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  • Rio Tinto partners with Calix to test low-emissions steel making in Western Australia, pauses BioIron

    PERTH, Australia–(BUSINESS WIRE)–
    Rio Tinto has signed a Joint Development Agreement (JDA) with Australian environmental technology company Calix to support construction of Calix’s Zero Emissions Steel Technology (Zesty) demonstration plant in Western Australia, which could enable Pilbara iron ores to be used in lower-emissions steel making.

    If approved, the demonstration plant will be built at a site in Kwinana, south of Perth, that had been earmarked for Rio Tinto’s previously announced BioIron Research and Development Facility and associated pilot plant.

    Rio Tinto has determined that the current furnace design for BioIron requires additional development to minimise technical risks and optimise its performance.

    It remains committed to the long-term potential of BioIron technology, and research and development continues in partnership with the University of Nottingham and sustainable technology company, Metso.

    Rio Tinto will invest more than A$35 million, subject to project milestones and comprised of in-kind and financial contributions, to assist Calix with the Zesty Green Iron Demonstration Plant, which also has Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) support.

    The Zesty process is compatible with lower grade iron ore and uses electric heating and hydrogen reduction to produce reduced-emissions iron.

    Rio Tinto Iron Ore Chief Executive Matthew Holcz said: “The world needs low-emissions steel if it is going to decarbonise, and we continue to look at a range of ways Pilbara iron ores can help to do this as new technologies emerge.

    “We’re pleased to partner with Calix, an Australian technology company, to help progress the Zesty technology to be able to use Pilbara iron ores for lower-emissions steel making.

    “In parallel, we’ll keep progressing BioIron with our partners, the University of Nottingham and Metso, to further its potential. Both projects are part of our work to reduce emissions and support the future of iron ore in Australia and the communities that depend on it.”

    Western Australian Premier Roger Cook said: “Locally made green iron is a key part of my vision to become a renewable energy powerhouse and make more things here.

    “Coupled with my government’s recent announcement that government will take an “if not, why not” approach to green steel procurement on major government projects, the Zesty Green Iron Demonstration Plant will support our efforts to diversify WA’s economy so that it can remain the strongest in the nation.

    “I welcome this agreement between Calix and Rio Tinto, which will play an important role in growing this exciting new industry in WA.”

    The Kwinana location provides access to established utilities, ports and other infrastructure. It is also near the NeoSmelt1 facility for potential downstream processing of Direct Reduced Iron produced by the Zesty plant. Rio Tinto is one of five companies developing the NeoSmelt project, which earlier this year secured ARENA funding.

    Calix also has a A$44.9m ARENA grant, subject to conditions, for the Zesty Green Iron Demonstration Plant, as previously announced by the company.

    Calix Chief Executive Officer Phil Hodgson said: “The Joint Development Agreement with Rio Tinto is a major milestone in the commercialisation of Zesty. It provides cash and hands-on support, including industry leading resources, expertise and market reach to progress the Zesty Demonstration project.

    “This strong support from Rio Tinto provides further validation of the potential for deployment of the Zesty technology to the world’s largest minerals and metals market, its potential to help decarbonise a critical industry responsible for ~8% of global CO2 emissions, and the opportunity to help future-proof Australia’s largest source of export income. We look forward to working with Rio Tinto, further industry partners and other key stakeholders, and ARENA on this important Australian project.”

    Under the terms of the JDA, Rio Tinto will support the Zesty project to reach a Final Investment Decision (FID) through technical support, engineering services and advocacy.

    Subject to FID and successful project construction, Rio Tinto will supply up to 10,000 tonnes of a range of Pilbara iron ores for use in plant commissioning and the initial testing phase of the project, as well as introductions to potential customers for downstream use of the Zesty product.

    The partnership enables Rio Tinto to exercise a non-exclusive global and perpetual licence agreement for the potential commercial use of the Zesty technology, sub-licence the technology to its affiliates and customers, and act as a non-exclusive global marketing agent for the Zesty technology.

    Additional information

    About Calix and Zesty

    Calix Limited is an Australian technology company focused on industrial decarbonisation and sustainability.

    Calix’s Zesty technology uses a combination of electric heating and hydrogen reduction to produce green iron and ultimately, green steel. Zesty aims to provide lowest cost pathways to green iron and steel through minimal hydrogen consumption, flexible electric heating compatible with intermittent renewable energy sources, elimination of ore pelletisation, and enabling the use of fines and lower-grade iron ores. Zesty pilot-scale trials in collaboration with the Heavy-Industry Low-carbon Transitions Cooperative Research Centre (HILT CRC) and industry partners have proven the ability of the technology to produce green iron from a range of iron ore types and grades2.

