Category: 3. Business

Warsh is a rare candidate who appears to appease both the president and investorspublished at 12:47 GMT

12:47 GMT

Dharshini David
Deputy economics editor

Image source, Getty Images

Kevin Warsh, a Wall Street veteran and a former Federal Reserve member, faces one of the world’s most coveted policymaking jobs – but perhaps also one of the trickiest.

This selection process has not just been about who gets to be the world’s most powerful banker – but also the future of the central bank’s independence.

Kevin Warsh is a rare candidate who appears to appease both the president and investors.

Warsh believes that rates should be lower and that the AI revolution can help contain inflationary pressures – aligning with the president.

Meanwhile, some investors believe Warsh’s track record on taking a tough line on inflation during his previous stint as Fed Chair hints at a pragmatic approach.

He now undergoes a Senate confirmation, where there is resistance to appointing a new chair while an investigation into the present chair is ongoing.

And then, once in post, he will need to prove his credibility to markets, coping with political pressure to cut rates amid a weakening jobs market – while also trying to balance the need to curb inflation.

President Trump has acknowledged that however amenable candidates may appear beforehand, they tend to pick their own path once in post.

Economists suggest Warsh may choose not to push for rate cuts immediately, to underscore that independence at America’s central bank has been maintained.

Regulator launches investigation into US gaming platform over potential risks to underage users in the EU.

The Dutch consumer watchdog has launched an investigation into Roblox to see if the popular online gaming system is doing enough to protect children from exposure to violent and sexual imagery.

The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) said on Friday its probe would examine “potential risks to underage users in the EU” and would likely last about one year.

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“The platform regularly makes the news, for example, due to concerns about violent or sexually explicit games that minors are exposed to,” the ACM said in a statement.

Other concerns include reports of “ill-intentioned” adults targeting children on the platform and the use of misleading techniques to encourage purchases.

The ACM said that, having received reports of such allegations, it “considers this sufficient reason to launch a formal investigation into possible violations of the rules by Roblox”.

New measures

Under the European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA), platforms must take “appropriate and proportionate measures” to ensure a high level of safety and privacy for minors.

The ACM said it could impose a “binding instruction, fine, or penalty” on Roblox if it concludes the rules have been broken.

In 2024, the ACM slapped a 1.1-million-euro ($1.2m) fine on Fortnite maker Epic Games, judging that vulnerable children were exploited and pressured into making purchases in the game’s Item Shop.

A Roblox spokesperson said the company is “strongly committed to complying with the EU Digital Services Act” and referred to the gaming platform’s announcement last November that it would require age verification via facial recognition to limit communication between children and adults.

“We look forward to providing the ACM with further clarity on the many policies and safeguards we have in place to protect minors,” the spokesperson said.

TONMYA demonstrated significant reduction in fibromyalgia pain compared with placebo in the Phase 3 RESILIENT study

Unique sublingual formulation designed for bedtime dosing bypasses first-pass metabolism, optimizing parent-drug exposure during sleep and decreasing levels of the persistent active metabolite

Treatment was well tolerated with minimal effects on weight or blood pressure

CHATHAM, N.J., Jan. 30, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. (Nasdaq: TNXP) (“Tonix” or the “Company”), a fully integrated, commercial biotechnology company, presented data on TONMYA™, which was investigated as TNX-102 SL, at the 2026 Non-Opioid Pain Therapeutics Summit, on January 29, 2026, in Boston, Massachusetts. A copy of the Company’s presentation, titled “TNX-102 SL (Sublingual Cyclobenzaprine HCl): a Centrally Acting Non-Opioid Analgesic for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia,” is available under the Scientific Presentations tab of the Tonix website at www.tonixpharma.com.

“Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder affecting more than 10 million adults in the U.S., with existing treatments often limited by tolerability and side effects,” said Seth Lederman, M.D., Chief Executive Officer of Tonix Pharmaceuticals. “The data presented at the Non-Opioid Pain Therapeutics Summit by our Chief Medical Officer, Gregory Sullivan, M.D. highlight TONMYA’S role as a centrally-acting, differentiated non-opioid treatment. TONMYA’S unique sublingual formulation is designed for bedtime administration and to bypass first-pass metabolism, resulting in a pharmacokinetic profile that favors parent-drug exposure during sleep while limiting daytime exposure to the active metabolite. Since fibromyalgia patients are commonly prescribed opioids off-label, there is a clear need for effective non-opioid alternatives.”

The data presented at the Summit come from RESILIENT, a 14-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial at 34 U.S. sites, with 456 intent-to-treat participants who met the 2016 American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia. Participants received TONMYA or placebo administered sublingually at bedtime. Treatment with TONMYA resulted in a statistically significant reduction in weekly average pain scores at Week 14 (p<0.0001) versus placebo, with an effect size of 0.38. The study also demonstrated significant improvements in key secondary endpoints, including sleep disturbance (p<0.001), fatigue (p<0.001), and the Symptoms (p<0.001) and Function (p=0.001) domains of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised (p<0.001 for both). TONMYA was well tolerated, with minimal impact on weight and blood pressure, and a rate of adverse event-related discontinuations of 6.1% on TONMYA vs. 3.5% on placebo. The most common adverse events were mild and self-limited oral cavity reactions that rarely led to study withdrawal.

“TONMYA’S sublingual formulation largely bypasses first-pass hepatic metabolism, which reduces formation of norcyclobenzaprine, the persistent active metabolite that we believe otherwise interferes with the duration of the treatment effect,” said Dr. Sullivan. “This results in a distinct pharmacokinetic profile compared to oral cyclobenzaprine, with greater relative bioavailability of the parent drug during sleep and reduced active metabolite exposure during daytime. Bedtime sublingual administration is also designed to target the non-restorative sleep that is central to fibromyalgia pathophysiology, translating to broad-spectrum activity across the core symptoms of fibromyalgia, including pain, sleep disturbance, and fatigue, with a favorable tolerability profile that may reduce the need for polypharmacy.”

TONMYA was approved on August 15, 2025, by the FDA for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults. It is the first new prescription medicine approved for fibromyalgia in more than 15 years.

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.*
Tonix is a fully-integrated biotechnology company with marketed products and a pipeline of development candidates. Tonix markets FDA-approved TONMYA™, a first-in-class, non-opioid analgesic medicine for the treatment of fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition that affects millions of adults. TONMYA is the first new prescription medicine approved by the FDA for fibromyalgia in more than 15 years. TONMYA was investigated as TNX-102 SL. Tonix also markets two treatments for acute migraine in adults: Zembrace^® SymTouch^® (sumatriptan injection) and Tosymra^® (sumatriptan nasal spray). Tonix’s development portfolio* is focused on central nervous system (CNS) disorders, immunology, immuno-oncology, rare disease and infectious disease. TNX-102 SL is being developed to treat acute stress reaction and acute stress disorder under an Investigator-Initiated IND at the University of North Carolina in the OASIS study funded by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). TNX-102 SL is also in development for major depressive disorder. Tonix’s immunology development portfolio consists of biologics to address organ transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancer, including TNX-1500, which is a Phase 2- ready Fc-modified humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD40-ligand (CD40L or CD154) being developed for the prevention of allograft rejection and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Tonix’s rare disease portfolio includes TNX-2900, intranasal oxytocin potentiated with magnesium, in development for Prader-Willi syndrome and expected to start a potential pivotal Phase 2 study in 2026. Tonix’s infectious disease portfolio includes TNX-801, a vaccine in development for mpox and smallpox, as well as TNX-4800, a Phase 2- ready long-acting humanized monoclonal antibody for the seasonal prevention of Lyme disease. Finally, TNX-4200 for which Tonix has a contract with the U.S. DoD’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) for up to $34 million over five years, is a small molecule broad-spectrum antiviral agent targeting CD45 for the prevention or treatment of high lethality infections to improve the medical readiness of military personnel in biological threat environments. Tonix owns and operates a state-of-the art infectious disease research facility in Frederick, Md.

