Assefa Y, Gilks CF. Ending the epidemic of HIV/AIDS by 2030: will there be an endgame to HIV, or an endemic HIV requiring an integrated health systems response in many countries? Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:273–7.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. The role of HIV viral suppression in improving individual health and reducing transmission: policy brief. World Health Organization; 2023.
Campbell-Yesufu OT, Gandhi RT. Update on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(6):780–7.
Google Scholar
Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Parolin C, Borsetti A. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in African countries: A comprehensive overview. Pathogens [Internet]. 2020; 9(12).
Appah A, Beelen CJ, Kirkby D, Dong W, Shahid A, Foley B, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in ghana: subtype distribution, drug resistance and coreceptor usage. Viruses. 2022;15(1):128.
Google Scholar
Quashie PK, Oliviera M, Veres T, Osman N, Han Y-S, Hassounah S, et al. Differential effects of the G118R, H51Y, and E138K resistance substitutions in different subtypes of HIV integrase. J Virol. 2015;89(6):3163–75.
Google Scholar
Ndung’u T, Dong KL, Kwon DS, Walker BD. A FRESH approach: combining basic science and social good. Sci Immunol. 2018;3(27).
Ghana AIDS. Commission. Ghana’s HIV Fact Sheet 2019. 2020.
Ghana Health Service. Consolidated guidelines for HIV care in Ghana. 2019.
World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services, 2019. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services, 20192020.
Ambaye E, Ormago MD, Ali MM. Sero-prevalence and associated factors of sexually transmitted infections among youth-friendly services attendees. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(1):e0279900.
Google Scholar
Delgado C, Baweja M, Crews DC, Eneanya ND, Gadegbeku CA, Inker LA, et al. A unifying approach for GFR estimation: recommendations of the NKF-ASN task force on reassessing the inclusion of race in diagnosing kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(2):268–e881.
Google Scholar
Wade D, Daneau G, Aboud S, Vercauteren GH, Urassa WS, Kestens L. WHO multicenter evaluation of facscount CD4 and Pima CD4 T-cell count systems: instrument performance and misclassification of HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(5):e98–107.
Google Scholar
World Bank. Survey solutions CAPI/CAWI platform: release 24.06. The World Bank Washington DC; 2018.
Jansen K, Thamm M, Bock C-T, Scheufele R, Kücherer C, Muenstermann D, et al. High prevalence and high incidence of coinfection with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis and low rate of effective vaccination against hepatitis B in HIV-Positive men who have sex with men with known date of HIV seroconversion in Germany. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142515.
Google Scholar
Yang R, Yuan R, Gui X, Ke H, Zhuang K, Hu H, et al. Characteristics of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and syphilis coinfection in people with HIV/AIDS contracted through different sources: retrospective study. JMIR Public Health Surveillance. 2024;10:e46750.
Google Scholar
Mosha F, Muchunguzi V, Matee M, Sangeda RZ, Vercauteren J, Nsubuga P, et al. Gender differences in HIV disease progression and treatment outcomes among HIV patients one year after starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Dar Es salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):38.
Google Scholar
Oguntibeju O. Quality of life of people living with HIV and AIDS and antiretroviral therapy. HIV/AIDS – Research and Palliative Care. 2012;117.
Achappa B, Madi D, Bhaskaran U, Ramapuram JT, Rao S, Mahalingam S. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(3):220–3.
Google Scholar
Gisselquist D, Potterat JJ. Heterosexual transmission of HIV in africa: an empiric estimate. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14(3):162–73.
Google Scholar
Mayer KH, Nelson L, Hightow-Weidman L, Mimiaga MJ, Mena L, Reisner S, et al. The persistent and evolving HIV epidemic in American men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2021;397(10279):1116–26.
Google Scholar
Liao M, Kang D, Jiang B, Tao X, Qian Y, Wang T, et al. Bisexual behavior and infection with HIV and syphilis among men who have sex with men along the East Coast of China. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2011;25(11):683–91.
Google Scholar
Moyo-Chilufya M, Maluleke K, Kgarosi K, Muyoyeta M, Hongoro C, Musekiwa A. The burden of non-communicable diseases among people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;65:102255.
Google Scholar
Kwofie TB, Adigbli D, Osei-Yeboah J, Ativi E, Lokpo SY. Hepatitis B and C infections in HIV-1 patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in ghana: implications for Immunologic recovery, clinical response to treatment, and hepatotoxicity. Heliyon. 2021;7(6):e07172.
Google Scholar
Pappoe F, Hagan CKO, Obiri-Yeboah D, Nsiah P. Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Ghanaian HIV positive cohort: a consideration for their health care. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1).
Torpey K, Ogyiri L, Cuylaerts V, Agyeman S, Agyei-Nkansah A, Buyze J, et al. Hepatitis C prevalence and validation of a clinical prediction score for targeted screening among people living with HIV in Ghana. J Int Association Providers AIDS Care (JIAPAC). 2021;20:232595822110224.
Platt L, Easterbrook P, Gower E, Mcdonald B, Sabin K, Mcgowan C, et al. Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(7):797–808.
