Unlock the Editor’s Digest for free
Roula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.
Turkish police detained more than 300 suspected Isis members on Tuesday, a day after a shootout south of Istanbul left…

Unlock the Editor’s Digest for free
Roula Khalaf, Editor of the FT, selects her favourite stories in this weekly newsletter.
Turkish police detained more than 300 suspected Isis members on Tuesday, a day after a shootout south of Istanbul left…

WASHINGTON, D.C. — Americans overwhelmingly point to adequate housing, time with loved ones and getting enough sleep as very important ingredients of a good life, according to a new national survey examining what people value and how these values relate to their day-to-day experiences and overall life evaluations.
About nine in 10 U.S. adults, 92%, say having adequate shelter or housing is “very important” to their vision of a good life for themselves. Roughly three in four say the same about spending time or connecting with a romantic partner, friends or family (78%) and getting enough sleep (76%). Majorities also place high importance on avoiding physical pain (67%), having enough money for planned purchases and activities (65%), and regular exercise or physical activity (58%).
Meanwhile, less than half of Americans rate 13 other activities as very important, but majorities rate each as at least “somewhat important.” These include cooking, spending time in nature, learning new skills, applying those skills to solve problems, practicing spirituality or religious reflection, reading books, engaging in activities to promote mental health (e.g., meditation), creating or listening to music, spending time alone, reading or watching the news, creating or enjoying art, engaging in civic or community activities, and buying things beyond the basic necessities.
Just two activities in the survey fall short of earning at least “somewhat important” ratings from majorities of Americans: using AI tools and using social media.
###Embeddable###
Gallup and the Aspen Ideas Festival partnered on the Gallup-Aspen Ideas American Values Study to survey Americans on the elements of a good life. Interviews were conducted on the web, from Oct. 1-15, 2025, with 2,167 adult members of the Gallup Panel.
After rating the importance of each experience to having a good life, respondents reported how often they engaged in these activities over the prior week.
Adequate housing was the most common experience: 93% said they had it on four or more days. More than half also reported frequent engagement (four or more days) with social connections, consuming news, using social media, preparing meals, creating or listening to music, getting enough sleep, having enough money for planned purchases, exercising, and avoiding physical pain.
By contrast, no more than 15% regularly engaged in civic or community activities, created or enjoyed art, purchased items beyond basic necessities, or used AI tools for ideas or recommendations.
###Embeddable###
The combined findings tell us how the experiences and activities Americans report engaging in relate to those they consider part of a good life. Many experiences that Americans value highly are also those they report having at least once during the week — such as adequate housing, time with loved ones, getting enough sleep, financial sufficiency for planned needs, exercising and avoiding physical pain.
Yet several activities that Americans engage in frequently are not viewed as central to a good life, but are a part of daily chores for many (e.g., cooking, which 93% said they did at least once, but less than half consider it very important). Other commonly experienced, but not important, activities may be done out of necessity. For example, most people report having spent time alone at least once (81%), but fewer than four in 10 rate it as highly important.
A notable mismatch appears in social media use. Only 6% of Americans say using social media for entertainment is very important to a good life, yet 85% used it at least once and 63% on most days during the prior week. Similar gaps arise for reading or watching the news (about one in four rate it as very important, while 92% report having read or watched at least once) and purchasing nonessential items (two in 10 rate it as very important; about three in four purchased nonessential items at least once).
###Embeddable###
Time spent on several experiences and activities in the survey is statistically associated with how Americans rate the quality of their current lives using the 0-10 Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale.
Two experiences that Americans judge to be very important for living a good life show positive linear relationships with how people rate the quality of their lives. For these activities, more frequent engagement is consistently linked with higher life evaluations:
For three other activities, there is a link between engagement and higher ratings of the quality of people’s current lives, but there seems to be an optimal range, beyond which additional engagement does not translate into higher life evaluations. These are:
###Embeddable###
These findings suggest that some activities contribute steadily to how people feel about their lives, while others provide meaningful benefits in moderation.
Regardless of what constitutes a good life for any individual, spending more time doing what one values may have wellbeing benefits. To test this, four categories were created, based on the alignment between respondents’ values (i.e., experiences and activities that they judged as “very” or “somewhat” important) and their pattern of engagement in these experiences and activities (i.e., how many days they said they engaged in the activities or experiences during a week). Each respondent was placed into one of these categories based on their dominant pattern of engagement in activities and experiences during a one-week period.