    The Zesty Green Iron Demonstration Plant is designed to produce up to 30,000 tonnes per annum of hydrogen direct reduced iron (H2-DRI) or hot briquetted iron (HBI) from a range of iron ore sources. The Demonstration Plant intends to provide an industry-wide facility for the non-exclusive toll processing of iron ores into H2-DRI or HBI, with the aims of supporting the ongoing viability of Australian iron ore in a low emissions steel value chain and the development of a green iron industry in Australia. The Project is supported by a grant of up to $44.9m from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency, subject to matched funding being secured.

    The Zesty Demonstration Project has entered its detailed design engineering phase to help inform a FID, expected in 2026.

    About BioIron

    BioIron was invented by Rio Tinto’s steel decarbonisation team after a decade of extensive research. Electricity consumption in the BioIron process is about one-third of the electricity required by other steelmaking processes that rely on renewable hydrogen.

    BioIron uses raw biomass such as agricultural by-products like wheat straw, barley straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice stalks, and canola straw, instead of coal as the reducing agent.

    Footnotes

    1 No affiliation with NeoSmelt is implied.

    2 Calix ASX Announcement Zesty Deep dive presentation 31 July 2025.

    Please direct all enquiries to media.enquiries@riotinto.com

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    Source: Rio Tinto


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  • Bitcoin Erases Year’s Gain as Crypto Bear Market Deepens

    Bitcoin Erases Year’s Gain as Crypto Bear Market Deepens

    Bitcoin fell below $93,714 on Sunday.

    Just a little more than a month after reaching an all-time high, Bitcoin has erased the more than 30% gain registered since the start of the year as the exuberance over the pro-crypto stance of the Trump administration fades and the recent cooling of high-flying technology stocks leads to a drop in overall risk appetite.

    Most Read from Bloomberg

    The dominant cryptocurrency fell below $93,714 on Sunday, pushing the price beneath the closing level reached at the end of last year, when financial markets were rallying following President Donald Trump’s election victory. Bitcoin soared to a record $126,251 on Oct. 6, only to begin tumbling four days later after unexpected comments on tariffs by Trump sent markets into a tailspin worldwide.

    “The general market is risk-off,” said Matthew Hougan, the San Francisco-based chief investment officer for Bitwise Asset Management. “Crypto was the canary in the coal mine for that, it was the first to flinch.”

    Over the past month, many of the biggest buyers — from exchange-traded fund allocators to corporate treasuries — have quietly stepped back, depriving the market of the flow-driven support that helped propel the token to records earlier this year.

    For much of the year, institutions were the backbone of Bitcoin’s legitimacy and its price. ETFs as a cohort took in more than $25 billion, according to Bloomberg data, pushing assets as high as roughly $169 billion. Their steady allocation flows helped reframe the asset as a portfolio diversifier — a hedge against inflation, monetary debasement and political disarray. But that narrative — always tenuous — is fraying afresh, leaving the market exposed to something quieter but no less destabilizing: disengagement.

    “The selloff is a confluence of profit-taking by LTHs, institutional outflows, macro uncertainty, and leveraged longs getting wiped out,” said Jake Kennis, senior research analyst at Nansen. “What is clear is that the market has temporarily chosen a downward direction after a long period of consolidation/ranging.”

    Michael SaylorPhotographer: Ronda Churchill/Bloomberg
    Michael SaylorPhotographer: Ronda Churchill/Bloomberg

    One of the starkest examples of a buying strike in the digital-asset community comes from Michael Saylor’s Strategy Inc., the software firm turned Bitcoin hoarder. Once the poster child for corporate treasury crypto plays, its stock is now flirting near parity to its Bitcoin stash — a sign that investors are no longer willing to pay a premium for Saylor’s high-conviction leverage model.

    Boom and bust cycles have been a constant since Bitcoin burst into the mainstream consciousness with a more than 13,000% surge in 2017, only to be followed by a plunge of almost 75% the following year.

    “The sentiment in crypto retail is pretty negative,” said Hougan, who sees the current pullback as a buying opportunity. “They don’t want to live through another 50% pullback. People are front-running that by stepping out of the market.”

    Bitcoin has whipsawed investors through the year, dropping to as low as $74,400 in April as Trump unveiled his tariffs, before rebounding to record highs ahead of the latest retreat. The original digital asset accounts for almost 60% of crypto’s roughly $3.2 trillion in market value.

