Four-time MLB MVP Shohei Ohtani will play for defending champions Japan at next year’s World baseball Classic, the Los Angeles Dodgers’ superstar announced on Tuesday (25 November).
“I’m happy that I will be playing for the Japan…

Four-time MLB MVP Shohei Ohtani will play for defending champions Japan at next year’s World baseball Classic, the Los Angeles Dodgers’ superstar announced on Tuesday (25 November).
“I’m happy that I will be playing for the Japan…

10pm, BBC Four
“A storm is brewing in Amira’s office …” This remarkable Danish documentary series by film-maker Mads Brügger (above) follows the work of steely corporate lawyer Amira Smajic and her dealings with gangs. In…

The reality, though, is the batter England have picked specifically for this series began with two ducks.
It could, quite literally, not have gone worse.
Having invested so much, dropping Crawley after one Test and promoting a debutant from the…

Nathan BriantSouth of England
Day One TraumaAn NHS physiotherapist left with a broken spine, pelvis and shoulder when she was hit by a taxi minutes after leaving work has…

Football matches on England’s largest traditional village green were cancelled after it was damaged by a car.
The criminal cruising in Great Bentley, Essex, left about 100 youngsters unable to play their games on Sunday.
Alex Jones, chairman of…

NANJING, Nov. 25 (Xinhua) — A research team from Nanjing University has discovered a novel gut bacterium that acts as a potential driver of ulcerative colitis, paving the way for new treatment approaches. The findings were published on Friday in…

Injured Australian cricketers Pat Cummins and Josh Hazlewood have bowled in the nets as the pace stars attempt to return from injury for the Ashes.
Cummins trained at Cricket NSW headquarters in Sydney during the Blues’ Sheffield Shield match…