Most Americans (67%) spend much of their week engaging in activities they consider important. About one-quarter do so only occasionally, while 7% rarely or never do.
This alignment is strongly connected to wellbeing. Individuals who frequently engage in activities they value are far more likely to be thriving — defined here as rating their current life at 8 or above and their anticipated life in five years at 9 or 10: More than four in 10 Americans who often do what they value meet the thriving threshold. That figure drops to 26% among those who only occasionally do what they value, and to 20% among those who rarely or never do.
###Embeddable###
Americans share a clear vision of what constitutes a good life, anchored in housing stability, meaningful social relationships, physical health and financial security. While many regularly experience what they value most, large portions of daily life are devoted to activities that Americans do not regard as essential to living well — particularly social media use and news consumption.
Experiences most strongly linked with higher life evaluations involve connection, security and self-expression. Even for some activities that few Americans deem essential — such as reading or creating art — moderate engagement appears to offer meaningful wellbeing benefits.
Perhaps the most important finding is that alignment matters. People who spend their time in ways that reflect their personal values report substantially higher levels of thriving. Creating environments, opportunities and routines that help Americans engage more often in the activities they value may support greater overall wellbeing and optimism about the future.
Stay up to date with the latest insights by following @Gallup on X and on Instagram.
Learn more about how the Gallup Panel works.
###Embeddable###

This article first appeared on GuruFocus.
Shares of Nvidia (NASDAQ:NVDA) slipped on Monday after reports said multiple semiconductor companies plan GPU price increases in early 2026.
Multiple outlets reported AMD would raise prices next…

Dingle, H. Migration: the biology of life on the move. Oxford University Press, USA. (2014).
Irwin, D. E. Speciation: new migratory direction provides route toward divergence. Curr. Biol. 19, R1111–R1113 (2009).
Google Scholar
Liedvogel, M., Åkesson, S. & Bensch, S. The genetics of migration on the move. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 561–569 (2011).
Google Scholar
Baerwald, M. R. et al. Migration-related phenotypic divergence is associated with epigenetic modifications in rainbow trout. Mol. Ecol. 25, 1785–1800 (2016).
Google Scholar
Merlin, C. & Liedvogel, M. The genetics and epigenetics of animal migration and orientation: birds, butterflies and beyond. J. Exp. Biol. 222, jeb191890 (2019).
Google Scholar
Heinze, S. & Reppert, S. M. Sun compass integration of skylight cues in migratory monarch butterflies. Neuron 69, 345–358 (2011).
Google Scholar
Reppert, S. M., Guerra, P. A. & Merlin, C. Neurobiology of monarch butterfly migration. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 61, 25–42 (2016).
Google Scholar
Williams, C. B. The Migration of Butterflies (Oliver & Boyd, 1930).
Møller, A. P., Garamszegi, L. Z., Peralta-Sánchez, J. M. & Soler, J. J. Migratory divides and their consequences for dispersal, population size and parasite–host interactions. J. Evol. Biol. 24, 1744–1755 (2011).
Google Scholar
Delmore, K. E., Kenyon, H. L., Germain, R. R. & Irwin, D. E. Phenotypic divergence during speciation is inversely associated with differences in seasonal migration. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20151921 (2015).
Google Scholar
Aikens, E. O., Bontekoe, I. D., Blumenstiel, L., Schlicksupp, A. & Flack, A. Viewing animal migration through a social lens. Trends Ecol. Evol. 37, 985–996 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rolshausen, G., Segelbacher, G., Hobson, K. A. & Schaefer, H. M. Contemporary evolution of reproductive isolation and phenotypic divergence in sympatry along a migratory divide. Curr. Biol. 19, 2097–2101 (2009).
Google Scholar
Delmore, K. E. & Irwin, D. E. Hybrid songbirds employ intermediate routes in a migratory divide. Ecol. Lett. 17, 1211–1218 (2014).
Google Scholar
Delmore, K. E. & Liedvogel, M. Investigating factors that generate and maintain variation in migratory orientation: a primer for recent and future work. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 10, 3 (2016).
Google Scholar
Turbek, S. P., Scordato, E. S. & Safran, R. J. The role of seasonal migration in population divergence and reproductive isolation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 33, 164–175 (2018).
Google Scholar
Uy, J. A. C., Irwin, D. E. & Webster, M. S. Behavioral isolation and incipient speciation in birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 49, 1–24 (2018).
