Hoffmann B, Scheuch M, Höper D, Jungblut R, Holsteg M, Schirrmeier H, et al. Novel orthobunyavirus in cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:469–72.
Google Scholar
Beer M, Conraths FJ, van der Poel WH. ‘Schmallenberg virus’ – A novel orthobunyavirus emerging in Europe. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141:1–8.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Beer M. Re-circulation of Schmallenberg virus, Germany, 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67:2290–5.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Fischer L, Holsteg M, Aebischer A, Petrov A, Marquart K, et al. Serological screening in wild ruminants in Germany, 2021/2022: no evidence of SARS-CoV-2, bluetongue virus or pestivirus spread but high seroprevalences against Schmallenberg virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:e3289–96.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Conraths F, Zanella G, Granzow H, Gache K, Schirrmeier H, et al. Schmallenberg virus-two years of experiences. Prev Vet Med. 2014;116:423–34.
Google Scholar
Jiménez-Ruiz S, Vicente J, Risalde MA, Acevedo P, Cano-Terriza D, González-Barrio D, et al. Survey of Culicoides-borne bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses at the wildlife-livestock interface in Doñana National Park (Spain). Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:e1815–24.
Google Scholar
Linden A, Desmecht D, Volpe R, Wirtgen M, Gregoire F, Pirson J, et al. Epizootic spread of Schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, Belgium, Fall 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:2006–8.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Holsteg M, Schirrmeier H, Hoffmann B, Beer M. Natural infection of pregnant cows with Schmallenberg virus – A follow-up study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e98223.
Google Scholar
Herder V, Wohlsein P, Peters M, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W. Salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the emerging so-called Schmallenberg virus in Germany. Vet Pathol. 2012;49:588–91.
Google Scholar
Maclachlan NJ, Zientara S, Wilson WC, Richt JA, Savini G. Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants. Curr Opin Virol. 2019;34:56–62.
Google Scholar
Spedicato M, Compagni ED, Caporale M, Teodori L, Leone A, Ancora M, et al. Reemergence of an atypical bluetongue virus strain in goats, Sardinia. Italy Vet Sci Res. 2022;151:36–41.
Google Scholar
Subhadra S, Sreenivasulu D, Pattnaik R, Panda BK, Kumar S. Bluetongue virus: past, present, and future scope. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2023;17:147–56.
Google Scholar
Maclachlan NJ, Mayo CE, Daniels PW, Savini G, Zientara S, Gibbs EP. Bluetongue. Rev Sci Tech. 2015;34:329–40.
Google Scholar
Toussaint JF, Vandenbussche F, Mast J, De Meester L, Goris N, Van Dessel W, et al. Bluetongue in northern Europe. Vet Rec. 2006;159:327.
Google Scholar
Zhang S, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Liang R, Chen Q, Niu B. Assessing the export trade risk of bluetongue virus serotypes 4 and 8 in France. Risk Anal. 2023;43:1124–36.
Google Scholar
Boender GJ, Hagenaars TJ, Holwerda M, Spierenburg MAH, van Rijn PA, van der Spek AN, et al. Spatial transmission characteristics of the bluetongue virus serotype 3 epidemic in the Netherlands, 2023. Viruses. 2024;16:625.
Google Scholar
Voigt A, Kampen H, Heuser E, Zeiske S, Hoffmann B, Höper D, et al. Bluetongue virus serotype 3 and Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides biting midges, Western Germany, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30:1438–41.
Google Scholar
Darpel KE, Batten CA, Veronesi E, Shaw AE, Anthony S, Bachanek-Bankowska K, et al. Clinical signs and pathology shown by British sheep and cattle infected with bluetongue virus serotype 8 derived from the 2006 outbreak in northern Europe. Vet Rec. 2007;161:253–61.
Google Scholar
Elbers AR, Backx A, Meroc E, Gerbier G, Staubach C, Hendrickx G, et al. Field observations during the bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in 2006. I Detection of first outbreaks and clinical signs in sheep and cattle in Belgium, France and the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med. 2008;87:21–30.
Google Scholar
Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, et al. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q. 2020;40:258–321.
Google Scholar
Dal Pozzo F, Saegerman C, Thiry E. Bovine infection with bluetongue virus with special emphasis on European serotype 8. Vet J. 2009;182:142–51.
Google Scholar
Zanella G, Durand B, Sellal E, Breard E, Sailleau C, Zientara S, et al. Bluetongue virus serotype 8: abortion and transplacental transmission in cattle in the Burgundy region, France, 2008–2009. Theriogenology. 2012;77:65–72.
