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Gender equality and gender mainstreaming have been established as central priorities within the European Union’s current Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (R&I), Horizon Europe (2021–27). The European Commission has demonstrated a strong commitment to promoting gender equality through measures such as mandatory Gender Equality Plans (GEPs) and the systemic integration of the gender perspective in research. However, despite progress, available data indicate that advancements remain slow, underscoring the need for more robust action by the EU to achieve meaningful equality in this field. 

Drawing on existing literature and data, this paper introduces a new theoretical framework for analysing the integration of gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Horizon Europe across three interrelated dimensions: structural, epistemic and substantive. It conceptualises gender equality in R&I as a circle, where progress in one dimension can mutually reinforce advancement in the others. The paper further identifies emerging themes and priority areas for the next Framework Programme, addressing persistent challenges in gender equality, and proposes seven targeted policy actions. 

Implementing these measures would enhance the EU’s capacity to mainstream gender in research, strengthen its leadership in promoting gender equality, and its position as a global example for gender-responsive R&I. 

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