Google Scholar
von Rönn, J. A. C., Harrod, C., Bensch, S. & Wolf, J. B. W. Transcontinental migratory connectivity predicts parasite prevalence in breeding populations of the European barn swallow. J. Evol. Biol. 28, 535–546 (2015).
Google Scholar
Bearhop, S. et al. Assortative mating as a mechanism for rapid evolution of a migratory divide. Science 310, 502–504 (2005).
Google Scholar
Zhan, S. et al. The genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration. Nature 514, 317–321 (2014).
Google Scholar
Lemopoulos, A., Uusi-Heikkilä, S., Huusko, A., Vasemägi, A. & Vainikka, A. Comparison of migratory and resident populations of brown trout reveals candidate genes for migration tendency. Genome Biol. Evol. 10, 1493–1503 (2018).
Google Scholar
Scordato, E. S. et al. Migratory divides coincide with reproductive barriers across replicated avian hybrid zones above the Tibetan Plateau. Ecol. Lett. 23, 231–241 (2020).
Google Scholar
Cavedon, M. et al. Genomic legacy of migration in endangered caribou. PLoS Genet. 18, e1009974 (2022).
Google Scholar
Sinclair-Waters, M. et al. Ancient chromosomal rearrangement associated with local adaptation of a postglacially colonized population of Atlantic Cod in the northwest Atlantic. Mol. Ecol. 27, 339–351 (2018).
Google Scholar
Pearse, D. E. et al. Sex-dependent dominance maintains migration supergene in rainbow trout. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1731–1742 (2019).
Google Scholar
Matschiner, M. et al. Supergene origin and maintenance in Atlantic cod. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 469–481 (2022).
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Doñoso, I. et al. Massive genome inversion drives coexistence of divergent morphs in common quails. Curr. Biol. 32, 462–469 (2022).
Google Scholar
Sokolovskis, K. et al. Migration direction in a songbird explained by two loci. Nat. Comm. 14, 165 (2023).
Google Scholar
Delmore, K. E. et al. Structural genomic variation and migratory behavior in a wild songbird. Evol. lett. 7, 401–412 (2023).
Google Scholar
Caballero-López, V., Lundberg, M., Sokolovskis, K. & Bensch, S. Transposable elements mark a repeat-rich region associated with migratory phenotypes of willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus). Mol. Ecol. 31, 1128–1141 (2022).
Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, M. How and why chromosome inversions evolve. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000501 (2010).
Google Scholar
Mérot, C. et al Locally adaptive inversions modulate genetic variation at different geographic scales in a seaweed fly. Mol. Biol. Evol. 38, 3953–3971.
Ravinet, M. et al. Interpreting the genomic landscape of speciation: a road map for finding barriers to gene flow. J. Evol. Biol. 30, 1450–1477 (2017).
Google Scholar
Chapman, J. W., Reynolds, D. R. & Wilson, K. Long-range seasonal migration in insects: mechanisms, evolutionary drivers and ecological consequences. Ecol. Lett. 18, 287–302 (2015).
Google Scholar
García-Berro, A. et al. Migratory behaviour is positively associated with genetic diversity in butterflies. Mol. Ecol. 32, 560–574 (2023).
Google Scholar
Reich, M. S. et al. Isotope geolocation and population genomics in Vanessa cardui: Short-and long-distance migrants are genetically undifferentiated. PNAS Nexus 4, pgae586 (2025).
Google Scholar
Reich, M. S. et al. Trans-Saharan migratory patterns in Vanessa cardui and evidence for a southward leapfrog migration. iScience 27, 111342 (2024).
Google Scholar
Suchan, T. et al. A trans-oceanic flight of over 4200 km by painted lady butterflies. Nat. Commun. 15, 5205 (2024).
Google Scholar
Dingle, H. Bird migration in the southern hemisphere: a review comparing continents. Emu 108, 341–359 (2008).
Google Scholar
Winkler, D. W. et al. Long-distance range expansion and rapid adjustment of migration in a newly established population of barn swallows breeding in Argentina. Curr. Biol. 27, 1080–1084 (2017).
Google Scholar
Areta, J. I. et al. Rapid adjustments of migration and life history in hemisphere-switching cliff swallows. Curr. Biol. 31, 2914–2919 (2021).
Google Scholar
Helm, B. & Muheim, R. Bird migration: clock and compass facilitate hemisphere switching. Curr. Biol. 31, R1058–R1061 (2021).
Google Scholar
Jackson, J. A. et al. Global diversity and oceanic divergence of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Proc. R. Soc. B 281, 20133222 (2014).