Google Scholar
Pansue K, Promsena P, Songtaweesin WN, et al. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among adolescents and young adults attending HIV and sexual health clinics. Int. J. STD AIDS. 2024;36(4):289–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/09564624241302231
Hughes K, Chang J, Stadtler H, Wyatt C, Klotman M, Blasi M. HIV-1 infection of the kidney: mechanisms and implications. Aids. 2021;35(3):359–67.
Google Scholar
Mocroft A, Lundgren JD, Ross M, Fux CA, Reiss P, Moranne O, et al. Cumulative and current exposure to potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals and development of chronic kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals with a normal baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate: a prospective international cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(1):e23–32.
Google Scholar
Obirikorang C, Yeboah FA. Blood haemoglobin measurement as a predictive indicator for the progression of HIV/AIDS in resource-limited setting. J Biomed Sci. 2009;16(1):102.
Google Scholar
Frescura L, Godfrey-Faussett P, Feizzadeh AA, El-Sadr W, Syarif O, Ghys PD. Achieving the 95 95 95 targets for all: A pathway to ending AIDS. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(8):e0272405.
Google Scholar
Gebremedhin T, Aynalem M, Adem M, Geremew D, Aleka Y, Kiflie A. Dolutegravir based therapy showed CD4 + T cell count recovery and viral load suppression among ART Naïve people living with HIV AIDS: a pilot evaluation. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1).
Hoenigl M, Chaillon A, Moore DJ, Morris SR, Mehta SR, Gianella S, et al. Rapid HIV viral load suppression in those initiating antiretroviral therapy at first visit after HIV diagnosis. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):32947.
Google Scholar
Haas AD, Radin E, Birhanu S, Low AJ, Saito S, Sachathep K, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with late diagnosis of HIV in malawi, zambia, and zimbabwe: results from population-based nationally representative surveys. PLOS Global Public Health. 2022;2(2):e0000080.
Google Scholar
Véras NMC, Santoro MM, Gray RR, Tatem AJ, Presti AL, Olearo F, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 CRF02_AG in Cameroon and African patients living in Italy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27(11):1173–82.
Google Scholar
Casado C, Galvez C, Pernas M, Tarancon-Diez L, Rodriguez C, Sanchez-Merino V et al. Permanent control of HIV-1 pathogenesis in exceptional elite controllers: a model of spontaneous cure. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1).
Hileman CO, Funderburg NT, Inflammation. Immune activation, and antiretroviral therapy in HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2017;14(3):93–100.
Google Scholar
Bruzzese E, Lo Vecchio A, Smarrazzo A, Tambaro O, Palmiero G, Bonadies G et al. Dolutegravir-based anti-retroviral therapy is effective and safe in HIV–infected paediatric patients. Ital J Pediatr. 2018;44(1).
Mounzer K, Brunet L, Fusco JS, Mcnicholl IR, Dunbar M, Sension M, et al. Immune response to ART initiation in advanced HIV infection. HIV Med. 2023;24(6):716–26.
Google Scholar
Wilson EMP, Sereti I. Immune restoration after antiretroviral therapy: the pitfalls of hasty or incomplete repairs. Immunol Rev. 2013;254(1):343–54.
Google Scholar
Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Therapy. 2023;8(1).
Taramasso L, Labate L, Briano F, Brucci G, Mora S, Blanchi S et al. CD4 + T lymphocyte recovery in the modern antiretroviral therapy era: toward a new threshold for defining immunological non-responders. Front Virol. 2023;2.
Masenga SK, Mweene BC, Luwaya E, Muchaili L, Chona M, Kirabo A. HIV–Host Cell Interact Cells. 2023;12(10):1351.
Google Scholar
Abana CZ, Sagoe KWC, Bonney EY, Maina EK, Aziati ID, Agbosu E et al. Drug resistance mutations and viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and dual HIV-1/ HIV-2 infected patients in Ghana. Medicine. 2019;98(6).
Deletsu SD, Maina EK, Quaye O, Ampofo WK, Awandare GA, Bonney EY. High resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype Circulating Recombinant form 02_AG in Ghana and on antiretroviral therapy. Medicine. 2020;99(7).
Grinsztejn B, Hosseinipour MC, Ribaudo HJ, Swindells S, Eron J, Chen YQ, et al. Effects of early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral treatment on clinical outcomes of HIV-1 infection: results from the phase 3 HPTN 052 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(4):281–90.
Google Scholar
Rajasuriar R, Wright E, Lewin SR. Impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) timing on chronic immune activation/inflammation and end-organ damage. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10(1):35–42.
Google Scholar
Rangarajan S, Donn JC, Giang le T, Bui DD, Hung Nguyen H, Tou PB, et al. Factors associated with HIV viral load suppression on antiretroviral therapy in Vietnam. J Virus Erad. 2016;2(2):94–101.
Google Scholar
Serrano-Villar S, Moreno S, Fuentes‐Ferrer M, Sánchez‐Marcos C, Ávila M, Sainz T, et al. The CD4:CD8 ratio is associated with markers of age-associated disease in virally suppressed HIV-infected patients with immunological recovery. HIV Med. 2014;15(1):40–9.
Google Scholar
Sereti I. Immune reconstruction inflammatory syndrome in HIV infection: beyond what Meets the eye. Top Antivir Med. 2020;27(4):106–11.
Google Scholar