* Tonix’s product development candidates are investigational new drugs or biologics; their efficacy and safety have not been established and have not been approved for any indication.

Forward Looking Statements
Certain statements in this press release are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including those relating to the completion of the offering, the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, the intended use of proceeds from the offering and other statements that are predictive in nature. These statements may be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “forecast,” “estimate,” “expect,” and “intend,” among others. These forward-looking statements are based on Tonix’s current expectations and actual results could differ materially as a result of a number of factors, including the ability of the Company to satisfy the conditions to the closing of the offering and the timing thereof, as well as those described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on March 18, 2025, and periodic reports filed with the SEC on or after the date thereof. Tonix does not undertake an obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement. All of Tonix’s forward-looking statements are expressly qualified by all such risk factors and other cautionary statements. The information set forth herein speaks only as of the date thereof.

Investor Contacts
Jessica Morris
Tonix Pharmaceuticals 
investor.relations@tonixpharma.com 
(862) 799-8599 

Brian Korb 
astr partners 
(917) 653-5122 
brian.korb@astrpartners.com 

Media Contacts
Ray Jordan 
Putnam Insights 
ray@putnaminsights.com 

INDICATION
TONMYA is indicated for the treatment of fibromyalgia in adults.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
TONMYA is contraindicated:
In patients with hypersensitivity to cyclobenzaprine or any inactive ingredient in TONMYA. Hypersensitivity reactions may manifest as an anaphylactic reaction, urticaria, facial and/or tongue swelling, or pruritus. Discontinue TONMYA if a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected. With concomitant use of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors or within 14 days after discontinuation of an MAO inhibitor. Hyperpyretic crisis seizures and deaths have occurred in patients who received cyclobenzaprine (or structurally similar tricyclic antidepressants) concomitantly with MAO inhibitors drugs.

During the acute recovery phase of myocardial infarction, and in patients with arrhythmias, heart block or conduction disturbances, or congestive heart failure. In patients with hyperthyroidism.

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Embryofetal toxicity: Based on animal data, TONMYA may cause neural tube defects when used two weeks prior to conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk and to use effective contraception during treatment and for two weeks after the final dose. Perform a pregnancy test prior to initiation of treatment with TONMYA to exclude use of TONMYA during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Serotonin syndrome: Concomitant use of TONMYA with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, bupropion, meperidine, verapamil, or MAO inhibitors increases the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes, autonomic instability, neuromuscular abnormalities, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. Treatment with TONMYA and any concomitant serotonergic agent should be discontinued immediately if serotonin syndrome symptoms occur and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated. If concomitant treatment with TONMYA and other serotonergic drugs is clinically warranted, careful observation is advised, particularly during treatment initiation or dosage increases.

Tricyclic antidepressant-like adverse reactions: Cyclobenzaprine is structurally related to TCAs. TCAs have been reported to produce arrhythmias, sinus tachycardia, prolongation of the conduction time leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. If clinically significant central nervous system (CNS) symptoms develop, consider discontinuation of TONMYA. Caution should be used when TCAs are given to patients with a history of seizure disorder, because TCAs may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with a history of seizures should be monitored during TCA use to identify recurrence of seizures or an increase in the frequency of seizures.

Atropine-like effects: Use with caution in patients with a history of urinary retention, angle-closure glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, and in patients taking anticholinergic drugs.

CNS depression and risk of operating a motor vehicle or hazardous machinery: TONMYA monotherapy may cause CNS depression. Concomitant use of TONMYA with alcohol, barbiturates, or other CNS depressants may increase the risk of CNS depression. Advise patients not to operate a motor vehicle or dangerous machinery until they are reasonably certain that TONMYA therapy will not adversely affect their ability to engage in such activities. Oral mucosal adverse reactions: In clinical studies with TONMYA, oral mucosal adverse reactions occurred more frequently in patients treated with TONMYA compared to placebo. Advise patients to moisten the mouth with sips of water before administration of TONMYA to reduce the risk of oral sensory changes (hypoesthesia). Consider discontinuation of TONMYA if severe reactions occur.

ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥2% and at a higher incidence in TONMYA-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients) were oral hypoesthesia, oral discomfort, abnormal product taste, somnolence, oral paresthesia, oral pain, fatigue, dry mouth, and aphthous ulcer.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

MAO inhibitors: Life-threatening interactions may occur.

Other serotonergic drugs: Serotonin syndrome has been reported.

CNS depressants: CNS depressant effects of alcohol, barbiturates, and other CNS depressants may be enhanced.

Tramadol: Seizure risk may be enhanced.

Guanethidine or other similar acting drugs: The antihypertensive action of these drugs may be blocked.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Pregnancy: Based on animal data, TONMYA may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. The limited amount of available observational data on oral cyclobenzaprine use in pregnancy is of insufficient quality to inform a TONMYA-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Advise pregnant women about the potential risk to the fetus with maternal exposure to TONMYA and to avoid use of TONMYA two weeks prior to conception and through the first trimester of pregnancy. Report pregnancies to the Tonix Medicines, Inc., adverse-event reporting line at 1-888-869-7633 (1-888-TNXPMED).

Lactation: A small number of published cases report the transfer of cyclobenzaprine into human milk in low amounts, but these data cannot be confirmed. There are no data on the effects of cyclobenzaprine on a breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for TONMYA and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from TONMYA or from the underlying maternal condition.

Pediatric use: The safety and effectiveness of TONMYA have not been established.

Geriatric patients: Of the total number of TONMYA-treated patients in the clinical trials in adult patients with fibromyalgia, none were 65 years of age and older. Clinical trials of TONMYA did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger adult patients.

Hepatic impairment: The recommended dosage of TONMYA in patients with mild hepatic impairment (HI) (Child Pugh A) is 2.8 mg once daily at bedtime, lower than the recommended dosage in patients with normal hepatic function. The use of TONMYA is not recommended in patients with moderate HI (Child Pugh B) or severe HI (Child Pugh C). Cyclobenzaprine exposure (AUC) was increased in patients with mild HI and moderate HI compared to subjects with normal hepatic function, which may increase the risk of TONMYA-associated adverse reactions.

Please see additional safety information in the full Prescribing Information.
To report suspected adverse reactions, contact Tonix Medicines, Inc. at 1-888-869-7633, or the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

Source: Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp.

Released January 30, 2026

Shares slipped Friday in Asia after a day of dramatic swings on Wall Street that included Microsoft’s worst drop in nearly six years.

Oil prices dropped and the prices of gold and silver weakened.

The CEO of Indonesia’s stock market, Imam Rachman, resigned Friday “As part of a commitment toward recent market conditions,” the exchange said in an announcement.

Jakarta’s benchmark gained 1.2% following news of his resignation. It had been trading at all-time highs but sank 7.4% on Wednesday and 1.1% on Thursday after MSCI, a U.S. provider of global equity, fixed income and real estate indices, warned about market risks such as a lack of transparency.

Chinese markets retreated, with the Hang Seng in Hong Kong down 1.8% to 27,455.13. Shares in major ports operator CK Hutchison Holdings dropped 5% after Panama’s Supreme Court ruled that the concession held by a subsidiary to operate ports at either end of the Panama Canal was unconstitutional.

That advanced a U.S. effort to block any influence by China over the strategic waterway.

The Shanghai Composite index slipped 0.9% to 4,122.61.

Tokyo’s Nikkei 225 fell back, losing 0.1% to 53,322.85 as stocks related to artificial intelligence declined. Testing equipment maker Advantest lost 4.5% and computer chip equipment maker Disco Corp. lost 1.7%.