Google Scholar
Pérez-Alvarez, M. et al. Contrasting phylogeographic patterns among Northern and Southern Hemisphere fin whale populations with new data from the Southern Pacific. Front. Mar. Sci. 8, 630233 (2021).
Google Scholar
Relano, V. & Pauly, D. Philopatry as a tool to define tentative closed migration cycles and conservation areas for large pelagic fishes in the pacific. Sustainability 14, 5577 (2022).
Google Scholar
Guerra, P. A., Gegear, R. J. & Reppert, S. M. A magnetic compass aids monarch butterfly migration. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–8 (2014).
Google Scholar
Dreyer, D. et al. The Earth’s magnetic field and visual landmarks steer migratory flight behavior in the nocturnal Australian Bogong moth. Curr. Biol. 28, 2160–2166 (2018).
Google Scholar
Wan, G., Hayden, A. N., Iiams, S. E. & Merlin, C. Cryptochrome 1 mediates light-dependent inclination magnetosensing in monarch butterflies. Nat. Commun. 12, 771 (2021).
Google Scholar
Talavera, G. & Vila, R. Discovery of mass migration and breeding of the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui in the Sub-Sahara: the Europe–Africa migration revisited. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 120, 274–285 (2017).
Talavera, G., Bataille, C., Benyamini, D., Gascoigne-Pees, M. & Vila, R. Round-trip across the Sahara: Afrotropical Painted Lady butterflies recolonize the Mediterranean in early spring. Biol. Lett. 14, 20180274 (2018).
Google Scholar
Talavera, G. et al. The Afrotropical breeding grounds of the Palearctic-African migratory painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 120, e2218280120 (2023).
Google Scholar
Gorki, J. L. et al. Pollen metabarcoding reveals the origin and multigenerational migratory pathway of an intercontinental-scale butterfly outbreak. Curr. Biol. 34, P2684–2692.E6 (2024).
Google Scholar
Menchetti, M., Guéguen, M. & Talavera, G. Spatio-temporal ecological niche modelling of multigenerational insect migrations. Proc. Biol. Sci. 286, 20191583 (2019).
Google Scholar
Chen, M. Z. et al. Migration trajectories of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in China inferred from population genomic variation. Pest Manag. Sci. 77, 1683–1693 (2021).
Google Scholar
Schlum, K. A. et al. Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations. BMC Genom. 22, 1–12 (2021).
Google Scholar
Jin, M. et al. Adaptive evolution to the natural and anthropogenic environment in a global invasive crop pest, the cotton bollworm. Innov. 4 (2023).
Ahrens, C. W. et al. Stochastic wind-driven migration likely maintains panmixia in the endangered bogong moth, Agrotis infusa. Biol. Conserv. 302, 110993 (2025).
Google Scholar
Malinsky, M., Trucchi, E., Lawson, D. J. & Falush, D. RADpainter and fineRADstructure: population inference from RADseq data. Mol. Evol. Biol. 35, 1284–1290 (2018).
Google Scholar
Chen, K. et al. BreakDancer: an algorithm for high-resolution mapping of genomic structural variation. Nat. Methods 6, 677–681 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lohse, K. et al. The genome sequence of the painted lady, Vanessa cardui Linnaeus 1758. Wellcome Open Res. 6. (2021).
Alkan, C., Coe, B. & Eichler, E. Genome structural variation discovery and genotyping. Nat. Rev. Genet. 12, 363–376 (2011).
Google Scholar
Kosugi, S. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of structural variation detection algorithms for whole genome sequencing. Genome Biol. 20, 117 (2019).
Google Scholar
Sturtevant, A. H. & Beadle, G. W. The relations of inversions in the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster to crossing over and disjunction. Genetics 21, 554 (1936).
Google Scholar
Navarro, A., Betrán, E., Barbadilla, A. & Ruiz, A. Recombination and gene flux caused by gene conversion and crossing over in inversion heterokaryotypes. Genetics 146, 695–709 (1997).
Google Scholar
Reis, M., Vieira, C. P., Lata, R., Posnien, N. & Vieira, J. Origin and consequences of chromosomal inversions in the virilis group of Drosophila. Genome Biol. Evol. 10, 3152–3166 (2018).
Google Scholar
Samuk, K. et al. Gene flow and selection interact to promote adaptive divergence in regions of low recombination. Mol. Ecol. 26, 4378–4390 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rieseberg, L. H. Chromosomal rearrangements and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 351–358 (2001).