    The market downturn has been even tougher on smaller, less liquid tokens that traders often gravitate toward because of their higher volatility and typical outperformance during rallies. A MarketVector index tracking the bottom half of the largest 100 digital assets is down around 60% this year.

    “The markets are always an ebb and flow, and cyclicality in crypto is nothing new,” said Chris Newhouse, director of research at Ergonia, a firm specializing in decentralized finance. But “amongst friends, Telegram chats, and at conferences, the general sentiment I’ve received shows skepticism around capital deployment, and no natural bullish catalysts.”

    –With assistance from Richard Henderson.

    (Updates with more details beginning in fifth paragraph.)

    Most Read from Bloomberg Businessweek

    ©2025 Bloomberg L.P.

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  • Week Ahead for FX, Bonds: Investors Await U.S. Data After Shutdown Ends

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    By Dow Jones Newswires staff

    Below are the most important global events likely to affect FX and bond markets in the week starting Nov. 17.

    Now that the longest ever U.S. government shutdown has finally ended, attention is turning to when key data will be released following a string of delays as investors remain uncertain over whether the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates next month.

    Inflation data in the U.K. and Canada will be watched closely. In Asia, markets will closely monitor a range of economic data releases, with particular focus on key indicators from Japan, China and Australia.

    U.S.

    As the U.S. government reopens, investors will be looking out for announcements on which U.S. economic data are due to be released and when.

    The market's relief at the shutdown ending proved brief as investors turned cautious amid uncertainty about when key data, especially jobs figures, will be released and how reliable it will be. This leaves investors uncertain about whether or not the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates in December.

    Two major government reports on inflation and the labor market for October are "likely never" to be released, White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said Wednesday.

    The Fed recently cut interest rates but Chair Jerome Powell said a December rate cut wasn't a foregone conclusion. Several Federal Reserve members have since suggested interest rates could stay unchanged next month, although there are still some calling for unchanged rates. U.S. money markets currently price a roughly equal chance of a rate cut in December versus unchanged rates, LSEG data show.

    It is "no secret that the Fed remains divided and cautious," FP Markets chief market analyst Aaron Hill said in a note.

    "Expectations for a Federal Reserve rate cut next month have been pared back significantly … which could provide some support to the currency and yields," Naga market analyst Frank Walbaum said in a note.

    Meanwhile, however, recent U.S. jobs data from ADP and Challenger were weak, raising concerns that the economy could be weakening and leaving the outlook uncertain.

    Policymakers' cautious tone and the upcoming flood of economic releases could still leave the dollar vulnerable to falls, with its direction likely to hinge on the strength or weakness of the data, Walbaum said.

    Minutes from the October Fed meeting on Wednesday will be closely scrutinized. Other data due include purchasing managers' figures and the University of Michigan final consumer confidence survey for November on Friday.

    Canada

    Canada releases its October inflation data on Monday.

    The minutes of the Bank of Canada's last meeting in October noted that inflation exceeded the central bank's expectations in September, rising to 2.4%. The BOC cut rates by 25 basis points to 2.25% at that meeting but some policymakers pushed to hold off on another cut until a later date so they could have a better gauge of inflation risks and labor market weakness, the minutes showed. That means upcoming data, including Monday's inflation report, will be key.

    Eurozone

    In a quiet week for data releases, flash estimate eurozone PMI data for France, Germany and the eurozone for November will be in focus.

    The European Commission's autumn economic forecast for the EU will also be released on Monday.

    German producer price index for October and eurozone flash consumer confidence indicator for November are due on Thursday, while France's monthly business survey and Spanish industrial orders data are due on Friday.

    "We see more scope for an improvement in the eurozone than in the U.K. as political uncertainty was dialed down in France at the same time as budget fears mounted in the U.K.," Investec's Sandra Horsfield said in a note. ""Longer-term, both countries face clear fiscal consolidation needs."

    Slovakia and Finland will hold bond auctions on Tuesday, followed by Greece on Wednesday and Spain and France on Thursday.

    U.K.

    Focus in the U.K. will center on any further commentary on possible measures at the U.K. budget on Nov. 26, as well as U.K. inflation data for October on Wednesday.

    The Financial Times reported that the Labour government has dropped plans to raise income taxes, causing gilt yields to rise and sterling to fall.

    "The decision to drop the income tax hike could be viewed as the Labour leadership prioritizing their popularity with the public and the stability of the Labour party over doing what is best to restore confidence in the public finances," MUFG Bank analyst Lee Hardman said in a note.