Google Scholar
Worwa G, Hilbe M, Ehrensperger F, Chaignat V, Hofmann MA, Griot C, et al. Experimental transplacental infection of sheep with bluetongue virus serotype 8. Vet Rec. 2009;164:499–500.
Google Scholar
Coetzee P, Stokstad M, Myrmel M, Mutowembwa P, Loken T, Venter EH, et al. Transplacental infection in goats experimentally infected with a European strain of bluetongue virus serotype 8. Vet J. 2013;197:335–41.
Google Scholar
Maclachlan NJ, Zientara S, Savini G, Daniels PW. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Rev Sci Tech. 2015;34:341–51.
Google Scholar
Shope RE, MacNamara LG, Mangold R. Epizzotic haemorragic disease of deer. New Jersey Outdoors. 1955, 16, 21.
Becker ME, Roberts J, Schroeder ME, Gentry G, Foil LD. Prospective study of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus transmission in captive ruminants. J Med Entomol. 2020;57:1277–85.
Google Scholar
Eschbaumer M, Wernike K, Batten CA, Savini G, Edwards L, Di Gennaro A, et al. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7 in European cattle and sheep: diagnostic considerations and effect of previous BTV exposure. Vet Microbiol. 2012;159:298–306.
Google Scholar
Lorusso A, Cappai S, Loi F, Pinna L, Ruiu A, Puggioni G, et al. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8, Italy, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:1063–5.
Google Scholar
Spedicato M, Profeta F, Thabet S, Teodori L, Leone A, Portanti O, et al. Experimental infection of cattle, sheep, and goats with the newly emerged epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8. Vet Ital. 2023;59-4. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.3433.23112.1.
Google Scholar
Gethmann J, Probst C, Conraths FJ. Economic impact of a bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in Germany. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:65.
Google Scholar
Stavrou A, Daly JM, Maddison B, Gough K, Tarlinton R. How is Europe positioned for a re-emergence of Schmallenberg virus? Vet J. 2017;230:45–51.
Google Scholar
Borkent A, Dominiak P. Catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa. 2020;4787. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4787.1.1.
Google Scholar
Borkent A, Dominiak P, Daz F. An update and errata for the catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa. 2022;5120:53–64.
Google Scholar
Mellor PS, Boorman J, Baylis M. Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:307–40.
Google Scholar
Mathieu B, Cêtre-Sossah C, Garros C, Chavernac D, Balenghien T, Carpenter S, et al. Development and validation of IIKC: an interactive identification key for Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) females from the Western Palaearctic region. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:137.
Google Scholar
Delécolle JC. Nouvelle contribution à l’étude systématique et iconographique des espèces du genre Culicoides, (Diptéra):(Cératopogonidae) du Nord-Est de la France: Delecolle (JC); 1985.
De Regge N, De Deken R, Fassotte C, Losson B, Deblauwe I, Madder M, et al. Culicoides monitoring in Belgium in 2011: analysis of spatiotemporal abundance, species diversity and Schmallenberg virus detection. Med Vet Entomol. 2015;29:263–75.
Google Scholar
Hristescu D, Bărbuceanu F, Dascălu L, Nițescu C, Goffredo M, Santilli A, et al. Species composition and relative abundance of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Romania. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:393.
Google Scholar
Ségard A, Gardès L, Jacquier E, Grillet C, Mathieu B, Rakotoarivony I, et al. Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations in France during 2011–2012 outbreak. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:e94–103.
Google Scholar
Larska M, Lechowski L, Grochowska M, Żmudziński JF. Detection of the Schmallenberg virus in nulliparous Culicoides obsoletus/scoticus complex and C. punctatus – The possibility of transovarial virus transmission in the midge population and of a new vector. Vet Microbiol. 2013;166:467–73.
Google Scholar
Groschupp S, Kampen H, Werner D. Occurrence of putative Culicoides biting midge vectors (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) inside and outside barns in Germany and factors influencing their activity. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:307.
Google Scholar
Kampen H, Werner D. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of viruses. Microorganisms. 2023;11:2706.
Google Scholar
Harrup LE, Bellis GA, Balenghien T, Garros C. Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) taxonomy: current challenges and future directions. Infect Genet Evol. 2015;30:249–66.
Google Scholar
Werner D, Groschupp S, Bauer C, Kampen H. Breeding habitat preferences of major Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5000.
Google Scholar
Groschupp S, Kampen H, Werner D. Winter activity of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) inside and outside stables in Germany. Med Vet Entomol. 2024;38:552–65.
