Category: 3. Business

Washington, DC: The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the Fifth Reviews under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangements, and the Second Review under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) arrangement for Papua New Guinea. The completion of these reviews allows for the immediate disbursement of SDR 121.07 million (about US$165 million) under the ECF/EFF arrangements and SDR 39.48 million (about US$54 million) under the RSF arrangement, bringing total disbursements under the IMF-supported programs so far to SDR 622.48 million (about US$851 million).

The ECF/EFF arrangements with Papua New Guinea were approved by the Executive Board on March 22, 2023, in an overall amount equivalent to SDR 684.32 million (260 percent of quota) to help address a protracted balance of payments need—manifested in foreign exchange shortages—and to support the authorities’ reforms to address longstanding structural impediments to inclusive growth. The 24-month RSF arrangement, which was approved by the Executive Board on December 11, 2024, in an overall amount of SDR 197.4 million (75 percent of quota), aims to help address risks to prospective balance of payments stability associated with longer-term structural challenges posed by climate change.

Papua New Guinea’s economic outlook remains positive as structural reforms continue to bear fruit. Growth is projected to reach 4.5 percent in 2025, driven by increased production in the resource sector and resilient growth in the non-resource sector supported by improvements in access to foreign exchange and favorable agricultural production. Headline inflation is expected to rebound to 3.8 percent in 2025 from a very low base in 2024 as the drag from the low betel nut prices eases. Over the medium term, growth is expected to moderate and stabilize at just above 3 percent, driven mainly by continued expansion of non-resource sector activities, with inflation converging to around 4.5 percent.

The outlook is subject to high uncertainty, with risks tilted to the downside, as Papua New Guinea remains vulnerable to both domestic and external shocks. These risks are exacerbated by considerable capacity constraints and socio-political fragility that limit the government’s ability to design and implement policies aimed at economic stabilization, development, and climate adaptation. Commodity price volatility, as well as global risks arising from geopolitical conflicts, escalating protectionist trade measures, prolonged uncertainty, and decline in international aid could create additional pressure on growth and inflation. On the upside, the kickoff of major resource projects, which are not yet in the baseline scenario, could boost economic growth in the near and medium run, with significant gains in exports once operations commence.

Program performance has remained satisfactory, with the authorities displaying a sustained commitment to reforms. All but one quantitative performance criteria and all indicative targets for end-June 2025 under the ECF-EFF arrangements were met, whilst all but one indicative targets for end-September 2025 were met. The Executive Board approved a waiver of nonobservance of the quantitative performance criteria on the fiscal deficit of the government for end-June 2025, based on the minor nature of the nonobservance and the corrective actions taken by the authorities. All five structural benchmarks due were met or implemented with delay and one structural benchmark due for the next reviews already met. Two reform measures under the RSF arrangement were implemented.

At the conclusion of the Executive Board’s discussion, Mr. Bo Li, Deputy Managing Director, and Acting Chair, made the following statement:

“The Papua New Guinea (PNG) authorities have accomplished steady progress in implementing their homegrown reform agenda under the Fund-supported programs. Sustained commitment to these reforms will help rebuild policy buffers, address the country’s long-standing structural challenges, and secure a more resilient, inclusive, and greener economic growth.

“The authorities have been successfully reducing the fiscal deficit, with additional consolidation efforts envisaged in the 2026 budget. Steps to durably increase revenue mobilization, consistent with the authorities’ Medium-Term Revenue Strategy, further contain the growth of current spending, and improve expenditure efficiency would help reduce public debt vulnerabilities. At the same time, protecting social and capital spending, strengthening debt management capacity, and modernizing cash management practices are also essential.

“Access to foreign exchange has improved significantly in recent months thanks to central banking reforms, increased flexibility of the Kina, and favorable external conditions. The current crawl-like arrangement remains appropriate to tackle the overvaluation of the Kina and facilitate its return to convertibility. A tighter monetary policy stance, through timely adjustments in the Kina Facility Rate, is needed to ensure consistency between monetary policy and the exchange rate regime. Additional steps to modernize monetary policy operations, strengthen the Bank of PNG’s liquidity management capacity, develop the interbank market, and contain financial stability risks would help to support financial sector development.

