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Fuel to the engines of the Air India plane involved in a deadly crash was cut off moments after takeoff, a preliminary report has found.

In recovered cockpit voice recordings, the report said one of the pilots can be heard asking “why did you cut off?” – to which the other pilot replied he “did not do so”.

The London-bound Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner crashed less than a minute after taking off on 12 June from Ahmedabad airport in western India, killing 260 people, most of them passengers. One British national miraculously survived the crash.

An investigation led by India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) is ongoing, with a final, more detailed report expected in 12 months.

According to data from the flight recorder, both of the plane’s fuel control switches moved from the run to the cutoff position in the space of a second, shortly after takeoff.

The switches are usually only cut off to turn off the engines after landing, or during emergency situations such as an engine fire – rather than during takeoff.

The cutoff caused both engines to lose thrust, the AAIB report said.

There is then confusion heard in the cockpit, with one pilot asking the other why they had switched off the fuel. The Gatwick-bound plane was being piloted by Captain Sumeet Sabharwal and co-pilot Clive Kundar. The report does not specify which voice is which.

The fuel switches then moved back into their normal inflight position, automatically starting the process of relighting the engines. One engine, the report said, was able to regain thrust – but could not reverse the plane’s deceleration.

One of the pilots submitted a mayday call just before the plane plummeted and crashed into a building used as doctors’ accommodation, causing an explosion.

Both pilots had an “adequate rest period prior” to the flight, the report said.

Experts had previously speculated that birds could have caused the crash, but the report said that “no significant bird activity” was observed in the vicinity of the plane’s flight path.

The report said: “At this stage of investigation, there are no recommended actions to B787-8 and/or GE GEnx-1B engine operators and manufacturers”.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) had issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin in 2019 highlighting that some Boeing 737 fuel control switches were installed with the locking feature disengaged, the report said.

The issue was not deemed an unsafe condition requiring an Airworthiness Directive – a legally enforceable regulation.

The same switch design is used in Air India’s VT-ANB aircraft which crashed. As the bulletin was advisory, Air India did not perform inspections.

There had been no defect reported pertaining to the fuel control switch since 2023 on VT-ANB, the report said.

Experts who spoke to the BBC offered differing opinions on whether this could have played a factor.

An Air India spokesperson said the airline acknowledged receipt of the preliminary report.

“We continue to fully cooperate with the AAIB and other authorities as their investigation progresses. Given the active nature of the investigation, we are unable to comment on specific details and refer all such enquiries to the AAIB,” the Air India spokesperson added.

In a statement, Boeing said it would defer to AAIB to provide information about the crashed plane, in adherence with protocol under the UN International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It also said it continued to support the investigation and its customer, Air India.

The US National Transportation Safety Board in a statement thanked Indian officials for their cooperation and noted that there were no recommended actions in the report aimed at operators of Boeing-787 jets or the GE engines.

While no conclusions are drawn and the report notes that investigations are ongoing, the focus appears to be on the actions of the pilots.

The preliminary investigation into the crash – one of the worst in recent aviation history – was led by the AAIB, with inputs from Boeing, engine-maker GE, Air India, and aviation regulators from India, the UK and the US.

Under ICAO rules, preliminary reports should be filed within 30 days of a crash, although it isn’t mandatory to make them public.

The accident marked the first time a 787-8 Dreamliner suffered a fatal crash since entering service in 2011.

In the days following the crash, the aircraft’s Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorders (EAFRs) – or “black boxes” – were recovered from the debris, a crucial breakthrough for investigators looking to reconstruct the flight’s final moments.

These devices capture extensive flight data and cockpit audio – from pilot radio calls to ambient cockpit sounds.

The crash is a major setback for Air India, which is in the middle of a business turnaround following its privatisation. It was bought out by the Tata Group from the Indian government in 2022.

The airline has announced a cut in international operations on its wide-body aircraft as it grapples with several disruptions in the aftermath of the crash.

The tragedy has also put the spotlight on aviation safety in India.

Earlier this month, India’s civil aviation regulator completed enhanced safety checks on 26 out of Air India’s 33 Dreamliners without finding major concerns.

Speaking to the BBC this week, the chief of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) – India’s aviation safety regulator – defended the country’s record, saying that between 2010 and 2024 it consistently performed better than the world average when it came to the number of accidents annually, except for in two years in which major accidents happened.

However, there have been a number of disquieting reports in recent weeks, highlighting maintenance oversights and training shortfalls.