Zhao ZW, Lin XX, Guo YZ, He X, Zhang XT, Huang Y. Irisin alleviates hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Peptides. 2023;170:171109.
Sotiropoulos JX, Oei JL. The role of oxygen in the development and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol. 2023;47(6):151814.
Jain D, Feldman A, Sangam S. Predicting Long-Term respiratory outcomes in premature infants: is it time to move beyond bronchopulmonary dysplasia? Child (Basel). 2020;7(12):283.
Ala M, Mohammad Jafari R, Dehpour AR. Sildenafil beyond erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension: thinking about new indications. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2021;35:235–59.
Principi N, Di Pietro GM, Esposito S. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical aspects and preventive and therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med. 2018;16:36.
Choi CW, Kim BI, Hong JS, Kim EK, Kim HS, Choi JH. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a rat model induced by intra-amniotic inflammation and postnatal hyperoxia: morphometric aspects. Pediatr Res. 2009;65:323–7.
Tang JR, Seedorf GJ, Muehlethaler V, Walker DL, Markham NE, Balasubramaniam V, et al. Moderate postnatal hyperoxia accelerates lung growth and attenuates pulmonary hypertension in infant rats after exposure to intra-amniotic endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2010;299:L735-748.
Farr L, Ghosh S, Moonah S. Role of MIF cytokine/CD74 receptor pathway in protecting against injury and promoting repair. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1273.
Marsh LM, Cakarova L, Kwapiszewska G, von Wulffen W, Herold S, Seeger W, Lohmeyer J. Surface expression of CD74 by type II alveolar epithelial cells: a potential mechanism for macrophage migration inhibitory factor-induced epithelial repair. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009;296:L442–452.
Grieb G, Merk M, Bernhagen J, Bucala R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF): a promising biomarker. Drug News Perspect. 2010;23:257–64.
Sauler M, Leng L, Trentalange M, Haslip M, Shan P, Piecychna M, Zhang Y, Andrews N, Mannam P, Allore H, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2014;306:L487–496.
Zhang C, Ramsey C, Berical A, Yu L, Leng L, McGinnis KA, Song Y, Michael H, McCormack MC, Allore H, et al. A functional macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter polymorphism is associated with reduced diffusing capacity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019;316:L400–5.
Shi X, Leng L, Wang T, Wang W, Du X, Li J, et al. CD44 is the signaling component of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-CD74 receptor complex. Immunity. 2006;25:595–606.
Petre MA, Petrik J, Ellis R, Inman MD, Holloway AC, Labiris NR. Fetal and neonatal exposure to nicotine disrupts postnatal lung development in rats: role of VEGF and its receptors. Int J Toxicol. 2011;30:244–52.
Yu S, Poe B, Schwarz M, Elliot SA, Albertine KH, Fenton S, et al. Fetal and postnatal lung defects reveal a novel and required role for Fgf8 in lung development. Dev Biol. 2010;347:92–108.
Hoffman AM, Ingenito EP. Alveolar epithelial stem and progenitor cells: emerging evidence for their role in lung regeneration. Curr Med Chem. 2012;19:6003–8.
Klasen C, Ziehm T, Huber M, Asare Y, Kapurniotu A, Shachar I, et al. LPS-mediated cell surface expression of CD74 promotes the proliferation of B cells in response to MIF. Cell Signal. 2018;46:32–42.
Takahashi K, Koga K, Linge HM, Zhang Y, Lin X, Metz CN, et al. Macrophage CD74 contributes to MIF-induced pulmonary inflammation. Respir Res. 2009;10:33.
Cao L, Wang X, Liu X, Meng W, Guo W, Duan C, et al. Tumor necrosis factor α-dependent lung inflammation promotes the progression of lung adenocarcinoma originating from alveolar type II cells by upregulating MIF-CD74. Lab Invest. 2023;103:100034.
Li R, Wang F, Wei J, Lin Y, Tang G, Rao L, et al. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in asthmatic airway remodeling. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2021;13:88–105.
Sauler M, Zhang Y, Min JN, Leng L, Shan P, Roberts S, et al. Endothelial CD74 mediates macrophage migration inhibitory factor protection in hyperoxic lung injury. FASEB J. 2015;29:1940–9.
Chen XQ, Wu SH, Luo YY, Li BJ, Li SJ, Lu HY, et al. Lipoxin A(4) attenuates bronchopulmonary dysplasia via upregulation of Let-7c and downregulation of TGF-β(1) signaling pathway. Inflammation. 2017;40:2094–108.
Kunzmann S, Ottensmeier B, Speer CP, Fehrholz M. Effect of progesterone on Smad signaling and TGF-β/Smad-regulated genes in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0200661.
Jin M, Lee J, Lee KY, Jin Z, Pak JH, Kim HS. Alteration of TGF-β-ALK-Smad signaling in hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia model of newborn rats. Exp Lung Res. 2016;42:354–64.
Lu J, Zhong Y, Lin Z, Lin X, Chen Z, Wu X, et al. Baicalin alleviates radiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of primary type II alveolar epithelial cells via TGF-β and ERK/GSK3β signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;95:1219–24.
Zhou Y, Hill C, Yao L, Li J, Hancock D, Downward J, et al. Quantitative proteomic analysis in alveolar type II cells reveals the different capacities of RAS and TGF-β to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:595712.
Bhaskaran M, Kolliputi N, Wang Y, Gou D, Chintagari NR, Liu L. Trans-differentiation of alveolar epithelial type II cells to type I cells involves autocrine signaling by transforming growth factor beta 1 through the Smad pathway. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:3968–76.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175–91.
Serdar CC, Cihan M, Yücel D, Serdar MA. Sample size, power and effect size revisited: simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies. Biochem Med Zagreb. 2021;31:010502.