    As well as the budget, U.K. inflation data will be key as investors are looking for further evidence of whether the Bank of England will cut interest rates again next month after recent weak jobs and gross domestic product data.

    U.K. money markets are currently pricing an 84% chance that the BOE will cut rates next month, LSEG data show, though some analysts expect that rates won't be reduced until February.

    Producer price data for October are also due Wednesday, while flash estimate purchasing managers' surveys for November will be released Friday.

    The U.K. plans two sales by programmatic gilt tender in the coming week, one of a 2030 gilt on Tuesday and another of a 2052 gilt on Thursday. An auction of the October 2035 gilt will take place Wednesday.

    Hungary

    The Hungarian central bank announces a policy decision on Tuesday. The market is pricing in an 81% chance that interest rates will be held steady at 6.5%, LSEG data show.

    "Looking further ahead, we still do not anticipate any interest rate cuts this year or in the first half of next year, given that the Monetary Council remains focused on addressing high inflation expectations," ING economists said in a note.

    Furthermore, recent developments could increase inflation, they said. This includes the government raising its deficit targets for 2025 and 2026 to allow for increased spending ahead of April's parliamentary elections.

    Scandinavia

    The U.S. Treasury will sell $16 billion in 20-year bonds on Wednesday and $19 billion in 10-year inflation-protected TIPS on Thursday.

    South Africa

    The South African central bank will announce its policy decision on Thursday.

    Standard Chartered expects another 25 basis-point interest-rate cut to 6.75%. "Another benign set of inflation data in September reinforced the restrictiveness of current policy in real terms," Standard Chartered analyst Razia Khan said in a note.

    Citi analysts also expect a rate cut. "The budget deficit narrowed slightly, debt stabilization is still to be achieved this year and a significant issuance reduction is underway," they said in a note.

    Japan

    Japan's economy is expected to have contracted in the July-September quarter, with government data on Monday likely to show 0.6% quarter-over-quarter decline in real GDP, according to economists polled by data provider Quick. The contraction is partly attributed to the impact of higher U.S. tariffs.

    Market participants will also be focused on Friday's inflation data, which is expected to show consumer prices excluding fresh food rose by 2.9% in October, matching the pace from September and remaining above the Bank of Japan's 2% price target. This persistent inflation could reinforce expectations that the BOJ may soon resume tightening, especially after recent indications that the central bank may be preparing to shift its policy stance.

    Also on Wednesday, October trade data and September machinery orders are slated for release. These will provide further insights into the health of Japan's economy amid global uncertainties.

    The Bank of Japan is expected to make outright purchases of government bonds on Thursday, which could help support the domestic bond market. Meanwhile, the ministry of finance will auction about 250 billion yen of 10-year inflation-indexed bonds on Monday, followed by a 20-year JGB auction on Wednesday. Investor interest may be stronger for the 30-year debt sale, where higher yields are expected.

    China

    Markets will turn their attention to the People's Bank of China, which is set to announce the country's benchmark lending rate on Thursday.

    With China likely on track to meet its full-year growth target and banks' net interest margins near record lows, Citi economists expect the PBOC to leave rates unchanged in November. They forecast no further cuts for the remainder of the year, but anticipate a 20-basis-point cut in 2026.

    Investors will also be monitoring Monday's foreign direct investment data, which is expected to show a decline, reflecting ongoing challenges in the economy.

    Australia

    Australian bond traders will be looking for clues from the Reserve Bank of Australia regarding the economic outlook and potential rate cuts. Minutes from the RBA's October meeting, due Tuesday, are expected to highlight the central bank's concerns about inflation and confirm that conditions in the economy are robust enough to rule out further rate cuts for now.

    Recent data has shown strong economic momentum, with falling unemployment and a sharp rise in lending for new housing. Additionally, consumer confidence has surged, further reinforcing the RBA's cautious outlook. On Thursday, RBA's chief economist Sarah Hunter will speak, where she is expected to extend the hawkish message.

    Indonesia

    Bank Indonesia will announce its policy decision on Wednesday, with analysts widely expecting the central bank to hold rates steady to stabilize the rupiah. Citi analyst Helmi Arman thinks continued bond outflows, tight yield differentials and pressure on the currency may prompt BI to stand pat again rather than cut.

    While a soft growth print and contained inflation still support the case for easing, he expects rate cuts to be pushed to December and March, aligning more closely with the timing of Fed rate cuts and stronger reserves.

    Thailand

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    November 16, 2025 16:14 ET (21:14 GMT)

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