“Further efforts to promote good governance and enhance the effectiveness of anti-money laundering and countering financing of terrorism framework are critical to support the business environment. Delivering tangible and long-lasting results in the fight against corruption will be key to reinforcing the credibility of the Independent Commission Against Corruption.

“Building resilience to climate-related risks is crucial for achieving high and inclusive growth. The program supported by the Resilience and Sustainability Facility focuses on strengthening disaster risk management, integrating climate considerations in infrastructure governance, developing climate finance, and setting up incentives for forest protection and fuel efficiency will help attaining these objectives.”

Lauren Kickel, a member of the Vorys intellectual property (IP) group, was chosen to take part in the Federation of Defense & Corporate Counsel (FDCC) Ladder Down Cleveland Class of 2026. 

According to the FDCC, Ladder Down is a “program dedicated to leadership empowerment, business development, and mentoring — each of which is critical for women lawyers to better position themselves for success.”  The yearlong course includes monthly group trainings and a four-month business development “bootcamp.”  Sessions include panel discussions with national corporate clients, local judges and other legal industry leaders.

Kickel’s practice consists of IP litigation with a particular focus in patent infringement, including software and mobile applications, medical products, personal products as well as apparatuses, systems and processes relevant to the energy industry.

About Vorys: Vorys was established in 1909 and currently has nearly 375 attorneys in 10 offices in Ohio, Washington, D.C., Texas, Pennsylvania, California, London and Berlin.  Vorys currently ranks as one of the 200 largest law firms in the United States according to American Lawyer magazine.  Learn more at vorys.com.

About FDCC: The Federation of Defense & Corporate Counsel is a group of leaders in the legal community, “dedicated to promoting knowledge, fellowship and professionalism” in the pursuit of a more balanced justice system.

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Washington, DC: The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the fourth review of the arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) and the first review of the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) arrangement. Jordan’s four-year EFF arrangement, with access amounting to SDR 926.37 million (about US$1.3 billion, equivalent to 270 percent of Jordan’s quota in the IMF), was approved by the IMF Executive Board on January 10, 2024 (see Press Release No. 24/004). This decision allows for an immediate purchase of an amount equivalent to SDR 97.784 million (about US$130 million), bringing the total purchases under the EFF arrangement to the equivalent of SDR 535.238 million (about US$733 million). In addition, the Resilience and Sustainability Facility (RSF) for Jordan was approved on June 25, 2025 (see Press Release No. 25/221), with access to SDR 514.65 million (about US$700 million, equivalent to 150 percent of Jordan’s quota). The Board’s decision will also allow the disbursement of SDR 79.182 million (about US$110 million) under the RSF.

Jordan’s economy remains resilient, supported by sound macroeconomic policies and strong international backing. Growth accelerated to 2.7 percent in the first half of 2025 and is expected to reach 3 percent in the coming years, aided by major investment projects, deeper regional integration, and sustained implementation of structural reforms. Inflation stays anchored at about 2 percent, and the current account deficit is projected to narrow to below 5 percent of GDP over the medium term. The banking sector is stable, and international reserves are strong.

Fiscal performance remains in line with program targets, with robust revenue collection and current spending discipline. The authorities are committed to reducing public debt to 80 percent of GDP by 2028 through gradual fiscal consolidation and further actions to lower the losses of public utilities, while protecting social and development spending.

The authorities are determined to step up the pace of structural reforms to achieve stronger growth and generate more jobs. Reforms are advancing to boost investment, foster competition, improve labor market flexibility, and strengthen the social safety net, alongside digitalization of government services.

Progress under the RSF continues, with measures addressing vulnerabilities in water and electricity sectors and enhancing health emergency preparedness. The two RSF Reform Measures scheduled for this review have been completed.

Following the Executive Board discussion, Kenji Okamura, Deputy Managing Director and Chair, made the following statement:

“Jordan’s continued macroeconomic stability and resilience amid persistent external headwinds are a testament to the authorities’ steadfast pursuit of sound policies, aided by strong international support. Growth continues to recover, inflation remains low, and reserve buffers are strong. In the context of lingering regional tensions and global uncertainty, the authorities continued commitment to sound fiscal and monetary policies to safeguard macroeconomic stability is important.