Chou HC, Li YT, Chen CM. Human mesenchymal stem cells attenuate experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia induced by perinatal inflammation and hyperoxia. Am J Transl Res. 2016;8:342–53.
Lee HJ, Kim BI, Choi ES, Choi CW, Kim EK, Kim HS, et al. Effects of postnatal dexamethasone or hydrocortisone in a rat model of antenatal lipopolysaccharide and neonatal hyperoxia exposure. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27:395–401.
Ni W, Lin N, He H, Zhu J, Zhang Y. Lipopolysaccharide induces up-regulation of TGF-α through HDAC2 in a rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91083.
Zhang Q, Ran X, He Y, Ai Q, Shi Y. Acetate downregulates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and attenuates lung injury in neonatal mice with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:595157.
Sakurai R, Lee C, Shen H, Waring AJ, Walther FJ, Rehan VK. A combination of the aerosolized PPAR-γ agonist Pioglitazone and a synthetic surfactant protein B peptide mimic prevents hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury in rats. Neonatology. 2018;113:296–304.
Deng J, Wang SH, Zheng XM, Tang ZM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide attenuates hyperoxia-induced oxidative damage in alveolar epithelial type II cells through regulating viability and transdifferentiation. Inflammation. 2022;45:863–75.
Chen XY, Kao C, Peng SW, Chang JH, Lee YL, Laiman V, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK, Heriyanto DS, Chuang KJ, Chuang HC. Role of DCLK1/Hippo pathway in type II alveolar epithelial cells differentiation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mol Med. 2023;29:159.
Dewor M, Steffens G, Krohn R, Weber C, Baron J, Bernhagen J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes fibroblast migration in scratch-wounded monolayers in vitro. FEBS Lett. 2007;581:4734–42.
Shin HN, Moon HH, Ku JL. Stromal cell-derived factor-1α and macrophage migration-inhibitory factor induce metastatic behavior in CXCR4-expressing colon cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 2012;30:1537–43.
Cao H, Tadros V, Hiramoto B, Leeper K, Hino C, Xiao J, et al. Targeting TKI-activated NFKB2-MIF/CXCLs-CXCR2 signaling pathways in FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia reduced blast viability. Biomedicines. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051038.
Poulsen KL, Fan X, Kibler CD, Huang E, Wu X, McMullen MR, Leng L, Bucala R, Ventura-Cots M, Argemi J et al. Role of MIF in coordinated expression of hepatic chemokines in patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis. JCI Insight. 2021;6(11):e141420.
Li X, Wang L, Hao J, Zhu Q, Guo M, Wu C, et al. The role of autophagy in lamellar body formation and surfactant production in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18:1107–19.
Serralha RS, Rodrigues IF, Bertolini A, Lima DY, Nascimento M, Mouro MG, Punaro GR, Visoná I, Rodrigues AM, Higa EMS. Esculin reduces P2X7 and reverses mitochondrial dysfunction in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2020;254:117787.
Zeiner PS, Preusse C, Blank AE, Zachskorn C, Baumgarten P, Caspary L, et al.
Zhou DN, Li SJ, Ding JL, Yin TL, Yang J, Ye H. MIF may participate in pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome in rats through MAPK signalling pathway. Curr Med Sci. 2018;38(5):853–60.
Huang JM, Zhao N, Hao XN, Li SY, Wei D, Pu N, et al. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling mediated neuroglia activation is implicated in the retinal degeneration: a potential therapeutic target to prevent photoreceptor death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65:29.
Shen J, Ma H, Wang C. Triptolide improves myocardial fibrosis in rats through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome pathway. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2021;25:533–43.
Zhou X, Xu W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li C, et al. LncRNA DNM3OS regulates GREM2 via miR-127-5p to suppress early chondrogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells under hypoxic conditions. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2021;26:22.
Zhang D, Wu Y, Li Z, Chen H, Huang S, Jian C, et al. MiR-144-5p, an exosomal miRNA from bone marrow-derived macrophage in type 2 diabetes, impairs bone fracture healing via targeting Smad1. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19:226.
Shang P, Liu W, Liu T, Zhang Y, Mu F, Zhu Z, et al. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid attenuates prooxidant and profibrotic mechanisms involving transforming growth factor-β1, and improves vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep. 2016;6:39809.
Wang H, Shi X, Guo Z, Zhao F, He W, Kang M, et al. Microrna-211-5p predicts the progression of postmenopausal osteoporosis and attenuates osteogenesis by targeting dual specific phosphatase 6. Bioengineered. 2022;13:5709–23.
Tanguy J, Boutanquoi PM, Burgy O, Dondaine L, Beltramo G, Uyanik B, Garrido C, Bonniaud P, Bellaye PS, Goirand F. HSPB5 Inhibition by NCI-41356 reduces experimental lung fibrosis by blocking TGF-β1 signaling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(2):177.
Shi Y, Jin Y, Liu F, Jiang J, Cao J, Lu Y, Yang J. Ceramide induces the apoptosis of non–small cell lung cancer cells through the Txnip/Trx1 complex. Int J Mol Med. 2021;47(5):85.
Bao T, Zhu H, Zheng Y, Hu J, Wang H, Cheng H, et al. Expression of long noncoding RNA uc.375 in bronchopulmonary dysplasia and its function in the proliferation and apoptosis of mouse alveolar epithelial cell line MLE 12. Front Physiol. 2022;13:971732.
Xiong Y, Wang Q. STC1 regulates glioblastoma migration and invasion via the TGF–β/SMAD4 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2019;20:3055–64.
Jiang Y, Liu Y, Xiao W, Zhang D, Liu X, Xiao H, et al. Xinmailong attenuates Doxorubicin-induced lysosomal dysfunction and oxidative stress in H9c2 cells via HO-1. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:5896931.