Google Scholar
Faria, R., Johannesson, K., Butlin, R. K. & Westram, A. M. Evolving inversions. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 239–248 (2019).
Google Scholar
Wahlberg, N. & Rubinoff, D. Vagility across Vanessa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): mobility in butterfly species does not inhibit the formation and persistence of isolated sister taxa. Syst. Entomol. 36, 362–370 (2011).
Google Scholar
Berdan, E. L. et al. How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process. J. Evol. Biol. 36, 1761–1782 (2023).
Google Scholar
Gilburn, A. S. & Day, T. H. Female mating behaviour, sexual selection and chromosome I inversion karyotype in the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida. Heredity 82, 276–281 (1999).
Google Scholar
Thomas, J. W. et al. The chromosomal polymorphism linked to variation in social behavior in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) is a complex rearrangement and suppressor of recombination. Genetics 179, 1455–1468 (2008).
Google Scholar
Ayala, D., Ullastres, A. & González, J. Adaptation through chromosomal inversions in Anopheles. Front. Genet. 5, 129 (2014).
Google Scholar
Küpper, C. et al. A supergene determines highly divergent male reproductive morphs in the ruff. Nat. Genet. 48, 79–83 (2016).
Google Scholar
Huang, Y. C., Dang, V. D., Chang, N. C. & Wang, J. Multiple large inversions and breakpoint rewiring of gene expression in the evolution of the fire ant social supergene. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20180221 (2018).
Google Scholar
Koch, E. L. et al. Genetic variation for adaptive traits is associated with polymorphic inversions in Littorina saxatilis. Evol. Lett. 5, 196–213 (2021).
Google Scholar
Arostegui, M. C., Quinn, T. P., Seeb, L. W., Seeb, J. E. & McKinney, G. J. Retention of a chromosomal inversion from an anadromous ancestor provides the genetic basis for alternative freshwater ecotypes in rainbow trout. Mol. Ecol. 28, 1412–1427 (2019).
Google Scholar
Lundberg, M., Mackintosh, A., Petri, A. & Bensch, S. Inversions maintain differences between migratory phenotypes of a songbird. Nat. Commun. 14, 452 (2023).
Google Scholar
Nguyen, T. A. T., Beetz, M. J., Merlin, C. & El Jundi, B. Sun compass neurons are tuned to migratory orientation in monarch butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. B 288, 20202988 (2021).
Google Scholar
Homberg, U. et al. The sky compass network in the brain of the desert locust. J. Comp. Physiol. 209, 641–662 (2023).
Google Scholar
Homberg, U., Heinze, S., Pfeiffer, K., Kinoshita, M. & El Jundi, B. Central neural coding of sky polarization in insects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 680–687 (2011).
Google Scholar
Honkanen, A., Adden, A., da Silva Freitas, J. & Heinze, S. The insect central complex and the neural basis of navigational strategies. J. Exp. Biol. 222, jeb188854 (2019).
Google Scholar
Merlin, C., Heinze, S. & Reppert, S. M. Unraveling navigational strategies in migratory insects. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22, 353–361 (2012).
Google Scholar
Homberg, U., Humberg, T. H., Seyfarth, J., Bode, K. & Perez, M. Q. GABA immunostaining in the central complex of dicondylian insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 526, 2301–2318 (2018).
Google Scholar
von Hadeln, J. et al. Neuroarchitecture of the central complex of the desert locust: tangential neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 528, 906–934 (2020).
Google Scholar
Takahashi, N., Zittrell, F., Hensgen, R. & Homberg, U. Receptive field structures for two celestial compass cues at the input stage of the central complex in the locust brain. J. Exp. Biol. 225, jeb243858 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lamaze, A., Krätschmer, P., Chen, K. F., Lowe, S. & Jepson, J. E. A wake-promoting circadian output circuit in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 28, 3098–3105 (2018).
Google Scholar
Boman, J. et al. Environmental stress during larval development induces DNA methylation shifts in the migratory painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui). Mol. Ecol. 32, 3513–3523 (2023).
Google Scholar
Friberg, M., Lehmann, P. & Wiklund, C. Autumn mass change and winter mass loss differ between migratory and nonmigratory butterflies. Anim. Behav. 204, 67–75 (2023).