“The authorities continue to make progress on gradual and growth-friendly fiscal consolidation. The recalibrated fiscal stance for 2026 is appropriate. Gradual fiscal consolidation, supported by the authorities’ Medium-Term Revenue Strategy and enhanced spending efficiency would help to place public debt on a downward path, while protecting social and capital spending. Efforts to maintain the long-term financial sustainability of the pension system and improve the efficiency and financial viability of public utilities are crucial.

“Monetary policy remains appropriately focused on safeguarding monetary and financial stability and supporting the exchange rate peg that continues to serve Jordan well. Jordan’s banking sector remains healthy, and the central bank continues to strengthen its systemic risk analysis, financial sector oversight, and crisis management. Ongoing efforts to further strengthen the effectiveness of the AML/CFT framework are welcome.   

“Accelerated structural reforms are crucial to create a dynamic and resilient private sector and foster job-rich growth. The authorities are focused on measures to improve the business environment, promote competition, enhance labor market flexibility to address youth unemployment and low female labor force participation, and attract private investment. Strong and timely donor support remains essential to help Jordan navigate the challenging external environment and meet its development objectives, while shouldering the cost of hosting a large number of refugees.

“The solid progress of implementing the reform measures under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility will help to support the authorities’ efforts to address long-term economic vulnerabilities and strengthen Jordan’s balance of payments stability.”

Patients with treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic leukemia (SLL) who received pirtobrutinib (Jaypirca; Eli Lilly) monotherapy showed an 80% reduction in progression-free survival (PFS) compared with patients receiving bendamustine plus rituximab (BendaR) in the phase 3 BRUIN CLL-313 (NCT05023980) trial.¹

Wojciech Jurczak, MD, PhD, head of the department of oncology at Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Poland, presented the data during a late-breaking abstract session at the 67th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting and Exposition.

As targeted therapies have become the standard in CLL, these new data provide insights into pirtobrutinib monotherapy’s potential in the first-line setting, which historically has not included non-covalent BTK inhibitors.² Following its initial accelerated approval in 2023 for patients with CLL or SLL who had received at least 2 prior therapies, including a BTK inhibitor and a BCL-2 inhibitor, pirtobrutinib was recently granted full approval for patients with CLL or SLL in the relapsed/refractory setting who had previously received a covalent BTK inhibitor.³ The former approval was based on findings from the BRUIN (NCT03740529) and the latter based on the BRUIN-CLL-321 (NCT04666038).

“While covalent BTK inhibitors have significantly improved outcomes for untreated patients with CLL, at the time of the study design, there were no phase 3 data yet assessing non-covalent BTK inhibitors, especially in the treatment-naïve setting,” Jurczak said during his presentation of the data. He noted that findings from the head-to-head trial BRUIN CLL-314 (NCT05254743), also presented at ASH this year, demonstrated pirtobrutinib’s superiority to the first-generation BTK inhibitor ibrutinib in the first-line setting.⁴

In the open-label, global phase 3 BRUIN CLL-313 trial, 282 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either pirtobrutinib (n = 141) or BendaR (n = 141), with the opportunity for patients in the BendaR arm to cross over to the pirtobrutinib arm upon confirmed disease progression.¹ The primary end point was an independent review committee (IRC)–assessed PFS per International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 2018 criteria. The key secondary end point was overall survival (OS), and additional end points included overall response rate (ORR) and safety measures.

At a median follow-up of 28.1 months, the pirtobrutinib arm showed significantly improved IRC-assessed PFS vs the BendaR arm (HR, 0.199; 95% CI, 0.107-0.367; P < .0001), and investigator-assessed PFS was consistent with these findings (HR, 0.186; 95% CI, 0.093-0.371; P < .0001). For patients on pirtobrutinib, the 24-month PFS rate was 93.4% (95% CI, 87.6-96.5) vs 70.7% (95% CI, 61.5-78.1) in the BendaR arm.

Across prespecified, clinically relevant subgroups, IRC-assessed PFS improvement was consistent. This included among patients with mutated and unmutated IGHV (HR for mutated IGHV, 0.293; 95% CI, 0.094-0.910) and HR for unmutated IGHV, 0.172; 95% CI, 0.083-0.357).

