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During the chilly wintry months, most of us have a tendency to wrap up warm, crank up the heating and reach for hot drinks rather than guzzling down glasses of water.
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133,000 samples collected in 2023
Crops that have been treated with pesticides may contain residues. To ensure that pesticides are used correctly and their residues do not pose a risk to consumers, legal limits are set in EU legislation,
Food inspection services in the EU, Iceland and Norway have monitoring programmes in place to check that food complies with legal limits.
98% of samples in 2023 were free of residues or contained residues that were within legal limits.
Official laboratories test the food samples for the presence of more than 740 pesticides.
Around 26 million individual test results for pesticide residues
are reported to EFSA per year and summarised in an annual report.
EU decision-makers use EFSA’s conclusions and recommendations to
strengthen future monitoring programmes.
EFSA is the keystone of EU risk assessment regarding food and feed safety. In close collaboration with national authorities in open consultation with its stakeholders, EFSA provides independent scientific advice and clear communication on existing and emerging risks.
© European Food Safety Authority, 2025. Reproduction is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided that the source is acknowledged.
Photo credits: Shutterstock
Catalogue Number(*): TM-01-25-015-EN-N | ISBN 978-92-9499-752-4 | DOI: 10.2805/0181725
Together with collaborators including lab member Wesley Ingwersen, who created the U.S. EPA model and led work on it until the agency shuttered it in August 2025, Davis is now working to make a global model freely available and easy to use through an effort called Cornerstone. “The reason companies haven’t been using the global models is they’re not as easy to come by. They are a lot more involved to build, and there hasn’t been an easy, open-source version,” said Davis.
The group is integrating the former government database with the multi-region model analyzed in the study, which was developed by a private company called Watershed, where Davis chairs the science advisory board and previously served as head of climate science.
“When available tools neglect international sources of emissions, companies’ sustainability decisions suffer,” said study co-author Michael Steffen, Watershed’s head of climate analytics.
The team aims to release the merged model in late 2026, with ambitions to account for emissions from land-use changes and deforestation in later research and iterations. “If you’re getting soybeans from Iowa, it has a very different footprint than if you’ve cut down some of the Amazon to grow those soybeans,” Davis said.
Scientists from the World Wildlife Fund and CDP, formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project, co-authored the paper. “These are NGOs that are really interested in minimizing greenwashing and making sure that corporate climate actions are as beneficial as possible,” Davis said.
Some critics question whether models based on sector-wide averages and spending like those analyzed in the study are the right approach to estimate upstream emissions at all – regardless of whether global or single-region models are used. “I think we could all agree that if you had perfect data about exactly what was going on in your supply chain, you could make even more accurate estimates and leapfrog all of these models,” Davis said. “The reality is, though, that it’s still really difficult to get a lot of that data, and there’s little prospect of getting it without much more stringent regulations than are even on the table.” As a result, he said, there’s value in improving the modeling approach even if the long-term strategy is to get better data.
Corporations seeking to track and reduce emissions in their supply chains have the potential to make a meaningful difference in global carbon pollution, Davis said. “They are making sizable investments. If those dollars are directed to the right places, it could meaningfully reduce global emissions,” he said.