is out there and the resilience of these sunflower sea stars,” says Kidd. “Now we can move forward.”
In pictures: sea star wasting
A sunflower sea star in Alert Bay of the west coast of the Canadian mainland. Credit: Pat WebsterSunflower sea stars grow among vase tunicates in Rivers Inlet, British Columbia. This photo was taken in 2023. Credit: Bennett Whitnell | Hakai InstituteResearcher Alyssa Gehman from the Hakai Institute counts and measures sunflower sea stars in Burke Channel on the Central Coast of British Columbia in 2023. Credit: Bennett Whitnell | Hakai InstituteHealthy populations of sunflower sea stars found in the fjords of British Columbia’s Central Coast, such as in Knight Inlet shown here in 2023, are like windows into the past before outbreaks of sea star wasting disease (SSWD). Credit: Grant Callegari | Hakai InstituteSunflower sea stars are predators of kelp-eating grazers like sea urchins, so the decline of this species has meant a proliferation of urchins – as shown here off British Columbia’s Central Coast in 2019 – and a widespread loss of kelp. Credit: Grant Callegari | Hakai Institute
Top image: sunflower sea star in Knight Inlet. Credit: Grant Callegari, Hakai Institute | Additional images by Pat Webster can be found on his social media @underwaterpat
Game of Thrones actor Kristian Nairn has pulled out of this year’s Strictly Come Dancing “due to unexpected medical reasons”, just days after the line-up was announced.
Nairn, 49, is best known for playing Hodor – the guileless servant of House Stark – in HBO’s fantasy drama.
He also portrayed Wee John Feeney in the US TV period comedy drama Our Flag Means Death, and is a house music DJ.
“With a heavy heart, I have to step back from this season of Strictly Come Dancing due to unexpected medical reasons,” Nairn said in a statement.
“I was truly looking forward to the journey, and I’m deeply sorry to disappoint anyone who was looking forward to seeing me on the dance floor.
“Thank you all for your support, and I will be back on my feet very soon, in every sense. Love to all, Kristian.”
Last week, the 6ft 10in Northern Irishman became the 15th and final contestant to be unveiled for this year’s Strictly.
When his participation was announced last Friday, he said taking part in the dance contest would be “a huge challenge for me physically, but I’m ready to rise to it.”
Referencing his withdrawal, the show’s ecedutive producer Sarah James said: “We’ve absolutely loved getting to know Kristian in this short time, and he has all the makings of a brilliant Strictly Come Dancing contestant.
“We’re incredibly sorry to lose him from this year’s series and we all wish him a speedy recovery.”
His replacement will be revealed on The One Show on BBC One from 19:00 BST on Thursday.