The IRC-assessed ORR with pirtobrutinib was 94.3% (95% CI, 89.1%-97.5%) vs 80.9% (95% CI, 73.4%-87%) with BendaR. While the OS data were not mature yet at the interim analysis, the pirtobrutinib cohort demonstrated a notable favorable trend in OS, with an HR of 0.257 (95% CI, 0.070-0.934; P = .0261) compared with BendaR. This was despite 18 of 34 patients with investigator-assessed progressive disease crossing over, representing an effective crossover rate of 52.9%.

Pirtobrutinib also showed a favorable safety profile relative to BendaR, with 40% incidence of grade 3 or higher treatment-emergent adverse effects (TEAEs) vs 67.4% with BendaR. Notably, median treatment duration was 32.3 months for 140 patients receiving pirtobrutinib and 5.6 months for 132 patients receiving BendaR.

Grade 5 TEAEs occurred in 1 patient in the pirtobrutinib arm and 4 patients in the BendaR arm. No grade 5 TEAEs were considered treatment-related in the pirtobrutinib arm, and 1—tumor lysis syndrome—was considered treatment-related in the BendaR arm. A total of 6 (4.3%) patients discontinued treatment with pirtobrutinib due to TEAEs, compared with 20 (15.2%) in the BendaR cohort.

“To conclude, pirtobrutinib had a superior progression-free survival vs bendamustine plus rituximab patients with treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia, with one of the largest treatment effects ever observed for a single-agent BTK inhibitor against this competitor,” Jurczak said. “…These data suggest that pirtobrutinib may be considered a potential new standard of care for patients with untreated CLL, especially for the elderly or frail patients who may only receive one line of therapy.”

References

1. Jurczak W, Kwiatek M, Czyz J, et al. Pirtobrutinib vs bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) in patients with CLL/SLL: first results from a randomized phase III study examining a non-covalent BTK inhibitor in untreated patients. Presented at: 67^th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting & Exposition, December 6-9, 2025; Orlando, FL. Abstract LBA-3.

2. Targeted therapy drugs for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). American Cancer Society. Accessed December 12, 2025. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/treating/targeted-therapy.html

3. Steinzor P. FDA grants full approval to pirtobrutinib for CLL/SLL. AJMC. December 3, 2025. Accessed December 12, 2025. https://www.ajmc.com/view/fda-grants-full-approval-to-pirtobrutinib-for-cll-sll

4. Woyach J, Qui L, Grosicki S, et al. Pirtobrutinib vs ibrutinib in treatment-naïve and relapsed/refractory CLL/SLL: results from the first randomized phase III study comparing a non-covalent and covalent BTK inhibitor. Presented at: 67^th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting & Exposition, December 6-9, 2025; Orlando, FL. Poster 683.

When you roll out chilled sugar cookie dough or top your green bean casserole with crunchy onions this holiday season, you might not consider how much AI went into the recipe — it might be more than you think.

AI involvement in food related activities is becoming increasingly common, according to Stacy Bevan, professional practice associate professor of dietetics at Utah State University. One study reported 74% of people aged 18-24 use AI-powered tools for meal planning, recipe suggestions and grocery shopping. And increasingly, AI is prompted to create the recipes themselves.

But can AI whip up a decent dinner plan? Recently published research from a team in USU’s Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science tried to find out, pitting human-authored recipes and text against an AI chef. The researchers created two sets of recipe blogs, one authored by students in a food literacy course and another with AI mimicking the students’ style. Researchers then surveyed people’s reactions to the recipe package.

Results showed a growing tolerance for AI-assisted recipe curation, with some important limits, Bevan said. Parts of the process still require a human touch — and a tongue, according to the survey.

AI-generated recipes were rated similarly to the human-written content on several metrics — perceived ease of preparation, use of common ingredients, and time requirements. There was a slight difference in the way participants rated the budget friendliness of recipes, with AI splurging on ingredients more than human authors.

But when people found out who was in the kitchen, the written comments about the experience revealed nuanced reactions. About 43% of participants said that knowing a recipe was AI-generated wouldn’t impact their willingness to try it, but there was serious pause among many based on practical and philosophical concerns.