Google Scholar
Kiel E, Liebisch G, Focke R, Liebisch A, Werner D. Monitoring of Culicoides at 20 locations in northwest Germany. Parasitol Res. 2009;105:351–7.
Google Scholar
Hoffmann B, Bauer B, Bauer C, Bätza HJ, Beer M, Clausen PH, et al. Monitoring of putative vectors of bluetongue virus serotype 8, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:1481–4.
Google Scholar
Kameke D, Werner D, Hoffmann B, Lutz W, Kampen H. Schmallenberg virus in Germany 2011–2014: searching for the vectors. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:527–34.
Google Scholar
Meiswinkel R, De Bree F, Bossers-De Vries R, Elbers AR. An unrecognized species of the Culicoides obsoletus complex feeding on livestock in the Netherlands. Vet Parasitol. 2015;207:324–8.
Google Scholar
Dähn O, Werner D, Mathieu B, Kampen H. Development of conventional multiplex PCR assays for the identification of 21 west Palaearctic biting midge taxa (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) belonging to the Culicoides subgenus Culicoides, including recently discovered species and genetic variants. Diversity. 2023;15:699.
Google Scholar
Dähn O, Werner D, Mathieu B, Kampen H. Large-scale cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene data analysis for the development of a multiplex polymerase chain reactions test capable of identifying biting midge vector species and haplotypes (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Culicoides subgenus Avaritia Fox, 1955. Genes. 2024;15:323.
Google Scholar
Pagès N, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Talavera S, Sarto V, Lorca C, Núñez JI. Identification of cryptic species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the subgenus Culicoides and development of species-specific PCR assays based on barcode regions. Vet Parasitol. 2009;165:298–310.
Google Scholar
Möhlmann TWR, Bekendam AM, van Kemenade I, Wennergren U, Favia G, Takken W, et al. Latitudinal diversity of biting midge species within the Obsoletus group across three habitats in Europe. Med Vet Entomol. 2019;33:420–6.
Google Scholar
Purse BV, Carpenter S, Venter GJ, Bellis G, Mullens BA. Bionomics of temperate and tropical Culicoides midges: knowledge gaps and consequences for transmission of Culicoides-borne viruses. Annu Rev Entomol. 2015;60:373–92.
Google Scholar
Sick F, Beer M, Kampen H, Wernike K. Culicoides biting midges-underestimated vectors for arboviruses of public health and veterinary importance. Viruses. 2019;11:376.
Google Scholar
Mellor PS. Replication of arboviruses in insect vectors. J Comp Pathol. 2000;123:231–47.
Google Scholar
Pagès N, Talavera S, Verdún M, Pujol N, Valle M, Bensaid A, et al. Schmallenberg virus detection in Culicoides biting midges in Spain: first laboratory evidence for highly efficient infection of Culicoides of the Obsoletus complex and Culicoides imicola. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018;65:e1–6.
Google Scholar
Balenghien T, Pagès N, Goffredo M, Carpenter S, Augot D, Jacquier E, et al. The emergence of Schmallenberg virus across Culicoides communities and ecosystems in Europe. Prev Vet Med. 2014;116:360–9.
Google Scholar
Carpenter S, McArthur C, Selby R, Ward R, Nolan DV, Mordue Luntz AJ, et al. Experimental infection studies of UK Culicoides species midges with bluetongue virus serotypes 8 and 9. Vet Rec. 2008;163:589–92.
Google Scholar
Paslaru AI, Mathis A, Torgerson P, Veronesi E. Vector competence of pre-alpine Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:466.
Google Scholar
Federici V, Goffredo M, Mancini G, Quaglia M, Santilli A, Di Nicola F, et al. Vector competence of Italian populations of Culicoides for some bluetongue virus strains responsible for recent Northern African and European outbreaks. Viruses. 2019;11:941.
Google Scholar
Jennings DM, Mellor PS. The vector potential of British Culicoides species for bluetongue virus. Vet Microbiol. 1988;17:1–10.
Google Scholar
Carpenter S, Lunt HL, Arav D, Venter GJ, Mellor PS. Oral susceptibility to bluetongue virus of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Kingdom. J Med Entomol. 2006;43:73–8.
Google Scholar
Meiswinkel R, van Rijn P, Leijs P, Goffredo M. Potential new Culicoides vector of bluetongue virus in northern Europe. Vet Rec. 2007;161:564–5.
Google Scholar
Dijkstra E, van der Ven IJ, Meiswinkel R, Hölzel DR, Van Rijn PA, Meiswinkel R. Culicoides chiopterus as a potential vector of bluetongue virus in Europe. Vet Rec. 2008;162:422.
