Degenhardt L, Hall W. Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet. 2012;379(9810):55–70.
Hall W, Degenhardt L, Teesson M. Understanding comorbidity between substance use, anxiety and affective disorders: Broadening the research base. Addict Behav. 2009;34(6):526–30.
Google Scholar
Karch SB, Drummer O. Karch’s pathology of drug abuse: CRC press; 2008.
Degenhardt L, Bucello C, Mathers B, Briegleb C, Ali H, Hickman M, et al. Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction. 2011;106(1):32–51.
Google Scholar
Lai HMX, Cleary M, Sitharthan T, Hunt GE. Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990–2014: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;154:1–13.
Google Scholar
Conner KR, Pinquart M, Duberstein PR. Meta-analysis of depression and substance use and impairment among intravenous drug users (IDUs). Addiction. 2008;103(4):524–34.
Google Scholar
Tsuang MT, Tohen M, Jones P. Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
Carpentier PJ, Krabbe PFM, Van Gogh MT, Knapen LJM, Buitelaar JK, De Jong CAJ. Psychiatric Comorbidity Reduces Quality of Life in Chronic Methadone Maintained Patients. Am J Addict. 2009;18(6):470–80.
Google Scholar
Zhu Y, Mooney LJ, Yoo C, Evans EA, Kelleghan A, Saxon AJ, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and treatment outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder: Results from a multisite trial of buprenorphine-naloxone and methadone. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;228:108996.
Google Scholar
Aas CF, Vold JH, Gjestad R, Skurtveit S, Lim AG, Gjerde KV, et al. Substance use and symptoms of mental health disorders: a prospective cohort of patients with severe substance use disorders in Norway. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):20.
Google Scholar
Zhu Y, Jha SC, Shutta KH, Huang T, Balasubramanian R, Clish CB, et al. Psychological distress and metabolomic markers: A systematic review of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and subclinical distress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;143:104954.
Google Scholar
Javadi Arjmand E, Bemanian M, Vold JH, Skogen JC, Sandal GM, Arnesen EK, et al. Emotional Eating and Changes in High-Sugar Food and Drink Consumption Linked to Psychological Distress and Worries: A Cohort Study from Norway. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):778.
Google Scholar
Konttinen H, Männistö S, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Haukkala A. Emotional eating, depressive symptoms and self-reported food consumption. A population-based study Appetite. 2010;54(3):473–9.
Google Scholar
Karaagac Y, Ozcelik AO. Nutritional status changes in the treatment of substance use disorder: Relationship with substance craving. Nutr Res. 2024;123:120–9.
Google Scholar
Mahboub N, Rizk R, Karavetian M, de Vries N. Nutritional status and eating habits of people who use drugs and/or are undergoing treatment for recovery: a narrative review. Nutr Rev. 2021;79(6):627–35.
Google Scholar
Strike C, Rudzinski K, Patterson J, Millson M. Frequent food insecurity among injection drug users: correlates and concerns. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1058.
Google Scholar
Abdollahi M, Rahimi R, Radfar M. Current opinion on drug-induced oral reactions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008;9(3):1–15.
Google Scholar
Saini GK, Gupta ND, Prabhat KC. Drug addiction and periodontal diseases. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(5):587–91.
Google Scholar
Wiss DA. A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health. Front Public Health. 2019;7.
Mahadevan M, Fisher CB. Factors Influencing the Nutritional Health and Food Choices of African American HIV-Positive Marginally Housed and Homeless Female Substance Abusers. Appl Dev Sci. 2010;14(2):72–88.
Laslett A-M, Dietze P, Dwyer R. The oral health of street-recruited injecting drug users: prevalence and correlates of problems. Addiction. 2008;103(11):1821–5.
Google Scholar
Rooney C, McKinley MC, Woodside JV. The potential role of fruit and vegetables in aspects of psychological well-being: a review of the literature and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72(4):420–32.
Google Scholar
Parletta N, Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, et al. A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: A randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED). Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(7):474–87.
Google Scholar
Jacka FN, O’Neil A, Opie R, Itsiopoulos C, Cotton S, Mohebbi M, et al. A randomised controlled trial of dietary improvement for adults with major depression (the “SMILES” trial). BMC Med. 2017;15(1):23.
Google Scholar
Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E, Fadnes LT, Boffetta P, Greenwood DC, et al. Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(5):1069–91.
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, et al. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res. 2018;70:62–93.
Google Scholar
Eggersdorfer M, Wyss A. Carotenoids in human nutrition and health. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018;652:18–26.
Google Scholar
Bøhn SK, Myhrstad MC, Thoresen M, Holden M, Karlsen A, Tunheim SH, et al. Blood cell gene expression associated with cellular stress defense is modulated by antioxidant-rich food in a randomised controlled clinical trial of male smokers. BMC Med. 2010;8:54.
Google Scholar
Brevik A, Andersen LF, Karlsen A, Trygg KU, Blomhoff R, Drevon CA. Six carotenoids in plasma used to assess recommended intake of fruits and vegetables in a controlled feeding study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(8):1166–73.