Google Scholar
Näsvall K., Shipilina D., Vila R., Talavera G. & Backström N. Resource availability affects activity profiles of regulatory elements in a long-distance butterfly migrant. Authorea. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167827909.99815237/v1 (2023).
Shipilina, D. et al. Gene expression responses to environmental cues shed light on components of the migratory syndrome in butterflies. bioRxiv, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.17.602486v1 (2024).
Tremblay, J. J., Lanctôt, C. & Drouin, J. The pan-pituitary activator of transcription, Ptx1 (pituitary homeobox 1), acts in synergy with SF-1 and Pit1 and is an upstream regulator of the Lim-homeodomain gene Lim3/Lhx3. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 428–441 (1998).
Google Scholar
Rankin, M. A. & Riddiford, L. M. Significance of haemolymph juvenile hormone titer changes in timing of migration and reproduction in adult Oncopeltus fasciatus. J. Insect Physiol. 24, 31–38 (1978).
Google Scholar
Jones, C. M. et al. Genomewide transcriptional signatures of migratory flight activity in a globally invasive insect pest. Mol. Ecol. 24, 4901–4911 (2015).
Google Scholar
Zhang, L. et al. Juvenile hormone regulates the shift from migrants to residents in adult oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Sci. Rep. 10, 11626 (2020).
Google Scholar
Dou, X. & Jurenka, R. Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide family in insects: a review. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1274750 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rodríguez, S., Camps, F. & Fabriàs, G. Inhibition of the acyl-CoA desaturases involved in the biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone by analogs of 10, 11-methylene-10-tetradecenoic acid. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 34, 283–289 (2004).
Google Scholar
Finley, K. D., Taylor, B. J., Milstein, M. & McKeown, M. dissatisfaction, a gene involved in sex-specific behavior and neural development of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 913–918 (1997).
Google Scholar
Kawaoka, S. et al. The Bombyx ovary-derived cell line endogenously expresses PIWI/PIWI-interacting RNA complexes. RNA 15, 1258–1264 (2009).
Google Scholar
Dagilis, A. J. & Kirkpatrick, M. Prezygotic isolation, mating preferences, and the evolution of chromosomal inversions. Evolution 70, 1465–1472 (2016).
Google Scholar
Huang, K. & Rieseberg, L. H. Frequency, origins, and evolutionary role of chromosomal inversions in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 11, 296 (2020).
Google Scholar
Arrese, E. L., Patel, R. T. & Soulages, J. L. The main triglyceride-lipase from the insect fat body is an active phospholipase A1: identification and characterization. J. Lipid Res. 47, 2656–2667 (2006).
Google Scholar
Doyle, T. et al. Genome-wide transcriptomic changes reveal the genetic pathways involved in insect migration. Mol. Ecol. 31, 5434332–5434350 (2022).
Google Scholar
Jin, M. et al. Adaptive evolution to the natural and anthropogenic environment in a global invasive crop pest, the cotton bollworm. Innovation 4 (2023).
Van Mierlo, J. T. et al. Convergent evolution of argonaute-2 slicer antagonism in two distinct insect RNA viruses. PLOS Pathog. 8, e1002872 (2012).
Google Scholar
Santos, D. et al. Insights into RNAi-based antiviral immunity in Lepidoptera: acute and persistent infections in Bombyx mori and Trichoplusia ni cell lines. Sci. Rep. 8, 2423 (2018).
Google Scholar
Edwards, S. L., Beesley, J., French, J. D. & Dunning, A. M. Beyond GWASs: illuminating the dark road from association to function. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 93, 779–797 (2013).
Google Scholar
Winker, K. On the origin of species through heteropatric differentiation: a review and a model of speciation in migratory animals. Ornithol. Monogr. 69, 1–30 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lyons, J. I. et al. Lack of genetic differentiation between monarch butterflies with divergent migration destinations. Mol. Ecol. 21, 3433–3444 (2012).
Google Scholar
Talla, V. et al. Genomic evidence for gene flow between monarchs with divergent migratory phenotypes and flight performance. Mol. Ecol. 29, 2567–2582 (2020).
Google Scholar
Freedman, M. G. et al. Are eastern and western monarch butterflies distinct populations? A review of evidence for ecological, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation and implications for conservation. Conserv. Sci. Pract. 3, e432 (2021).
Google Scholar
Wallace, J. R. Maleszka, R., & Warrant, E. J. Large-scale whole-genome sequencing of migratory Bogong moths Agrotis infusa reveals genetic variants associated with migratory direction in a panmictic population. bioRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.27.493801 (2022).