South Korea’s Kospi gave up most of its gains late in the session, edging 0.1% higher to 5,224.36 after the Yonhap News Agency reported that a first day of talks with U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick aimed at resolving trade tensions had not yielded an agreement. The talks are due to continue Friday.

Earlier this week, President Donald Trump said he planned to raise tariffs on South Korean exports if the U.S. ally did not swiftly ratify a trade agreement worked out months ago.

In Australia, the S&P/ASX 200 declined 0.7% to 8,869.10.

Taiwan’s benchmark lost 1.5%.

On Thursday, U.S. stocks finished with relatively modest moves.

The S&P 500 slipped 0.1% after flirting with its record high in the morning and dropping by as much as 1.5% later in the day. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 0.1% and the Nasdaq composite fell 0.7%.

Microsoft was the heaviest weight on the market by far, tumbling 10% even though it reported stronger profit and revenue for the latest quarter than analysts expected. It was the stock’s worst day since the market’s COVID crash in 2020.

Tesla also weighed on the market after falling 3.5%. It delivered a bigger profit for the latest quarter than analysts expected, but the results were sharply lower than from a year earlier.

Companies are under pressure to deliver solid growth in profits following record-setting runs for their stock prices. Stock prices tend to follow the path of corporate profits over the long term, and earnings need to rise to quiet criticism that stocks have grown too expensive.

In other dealings early Friday, the price of gold slipped 2.8% to $5,205 per ounce after it rallied briefly to near $5,600 on Thursday. Gold’s price topped $5,000 for the first time just this week and it has nearly doubled over the last 12 months.

Silver, which has been zooming higher in its own feverish run, declined 4.1% to nearly $110.41.

Prices for precious metals have been surging as investors look for safer investments while weighing a wide range of risks, including a U.S. stock market that critics say is expensive, political instability, threats of tariffs and heavy debt loads for governments worldwide.

The U.S. dollar has seen its value sink over the last year because of many of the same risks that drove gold’s price higher. Early Friday, the dollar was trading at 153.85 Japanese yen, up from 152.97 yen. The euro slipped to $1.1921 from $1.1967.

Oil prices slipped after jumping more than 3% on Thursday due to worries about tensions between the United States and Iran, which could ultimately constrict the flow of crude. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth warned the U.S. military “will be prepared to deliver whatever the president expects,” just a day after President Donald Trump told Iran to “make a deal” on its nuclear program.

U.S. benchmark crude oil lost $1.07 to $64.35 per barrel. Brent crude, the international standard, shed $1.10 to $68.49 per barrel.

In brief

Belgium is introducing two significant changes that will increase financial exposure for employers who breach Belgian labor legislation. As of 1 February 2026, (i) the statutory multiplier used to calculate criminal and administrative fines will increase, and (ii) a new mandatory minimum penalty will apply in certain cases involving an aggravating factor. Together, these reforms will strengthen the overall sanctioning framework and heighten compliance risks — particularly for serious offenses under the Social Criminal Code.

Increase of criminal and administrative fines

Under Belgian law, the actual amount of criminal or administrative fines is calculated by applying a statutory multiplier (“opdeciemen”/”décimes additionnels”) to the basic fine amounts set out in the relevant legislation. Currently, this statutory multiplier is eight. As a result, basic fines must be multiplied by eight to determine the amounts effectively payable.

As of 1 February 2026, the statutory multiplier will increase to 10, leading to a proportional rise in all administrative and criminal fines.

Within the framework of the Social Criminal Code — which categorizes infringements into four sanction levels depending on their seriousness — the table below sets out (i) the applicable sanction levels and (ii) the corresponding fines (including the statutory multiplier), both before and after the legislative change. The table does not include imprisonment penalties associated with Level 4 infringements.