Google Scholar
Lyon P, Strippoli V, Fang B, Cimmino L. B Vitamins and One-Carbon Metabolism: Implications in Human Health and Disease. Nutrients. 2020;12(9).
Sarris J, Ravindran A, Yatham LN, Marx W, Rucklidge JJ, McIntyre RS, et al. Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2022;23(6):424–55.
Google Scholar
Bemanian M, Vold JH, Chowdhury R, Aas CF, Gjestad R, Johansson KA, et al. Folate Status as a Nutritional Indicator among People with Substance Use Disorder; A Prospective Cohort Study in Norway. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):09.
Fadnes LT, Furulund E, Druckrey-Fiskaaen KT, Madebo T, Vold JH, Olsvold M, et al. Effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress among people with substance use disorders receiving opioid agonist therapy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (FruktBAR). BMC Nutr. 2022;8(1):97.
Google Scholar
Javadi Arjmand E, Druckrey-Fiskaaen KT, Furulund E, Vold JH, Madebo T, Blomhoff R, et al. Update of statistical analysis plan for: Effect of fruit smoothie supplementation on psychological distress among people with substance use disorders receiving opioid agonist therapy: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (FruktBAR)2024. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4748489/v1.
Richardson T, Elliott P, Roberts R. The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(8):1148–62.
Google Scholar
Carlsen SEL, Furulund E, Arjmand EJ, et al. To smoothie or not to smoothie? A mixed-method approach of nutrition pilot intervention among individuals in opioid agonist treatment. BMC Nutr. 2025;11:130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-025-01095-1.
Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. The Lancet. 2001;357(9263):1191–4.
Google Scholar
Bergen Addiction Research (BAR). ATLAS4LAR: Kartlegging og behandling av lungesykdom i legemiddelassistert behandling: Helse Bergen; 2024 [Available from: https://www.helse-bergen.no/avdelinger/rusmedisin/rusmedisin-seksjon-forsking/bar/atlas4lar-kartlegging-og-behandling-av-lungesykdom-i-legemiddelassistert-behandling.
Norwegian Directorate of Health. 5.2.Blodsukkersenkende behandling og behandlingsmål ved diabetes type 2: Helsedirektoratet; 2019 [Available from: https://www.helsedirektoratet.no/retningslinjer/diabetes/behandling-med-blodsukkersenkende-legemidler-ved-diabetes/blodsukkersenkende-behandling-og-behandlingsmal-ved-diabetes-type-2#behandlingsmal-for-hba1c-ved-diabetes-type-2.
Strand BH, Dalgard OS, Tambs K, Rognerud M. Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: A comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10, SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36). Nord J Psychiatry. 2003;57(2):113–8.
Google Scholar
Vold JH, Gjestad R, Aas CF, Meland E, Johansson KA, Fadnes LT, et al. Validation of a three-item Fatigue Severity Scale for patients with substance use disorder: a cohort study from Norway for the period 2016–2020. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021;19(1):69.
Google Scholar
Vieira EB, Degani-Costa LH, Amorim BC, Oliveira LB, Miranda-Silva T, Sperandio PC, et al. Modified BODE Index to Predict Mortality in Individuals With COPD: The Role of 4-Min Step Test. Respir Care. 2020;65(7):977–83.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Serum and Red Blood Cell Folate Concentrations for Assessing Folate Status in Populations [Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/162114/WHO_NMH_NHD_EPG_15.01.pdf.
Kirkbride JB, Anglin DM, Colman I, Dykxhoorn J, Jones PB, Patalay P, et al. The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations. World Psychiatry. 2024;23(1):58–90.
Google Scholar
Vold JH, Gjestad R, Aas CF, Chalabianloo F, Skurtveit S, Løberg E-M, et al. Impact of clinical and sociodemographic factors on fatigue among patients with substance use disorder: a cohort study from Norway for the period 2016–2020. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2020;15(1):93.
Google Scholar
Al-Delaimy WK, van Kappel AL, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Steghens JP, Bingham S, et al. Plasma levels of six carotenoids in nine European countries: report from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Public Health Nutr. 2004;7(6):713–22.
Google Scholar
Chavez MN, Rigg KK. Nutritional implications of opioid use disorder: A guide for drug treatment providers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2020;34(6):699–707.
Google Scholar
European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA). Harm reduction – the current situation in Europe 2024 [Available from: https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/european-drug-report/2024/harm-reduction_en.
Sandanger I, Moum T, Ingebrigtsen G, Dalgard OS, Sørensen T, Bruusgaard D. Concordance between symptom screening and diagnostic procedure: the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview I. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1998;33(7):345–54.
Google Scholar
Lieber CS. Alcohol: Its Metabolism and Interaction With Nutrients. Annu Rev Nutr. 2000;20:395–430.
Google Scholar
Reboul E. Mechanisms of Carotenoid Intestinal Absorption: Where Do We Stand? Nutrients. 2019;11(4):838.
Google Scholar