GBIF.org (2024) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.z66kv5.
LepiMAP: Atlas of African Lepidoptera. Published by the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=LepiMAP (2023)
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag). https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org (2009).
Hijmans, R. J., Williams, E., Vennes, C., & Hijmans, M. R. J. Package ‘geosphere’. Spherical trigonometry 1, 1-45. https://github.com/rspatial/geosphere (2017).
Hijmans, R. J. et al. Package ‘terra’. Maintainer: Vienna, Austria. https://rspatial.github.io/terra/ (2022).
Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. & Lister, D. Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset. Sci. Data 7, 109 (2020).
Google Scholar
García-Berro, A. et al. A north-south hemispheric migratory divide in the butterfly Vanessa cardui. https://github.com/GTlabIBB/MigratoryDivide, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17113173 (2025).
QGIS.org, QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http://qgis.org (2024).
Peterson, B. K., Weber, J. N., Kay, E. H., Fisher, H. S. & Hoekstra, H. E. Double digest RADseq: an inexpensive method for De Novo SNP discovery and genotyping in model and non-model species. PLoS One 7, e37135 (2012).
Google Scholar
Eaton, D. A. & Overcast, I. ipyrad: Interactive assembly and analysis of RADseq datasets. Bioinform 36, 2592–2594 (2020).
Google Scholar
Danecek, P. et al. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinform 27, 2156–2158 (2011).
Google Scholar
Jombart, T. adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinform 24, 1403–1405 (2008).
Google Scholar
Danecek, P. et al. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. GigaScience 10, giab008 (2021).
Google Scholar
Shipilina, D. et al. Linkage mapping and genome annotation give novel insights into gene family expansions and regional recombination rate variation in the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) butterfly. Genomics 114, 110481 (2022).
Google Scholar
Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinform 26, 841–842 (2010).
Google Scholar
Korunes, K. L. & Samuk, K. pixy: Unbiased estimation of nucleotide diversity and divergence in the presence of missing data. Mol. Ecol. Res. 21, 1359–1368 (2021).
Google Scholar
Li, H. & Durbin, R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows–Wheeler transform. Bioinform 25, 1754–1760 (2009).
Google Scholar
Lunter, G. & Goodson, M. Stampy: a statistical algorithm for sensitive and fast mapping of Illumina sequence reads. Genome Res. 21, 936–939 (2011).
Google Scholar
Simão, F. A., Waterhouse, R. M., Ioannidis, P., Kriventseva, E. V. & Zdobnov, E. M. BUSCO: assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs. Bioinform 31, 3210–3212 (2015).
Google Scholar
Nishimura, O., Hara, Y. & Kuraku, S. gVolante for standardizing completeness assessment of genome and transcriptome assemblies. Bioinform 33, 3635–3637 (2017).
Google Scholar
Okonechnikov, K., Conesa, A. & García-Alcalde, F. Qualimap 2: advanced multi-sample quality control for high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinform 32, 292–294 (2016).
Google Scholar
Kimura, M. Evolutionary rate at the molecular level. Nature 217, 624–626 (1968).
Google Scholar
Keightley, P. D. et al. Estimation of the spontaneous mutation rate in Heliconius melpomene. Mol. Ecol. Evol. 32, 239–243 (2015).
Google Scholar
Edgar, R. C. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 1792–1797 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kearse, M. et al. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinform 28, 1647–1649 (2012).
Google Scholar
Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Syst. Biol. 56, 564–577 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kozlov, A. M., Darriba, D., Flouri, T., Morel, B. & Stamatakis, A. RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinform 35, 4453–4455 (2019).
Google Scholar
Martin, M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet. J. 17, 10–12 (2011).
Google Scholar
Minh, B. Q. et al. IQ-TREE 2: New models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 1530–1534 (2020).
Google Scholar
Xu S. et al. “Ggtree: A serialized data object for visualization of a phylogenetic tree and annotation data.” iMeta, 1, e56 (2022).
Alexa, A., & Rahnenfuhrer, J. topGO: enrichment analysis for gene ontology. R package version, 2 (2010).
Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol. 57, 289–300 (1995).
Google Scholar
Cingolani, P. et al. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff. Fly 6, 80–92 (2012).