Google Scholar
Maurer LM, Paslaru A, Torgerson PR, Veronesi E, Mathis A. Vector competence of Culicoides biting midges from Switzerland for African horse sickness virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2022;164:66–70.
Google Scholar
Paweska JT, Venter GJ, Hamblin C. A comparison of the susceptibility of Culicoides imicola and C. bolitinos to oral infection with eight serotypes of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Med Vet Entomol. 2005;19:200–7.
Google Scholar
Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, Aradaib I, Yadin H, Sanaa M, et al. Epizootic heamorragic disease. Res Vet Sci. 2011;91:1–17.
Google Scholar
Thompson GM, Jess S, Murchie AK. Differential emergence of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from on-farm breeding substrates in Northern Ireland. Parasitology. 2013;140:699–708.
Google Scholar
Lassen SB, Nielsen SA, Kristensen M. Identity and diversity of blood meal hosts of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides Latreille) in Denmark. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:143.
Google Scholar
Aguilar-Vega C, Fernández-Carrión E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The possible route of introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 3 into Sicily by windborne transportation of infected Culicoides spp. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66:1665–73.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Kohn M, Conraths FJ, Werner D, Kameke D, Hechinger S, et al. Transmission of Schmallenberg virus during winter. Germany Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:1701–3.
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Gerry AC. Host-seeking activity of adult Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) during winter in southern California, USA, and assessment of bluetongue virus overwintering. J Med Entomol. 2023;60:789–95.
Google Scholar
Erram D, McGregor B, Acevedo C, Alto BW, Burkett-Cadena N. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus oral infection affects midge reproduction and is vertically transmitted to offspring in Culicoides sonorensis. Sci Rep. 2025;15:16078.
Google Scholar
Kęsik-Maliszewska J, Larska M, Collins ÁB, Rola J. Post-epidemic distribution of Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides arbovirus vectors in Poland. Viruses. 2019;11:447.
Google Scholar
Bilk S, Schulze C, Fischer M, Beer M, Hlinak A, Hoffmann B. Organ distribution of Schmallenberg virus RNA in malformed newborns. Vet Microbiol. 2012;159:236–8.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Hoffmann B, Beer M. Simultaneous detection of five notifiable viral diseases of cattle by single-tube multiplex real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods. 2015;217:28–35.
Google Scholar
Lehmann K, Werner D, Hoffmann B, Kampen H. PCR identification of culicoid biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) of the Obsoletus complex including putative vectors of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:213.
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021.
Rasmussen LD, Kirkeby C, Bødker R, Kristensen B, Rasmussen TB, Belsham GJ, et al. Rapid spread of Schmallenberg virus-infected biting midges (Culicoides spp.) across Denmark in 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2014;61:12–6.
Google Scholar
De Regge N, Madder M, Deblauwe I, Losson B, Fassotte C, Demeulemeester J, et al. Schmallenberg virus circulation in culicoides in Belgium in 2012: field validation of a real time RT-PCR approach to assess virus replication and dissemination in midges. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e87005.
Google Scholar
Elbers AR, Meiswinkel R, van Weezep E, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Kooi EA. Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides spp. biting midges, the Netherlands, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:106–9.
Google Scholar
Goffredo M, Monaco F, Capelli G, Quaglia M, Federici V, Catalani M, et al. Schmallenberg virus in Italy: a retrospective survey in Culicoides stored during the bluetongue Italian surveillance program. Prev Vet Med. 2013;111:230–6.
Google Scholar
De Regge N, Deblauwe I, De Deken R, Vantieghem P, Madder M, Geysen D, et al. Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by real-time RT-PCR. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2012;59:471–5.
Google Scholar
Campbell JA, Pelham-Clinton EC. X—A taxonomic review of the British species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera, Ceratopogonidæ). Proc R Soc Edinburgh Sect B Biol. 1960;67:181–302.
Google Scholar
Mayo CE, Mullens BA, Reisen WK, Osborne CJ, Gibbs EP, Gardner IA, et al. Seasonal and interseasonal dynamics of bluetongue virus infection of dairy cattle and Culicoides sonorensis midges in northern California—Implications for virus overwintering in temperate zones. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e106975.
Google Scholar
Carpenter S, Wilson A, Barber J, Veronesi E, Mellor P, Venter G, et al. Temperature dependence of the extrinsic incubation period of orbiviruses in Culicoides biting midges. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e27987.
Google Scholar
Carpenter M, Kopanke J, Lee J, Rodgers C, Reed K, Sherman TJ, et al. Evaluating temperature effects on bluetongue virus serotype 10 and 17 coinfection in Culicoides sonorensis. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:3063.