The most prevalent was that AI wouldn’t have the ability to taste or optimize recipes, perceptions that the recipes might be a bland average of all options and questions about copyright. Many participants in the survey said they preferred human-authored content because AI felt less personal and took away from the “humanness” of working with food and serving a meal.

Many said that they could tell when the text was AI-produced. Some participants said they were fine with AI-generated content as long as the use of AI was disclosed.

“It makes sense that some AI-generated recipes turn out well as they are based on information from existing recipes,” said Katie Kraus, lead author on the research. “But using AI-generated recipes for more complicated dishes is a gamble.”

In a well-written recipe, the narrative and the technical accuracy are important, Bevan said. The narrative around the more technical parts of the process can increase confidence that there is personal experience behind it. It allows readers to know that someone has tested things out and that there is real evidence that it can turn out well, she said. We tend to want to build on other people’s real experience in the kitchen.

Then again, many cooks just jump straight to the recipe.

“My students tell me that they don’t read the narrative anymore,” Bevan said. “The quality of the recipe is more important than the writing these days. Many people, including me, rely more on how many people have reviewed the recipe and how they rate it, or read through a few of the reviews to know people’s real experience.”

The assistance of AI in the kitchen still has tremendous potential. It already does some tasks really well, Bevan said — creating a prep schedule for a big holiday meal, budgeting ingredients on a shopping list and reducing food waste by suggesting meals that use foods already on hand.

And it can be a crack search engine for a good human-written recipe, evaluating thousands and leading you to one that fits your parameters and has high ratings.

But AI can’t replace professional expertise, Bevan said. There are instances where AI has listed inappropriate foods for specific dietary restrictions like diabetic or renal diets. Or given straight up bad advice, like adding non-food items to a recipe.

“It just doesn’t have enough context,” Bevan said. “But it can look good to an inexperienced eye. It is increasingly important to train dietetic students on how to critically engage with and evaluate this kind of content.”

Experienced cooks will be able to identify errors in the recipe and adjust accordingly. This is what Bevan tells her students in her food literacy courses. Classes like this offer a solid foundation in food and nutrition, as well as basics in the kitchen that allow people to translate knowledge about nutrition into actual healthy eating, she said.

“AI is impacting many areas of our students’ lives and future professions,” Kraus said. “We can help them by paying attention to the changes and teaching them to navigate information from a variety of sources, including AI, to create great recipes, understand what they are eating and be healthy.”

When you roll out chilled sugar cookie dough or top your green bean casserole with crunchy onions this holiday season, you might not consider how much AI went into the recipe — it might be more than you think.

AI involvement in food related activities is becoming increasingly common, according to Stacy Bevan, professional practice associate professor of dietetics at Utah State University. One study reported 74% of people aged 18-24 use AI-powered tools for meal planning, recipe suggestions and grocery shopping. And increasingly, AI is prompted to create the recipes themselves.

But can AI whip up a decent dinner plan? Recently published research from a team in USU’s Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science tried to find out, pitting human-authored recipes and text against an AI chef. The researchers created two sets of recipe blogs, one authored by students in a food literacy course and another with AI mimicking the students’ style. Researchers then surveyed people’s reactions to the recipe package.

Results showed a growing tolerance for AI-assisted recipe curation, with some important limits, Bevan said. Parts of the process still require a human touch — and a tongue, according to the survey.

AI-generated recipes were rated similarly to the human-written content on several metrics — perceived ease of preparation, use of common ingredients, and time requirements. There was a slight difference in the way participants rated the budget friendliness of recipes, with AI splurging on ingredients more than human authors.

But when people found out who was in the kitchen, the written comments about the experience revealed nuanced reactions. About 43% of participants said that knowing a recipe was AI-generated wouldn’t impact their willingness to try it, but there was serious pause among many based on practical and philosophical concerns.

The most prevalent was that AI wouldn’t have the ability to taste or optimize recipes, perceptions that the recipes might be a bland average of all options and questions about copyright. Many participants in the survey said they preferred human-authored content because AI felt less personal and took away from the “humanness” of working with food and serving a meal.

Many said that they could tell when the text was AI-produced. Some participants said they were fine with AI-generated content as long as the use of AI was disclosed.