Shen S, Ji C, Wei K. Cellular senescence and regulated cell death of tubular epithelial cells in diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:924299.
Yu H, Li D, Zhao X, Fu J. Fetal origin of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: contribution of intrauterine inflammation. Mol Med. 2024;30:135.
Parsons A, Netsanet A, Seedorf G, Abman SH, Taglauer ES. Understanding the role of placental pathophysiology in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2022;323:L651-8.
Wei Y, Wang Y. Celastrol attenuates impairments associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in rats. J Immunotoxicol. 2017;14:228–34.
Roper JM, Mazzatti DJ, Watkins RH, Maniscalco WM, Keng PC, O’Reilly MA. In vivo exposure to hyperoxia induces DNA damage in a population of alveolar type II epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;286:L1045-1054.
O’Reilly MA, Staversky RJ, Finkelstein JN, Keng PC. Activation of the G2 cell cycle checkpoint enhances survival of epithelial cells exposed to hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003;284:L368-375.
Sureshbabu A, Syed M, Das P, Janér C, Pryhuber G, Rahman A, et al. Inhibition of regulatory-associated protein of mechanistic target of rapamycin prevents hyperoxia-induced lung injury by enhancing autophagy and reducing apoptosis in neonatal mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;55:722–35.
Chen Y, Chang L, Li W, Rong Z, Liu W, Shan R, et al. Thioredoxin protects fetal type II epithelial cells from hyperoxia-induced injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010;45:1192–200.
Yee M, Buczynski BW, O’Reilly MA. Neonatal hyperoxia stimulates the expansion of alveolar epithelial type II cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2014;50:757–66.
Hou A, Fu J, Shi Y, Qiao L, Li J, Xing Y, et al. Decreased ZONAB expression promotes excessive transdifferentiation of alveolar epithelial cells in hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41:2339–49.
Roger T, Schlapbach LJ, Schneider A, Weier M, Wellmann S, Marquis P, et al. Plasma levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and d-dopachrome tautomerase show a highly specific profile in early life. Front Immunol. 2017;8:26.
Sun H, Choo-Wing R, Fan J, Leng L, Syed MA, Hare AA, et al. Small molecular modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the hyperoxia-induced mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respir Res. 2013;14:27.
Prencipe G, Auriti C, Inglese R, Devito R, Ronchetti MP, Seganti G, et al. A polymorphism in the macrophage migration inhibitory factor promoter is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res. 2011;69:142–7.
Kevill KA, Bhandari V, Kettunen M, Leng L, Fan J, Mizue Y, et al. A role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. J Immunol. 2008;180:601–8.
Gao J, Wu M, Wang F, Jiang L, Tian R, Zhu X, et al. CD74, a novel predictor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Medicine. 2020;99:e23477.
Yao HC, Zhu Y, Lu HY, Ju HM, Xu SQ, Qiao Y, et al. Type 2 innate lymphoid cell-derived amphiregulin regulates type II alveolar epithelial cell transdifferentiation in a mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;122:110672.
Hou A, Fu J, Yang H, Zhu Y, Pan Y, Xu S, et al. Hyperoxia stimulates the transdifferentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells in newborn rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;308:L861-872.
du Bois RM. Strategies for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9:129–40.
Bueno M, Calyeca J, Khaliullin T, Miller MP, Alvarez D, Rosas L, Brands J, Baker C, Nasser A, Shulkowski S et al. CYB5R3 in type II alveolar epithelial cells protects against lung fibrosis by suppressing TGF-β1 signaling. JCI Insight. 2023;8(5):e161487.
Bueno M, Zank D, Buendia-Roldán I, Fiedler K, Mays BG, Alvarez D, et al. PINK1 attenuates MtDNA release in alveolar epithelial cells and TLR9 mediated profibrotic responses. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0218003.
Chilosi M, Carloni A, Rossi A, Poletti V. Premature lung aging and cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD/emphysema. Transl Res. 2013;162:156–73.
Chung EJ, Kwon S, Reedy JL, White AO, Song JS, Hwang I, et al. IGF-1 receptor signaling regulates type II pneumocyte senescence and resulting macrophage polarization in lung fibrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2021;110:526–38.
Chung EJ, Reedy JL, Kwon S, Patil S, Valle L, White AO, et al. 12-lipoxygenase is a critical mediator of type II pneumocyte senescence, macrophage polarization and pulmonary fibrosis after irradiation. Radiat Res. 2019;192:367–79.
Citrin DE, Shankavaram U, Horton JA, Shield W 3rd, Zhao S, Asano H, et al. Role of type II pneumocyte senescence in radiation-induced lung fibrosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105:1474–84.
Zhang T, Zhang J, Lv C, Li H, Song X. Senescent AECⅡ and the implication for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1059434.
Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Chłoń-Rzepa G, Jankowska A, Ferreira B, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Pękala E, Wyska E, Pociecha K, Gosens R. Pan-Phosphodiesterase inhibitors attenuate TGF-β-Induced Pro-Fibrotic phenotype in alveolar epithelial type II cells by downregulating Smad-2 phosphorylation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(4):423.

At just 17, Anahat Singh is already the biggest hope for Indian squash as the sport approaches its long-awaited Olympic debut at LA 2028.
Since first stepping into the spotlight as a 14-year-old selected for India’s squash contingent at the…

The Indian hockey team produced a fighting performance but went down 3-2 against Belgium in the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup 2025 in Ipoh, Malaysia on Tuesday.
The hockey match, held at the Sultan Azlan Shah Stadium, was originally scheduled on Monday…