Introduction
Bladder cancer (BCa), a prevalent malignant tumor in the urinary system,1 poses significant health challenges. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and cases with high risks of recurrence and progression, postoperative…

Bladder cancer (BCa), a prevalent malignant tumor in the urinary system,1 poses significant health challenges. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and cases with high risks of recurrence and progression, postoperative…