Sanction level	Administrative fine		Criminal fine
	Before	After	Before	After
Level 1	EUR 80-800	EUR 100-1,000	N/A	N/A
Level 2	EUR 200-2,000	EUR 250-2,500	EUR 400-4,000	EUR 500-5,000
Level 3	EUR 800-8,000	EUR 1,000-10,000	EUR 1,600-16,000	EUR 2,000-20,000
Level 4	EUR 2,400-28,000	EUR 3,000-35,000	EUR 4,800-56,000	EUR 6,000-70,000

Importantly, the Social Criminal Code often provides that fines may be multiplied by the number of employees affected, up to a maximum of 100 employees. This multiplication mechanism — combined with the increased statutory multiplier — means that the total financial exposure in cases involving multiple employees may increase substantially.

Mandatory minimum fine for Level 4 infringements with an aggravating factor

Following the recent reform of the Social Criminal Code, the relevant enforcement authorities must take an “aggravating factor” into account when determining sanctions for infringements punishable at Level 4. As a general rule, an aggravating factor refers to situations where the infringement was committed knowingly and intentionally.

Under the current regime, the existence of an aggravating factor obliges the judge or competent administrative authority to consider it when determining the sanction — e.g., by imposing a fine toward the higher end of the statutory range — or when assessing whether additional sanctions (such as an operating ban or business closure) are justified. However, the law does not currently require the court or administrative authority to exceed the minimum threshold for the sanctions.

This will change as of 1 February 2026. Where a Level 4 infringement is found to have been committed with an aggravating factor, the imposed fine cannot be lower than half of the maximum statutory fine for Level 4. This introduces a binding statutory minimum that materially restricts judicial and administrative discretion and ensures that aggravated Level 4 infringements are sanctioned at a substantially higher baseline level.

However, the legislation provides for a limited exception. The mandatory minimum does not apply where the fact that the infringement was committed “knowingly and intentionally” has already served as the aggravating circumstance justifying a reclassification of the infringement from a lower sanction level to Level 4. In these situations, the intentional nature of the conduct cannot be relied on a second time to trigger the new mandatory minimum fine.

The UK’s first superfast-charging train running only on battery power will come into passenger service this weekend – operating a five-mile return route in west London.

Great Western Railway (GWR) will send the converted London Underground train out from 5.30am to cover the full Saturday timetable on the West Ealing to Greenford branch line, four stops and 12 minutes each way, and now carrying up to 273 passengers, should its celebrity stoke up the demand.

The battery will recharge in just three and a half minutes back at West Ealing station between trips, using a 2,000kW charger connected to a few metres of rail that only becomes live when the train stops directly overhead.

There are hopes within government and industry that this technology could one day replace diesel trains on routes that have proved difficult or expensive to electrify with overhead wires, as the decarbonisation of rail continues.

The train has proved itself capable of going more than 200 miles on a single charge – last year setting a world record for the farthest travelled by a battery-electric train, smashing a German record set in 2021.

The GWR train and the fast-charge technology has been trialled on the 2.5-mile line since early 2024, but has not yet carried paying passengers.

GWR’s engineering director, Simon Green, said: “This is a significant moment for all those involved in this innovative project and comes at a crucial time as we focus on plans to replace our ageing diesel fleet.

“Our fast-charge trial has successfully demonstrated that battery technology offers a reliable and efficient alternative to power electric trains, in cases where overhead lines aren’t possible or desirable.”

Network Rail’s western route director, Marcus Jones, whose teams installed the fast-charge infrastructure, said the trial had shown “how promising this technology is and today marks another important milestone for the industry”.

“Rail is already the greenest form of public transport, and battery‑powered trains will play a crucial role in our commitment to a low‑emission railway and ambition to reach net‑zero by 2050,” he said.

Hybrid battery-electric trains, running on battery where power lines are not available, are already established in Japan and elsewhere. Merseyrail also has trains running a short distance on batteries, but primarily powered and recharging from a third rail.

However, the rapid charging technology used in the new GWR service means trains can be built using batteries alone, which are safer for the public than using a high-voltage third rail, and have less impact on local electricity grids.

The electrification of the Great Western mainline was ended in 2020, curtailed due to its enormous cost overruns. GWR believes the technology could now allow it to switch away from diesel on much longer routes in south-west England.