“It makes sense that some AI-generated recipes turn out well as they are based on information from existing recipes,” said Katie Kraus, lead author on the research. “But using AI-generated recipes for more complicated dishes is a gamble.”

In a well-written recipe, the narrative and the technical accuracy are important, Bevan said. The narrative around the more technical parts of the process can increase confidence that there is personal experience behind it. It allows readers to know that someone has tested things out and that there is real evidence that it can turn out well, she said. We tend to want to build on other people’s real experience in the kitchen.

Then again, many cooks just jump straight to the recipe.

“My students tell me that they don’t read the narrative anymore,” Bevan said. “The quality of the recipe is more important than the writing these days. Many people, including me, rely more on how many people have reviewed the recipe and how they rate it, or read through a few of the reviews to know people’s real experience.”

The assistance of AI in the kitchen still has tremendous potential. It already does some tasks really well, Bevan said — creating a prep schedule for a big holiday meal, budgeting ingredients on a shopping list and reducing food waste by suggesting meals that use foods already on hand.

And it can be a cracker-jack search engine for a good human-written recipe, evaluating thousands and leading you to one that fits your parameters and has high ratings.

But AI can’t replace professional expertise, Bevan said. There are instances where AI has listed inappropriate foods for specific dietary restrictions like diabetic or renal diets. Or given straight up bad advice, like adding non-food items to a recipe.

“It just doesn’t have enough context,” Bevan said. “But it can look good to an inexperienced eye. It is increasingly important to train dietetic students on how to critically engage with and evaluate this kind of content.”

Experienced cooks will be able to identify errors in the recipe and adjust accordingly. This is what Bevan tells her students in her food literacy courses. Classes like this offer a solid foundation in food and nutrition, as well as basics in the kitchen that allow people to translate knowledge about nutrition into actual healthy eating, she said.

“AI is impacting many areas of our students’ lives and future professions,” Kraus said. “We can help them by paying attention to the changes and teaching them to navigate information from a variety of sources, including AI, to create great recipes, understand what they are eating and be healthy.”

WHAT: Rhode Island’s economic performance for September was a move back to neutral, however several signs point to the local economy being a bit better than they appear, according to University of Rhode Island economist Leonard Lardaro. September’s CCI value, at 50, matched the marks set in July, April and January. Lardaro suggests there is some underlying momentum that could finally break Rhode Island out of the sub-par range the state found itself in this year. Lardaro’s overall assessment that Rhode Island is in a recession is unchanged. He notes the only question is how long it may last.

For September, six of the 12 economic indicators improved relative to a year ago. However, only two of the five leading economic indicators improved. Total Manufacturing Hours grew at 5%, which Lardaro considers very healthy as both employment and the workweek expanded. Manufacturing Wage also increased by 1.8%—Lardaro calls its recent performance “choppy but strengthening.”  

Employment Service Jobs, a leading labor market indicator, rose sharply in September by 3.5%. US Consumer Sentiment again declined by a double-digit rate, down by 21.4%—continuing its consistent monthly declines—Lardaro says.

Retail Sales, a critical economic indicator that has been a strength through almost the entire post-pandemic period, rose by only 2.2%, about half of August’s growth rate. New Claims, which is related to layoffs, increased by 3.5% and sustained its upper trend. Benefits Exhaustion, which indicates long-term unemployment, rose in September by 32.7%, sustaining accelerating increases since June, Lardaro says. 

Despite declines in federal employment, Government Employment rose 0.5%. Private Service-Producing Employment, a proxy for service-sector employment, barely rose in September, 0.4%, Lardaro says.

HOW: Use attached information, including summary and charts prepared by Lardaro for news reports. He is available for broadcast and print interviews. Lardaro will be blogging about the new labor data during the coming weeks. 

WHEN: Dec. 12, 2025

FOR INFORMATION: Leonard Lardaro, office, 401-874-4128, home, 401-783-9563; James Bessette, URI Department of Communications and Marketing, 401-874-3520, james.bessette@uri.edu.

BACKGROUND: The Current Conditions Index, created by Lardaro, measures the strength of the present economic climate in Rhode Island by following the behavior of 12 indicators.