Google Scholar
Kopanke J, Lee J, Stenglein M, Carpenter M, Cohnstaedt LW, Wilson WC, et al. Exposure of Culicoides sonorensis to enzootic strains of bluetongue virus demonstrates temperature- and virus-specific effects on virogenesis. Viruses. 2021;13:1016.
Google Scholar
Gubbins S, Carpenter S, Baylis M, Wood JL, Mellor PS. Assessing the risk of bluetongue to UK livestock: uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of a temperature-dependent model for the basic reproduction number. J R Soc Interface. 2008;5:363–71.
Google Scholar
Gubbins S, Turner J, Baylis M, van der Stede Y, van Schaik G, Abrahantes JC, et al. Inferences about the transmission of Schmallenberg virus within and between farms. Prev Vet Med. 2014;116:380–90.
Google Scholar
Brugger K, Köfer J, Rubel F. Outdoor and indoor monitoring of livestock-associated Culicoides spp. to assess vector-free periods and disease risks. BMC Vet Res. 2016;12:88.
Google Scholar
Larska M. Schmallenberg virus: a cyclical problem. Vet Rec. 2018;183:688–9.
Google Scholar
Delooz L, Saegerman C, Quinet C, Petitjean T, De Regge N, Cay B. Resurgence of Schmallenberg virus in Belgium after 3 years of epidemiological silence. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64:1641–2.
Google Scholar
McGowan SL, La Rocca SA, Grierson SS, Dastjerdi A, Choudhury B, Steinbach F. Incursion of Schmallenberg virus into Great Britain in 2011 and emergence of variant sequences in 2016. Vet J. 2018;234:77–84.
Google Scholar
Collins ÁB, Barrett DJ, Doherty ML, McDonnell M, Mee JF. Significant re-emergence and recirculation of Schmallenberg virus in previously exposed dairy herds in Ireland in 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64:1359–63.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Holsteg M, Szillat KP, Beer M. Development of within-herd immunity and long-term persistence of antibodies against Schmallenberg virus in naturally infected cattle. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14:368.
Google Scholar
Elbers AR, Meiswinkel R, van Weezep E, Kooi EA, van der Poel WH. Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides biting midges in the Netherlands in 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2015;62:339–42.
Google Scholar
Rasmussen LD, Kristensen B, Kirkeby C, Rasmussen TB, Belsham GJ, Bødker R, et al. Culicoids as vectors of Schmallenberg virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1204–6.
Google Scholar
Sohier C, Deblauwe I, Van Loo T, Hanon JB, Cay AB, De Regge N. Evidence of extensive renewed Schmallenberg virus circulation in Belgium during summer of 2016 – Increase in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases expected. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64:1015–9.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Fischer L, Twietmeyer S, Beer M. Extensive Schmallenberg virus circulation in Germany, 2023. Vet Res. 2024;55:134.
Google Scholar
Gondard M, Postic L, Garin E, Turpaud M, Vorimore F, Ngwa-Mbot D, et al. Exceptional bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) circulation in France in 2023. Virus Res. 2024;350:199489.
Google Scholar
Cuéllar AC, Kjær LJ, Kirkeby C, Skovgard H, Nielsen SA, Stockmarr A, et al. Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in nine European countries. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11:112.
Google Scholar
Nielsen SA, Kristensen M, Pape T. Three new Scandinavian species of Culicoides (Culicoides): Culicoides boyi sp. nov., Culicoides selandicus sp. nov. and Culicoides kalix sp. nov. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Biodivers Data J. 2015;3:e5823. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e5823.
Google Scholar
Szadziewski R, Filatov S, Dominiak P. A redescription of Culicoides griseidorsum Kieffer, 1918, with comments on subgeneric position of some European taxa (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa. 2016;4107:413.
Google Scholar
Veronesi E, Henstock M, Gubbins S, Batten C, Manley R, Barber J, et al. Implicating Culicoides biting midges as vectors of Schmallenberg virus using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e57747.
Google Scholar
Wernike K, Vasic A, Amler S, Sick F, Răileanu C, Dähn O, et al. Schmallenberg virus non-structural proteins NSs and NSm are not essential for experimental infection of Culicoides sonorensis biting midges. J Virol. 2025;99:e00343-25.
Google Scholar
Kai I, Kobayashi D, Itokawa K, Sanjoba C, Itoyama K, Isawa H. Evaluation of long-term preservation methods for viral RNA in mosquitoes at room temperature. J Virol Methods. 2024;325:114887.
Google Scholar