Google Scholar
A new outdoor exhibition by local artist Charles William Brown will take over Bethesda Gardens as The National Gallery’s Art on Your Doorstep…

Saudi Arabia bombed Yemen’s port city of Mukalla on Tuesday after a weapons shipment from the United Arab Emirates arrived for separatist forces in the war-torn country, and starkly warned that it viewed Emirati actions as “extremely…

Archie MitchellBusiness reporter
Getty ImagesOctopus Energy is set to spin off its Kraken Technologies arm as a standalone company after a deal to sell a stake in the platform valued it at $8.65bn (£6.4bn).
The energy giant, Britain’s biggest gas and electricity supplier, has sold a $1bn stake in the AI-based division to a group of investors led by New York-based D1 Capital Partners.
The move paves the way for Kraken to be demerged from Octopus, and for a potential stock market flotation for the business in the future.
Octopus founder and chief executive Greg Jackson told the BBC there was “every chance” Kraken would list its shares “in the medium term”, with the location of the flotation “between London and the US”.
Kraken uses AI to automate customer service and billing for energy companies and can manage when customers use energy, rewarding them for reducing consumption at peak times.
It was initially built for use by Octopus but has since picked up a raft of other utilities clients, including EDF, E.On Next, TalkTalk and National Grid US. It now serves 70 million household and business accounts around the world.
The majority of the $1bn investment will go to Octopus to fund its expansion, with Kraken receiving the rest. Mr Jackson said Kraken will be operating completely independently of Octopus “within a few months”.
Other investors in the business included Fidelity International and a unit of Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan, with Octopus maintaining a 13.7% stake in Kraken.
Kraken chief executive Amir Orad said the spinoff would give it the “focus and freedom” to grow, with the company having previously struggled to do business with Octopus’s rivals.
Mr Jackson said that for a large tech firm such as Kraken, the location for its share listing would be either London or the US.
“One thing about Kraken is we’ve got this global investor base… and so really the stock exchanges have got to kind of show why they are the right one for business.”
A London listing for Kraken’s shares would reverse a trend of firms snubbing the UK in favour of floating in the US.
Mr Jackson said Octopus had created 12,000 jobs in the UK, with 1,500 of these attributed to Kraken.
He said the company would keep its headquarters in the UK, and that “if London can be the right place to list, I would love that”.
“But it’s down to be where you’re going to get the most investor support and the most support from the stock exchange.”
The demerger comes amid the continued growth of Octopus Energy, which overtook British Gas to become the UK’s largest energy supplier earlier this year, serving 7.7 million households.
But it confirmed this year it was one of three retail energy firms that had not yet met regulator Ofgem’s financial resilience targets.
Octopus said the cash injection would “almost double Octopus Energy Group’s already strong balance sheet”.
The deal was announced as Octopus published its results for the year to April, revealing it made a £260m loss before tax, compared with a £78m pre-tax profit a year earlier.
That came despite overall sales rising by a tenth to £13.7bn. Octopus took a hit from lower energy demand due to warmer weather and the ending of energy crisis allowance payments in 2024.
It said warmer weather hit profits by around £103m, blaming the UK’s hottest spring on record since 1885, which saw gas usage slump by 11% in March and 25% in April.

30 December 2025
West Northamptonshire Council has today (30 December) published the latest draft of its Local Plan, ahead of councillors considering proposals for public consultation at the Planning Policy Committee meeting on 8 January.
The Local Plan is a key document shaping the future of development across West Northamptonshire up to 2043. It sets out how land will be used for housing, employment, green spaces, and infrastructure, while supporting regeneration and protecting the environment. This updated draft reflects significant changes since the last consultation, including new policies on sustainability, health and wellbeing, and placemaking, alongside proposals for growth in towns and rural areas.
The Plan also includes:
Following committee consideration, the draft plan and intention to launch a public consultation will be discussed at full Council on 19 January. A major public engagement will then launch in late January, giving residents, town and parish councils, businesses, and community groups the chance to have their say. This will run for eight weeks and include opportunities to comment on the draft plan and propose new sites, including those for Gypsy and Traveller accommodation and further Local Green Spaces.
This Local Plan is one of the most important documents we produce, setting out how we balance homes, jobs, and infrastructure while protecting our environment and creating thriving places for future generations. The views of residents, parishes, and businesses will be vital in shaping the final plan, and I strongly encourage everyone to get involved when the consultation opens in February.Cllr Thomas Manning, Cabinet Member for Planning at West Northamptonshire Council
See the agenda for the Planning Policy Committee meeting on 8 January. Further details on how to take part will be shared in the new year.
Want the latest Council news delivered straight to your inbox?