Category: 3. Business

  • Australia’s incoming passenger card bound for the bin as Sydney airport trials digital declarations | Qantas

    Australia’s incoming passenger card bound for the bin as Sydney airport trials digital declarations | Qantas

    A cornerstone of Australian travel bureaucracy – the mandatory incoming passenger card filled out by passengers on international flights – may be headed for extinction.

    Sydney airport, Australia’s busiest international terminal, launched the trial of a digital declaration card on Wednesday.

    Only passengers flying with Qantas from Auckland or Queenstown in New Zealand are eligible and must complete a declaration digitally before they fly.

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    On landing in Sydney, they get a digital pass with a QR code for inspection by border and biosecurity officers.

    The trial is operated through the Qantas app.

    The move is part of a broader push towards contactless airline travel, including the use of digital credentials and facial recognition to streamline journeys.

    Qantas is the first Australian airline to introduce a digital replacement for the incoming passenger card, which has long been a bugbear for weary travellers at the end of an arduous journey home.

    Though new for Sydney, a similar trial has been operational at Brisbane international airport since October last year, with more than 70,000 passengers taking part.

    The home affairs and immigration minister, Tony Burke, said the digital option at Sydney airport would be welcomed by passengers.

    “Extending the trial to Australia’s busiest airport means, every day, hundreds more passengers will have a more seamless travel experience.”

    The Qantas international and freight chief executive, Cam Wallace, described it as “a significant step forward” in simplifying the arrival process.

    He said the response from travellers in Brisbane had been “overwhelmingly positive [and] has demonstrated just how much demand there is for this innovation”.

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    An Australian Border Force (ABF) spokesperson could not provide a timeline of which Australian airport could trial the program next but confirmed a staged introduction is likely given its success in Brisbane.

    The ABF said it will work with the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and Sydney airport on expanding the trial over the coming months to include additional Qantas flights.

    The spokesperson could not confirm whether other airlines would adopt the digital innovation, or if international flights outside of New Zealand would be included.

    The ABF commissioner, Gavan Reynolds, said the introduction of the digital incoming passenger card at Sydney “is a huge step forward for industry and passengers”.

    The agriculture, fisheries and forestry minister, Julie Collins, said the initiative will help simplify traveller clearances while ensuring strong biosecurity protections at the border.

    Australian citizens who refuse to complete an IPC may be penalised, according to the ABF website. Non-Australian citizens may be penalised and refused immigration clearance.

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  • Scatec secures long-term project financing for Rio Urucuia in Brazil

    Scatec secures long-term project financing for Rio Urucuia in Brazil

    Oslo/Sao Paulo, 6 August 2025: Scatec ASA has reached financial close for its 142 megawatt (MW) solar PV plant currently under construction in Minas Gerais in Brazil.

    The non-recourse project financing comprises BRL 150 million (USD 27 million), to be provided by Banco de Nordeste do Brasil (“BNB”). The financing amount corresponds to 30% of the total estimated capital expenditure of BRL 506 million (USD 91 million). The solar plant is expected to reach Commercial Operation Date (“COD”) in the first half of 2026.

    “Securing long-term financing for Rio Urucuia is an important step in delivering this high-quality project and further strengthening our position in Brazil. Construction of the project is progressing as planned and we look forward to connecting our third solar project in Brazil in 2026,” says Scatec CEO Terje Pilskog.

    Scatec has previously secured a debt facility of EUR 25 million from Impact Fund Denmark to partially fund Scatec’s equity share in the project, bringing Scatec’s expected equity injection by COD to BRL 201 million (USD 36 million). Scatec has signed a 10-year power purchase agreement (“PPA”) with Statkraft for approximately 75% of the expected power produced. The remainder is expected to be sold under short, medium, and long-term term PPAs.

    Scatec holds a 100% ownership stake in the solar project, with the aim to bring in equity partners once COD has been reached, to further enhance value creation. Scatec will also be the EPC manager for the project, with a limited contract scope. Scatec will further provide Operations & Maintenance and Asset Management services to the solar power plant.

    For further information, please contact:
    For analysts and investors:
    Andreas Austrell, SVP IR
    andreas.austrell@scatec.com
    +47 974 38 686

    For media:
    Meera Bhatia, SVP External Affairs & Communications
    meera.bhatia@scatec.com
    +47 468 44 959

    About Scatec
    Scatec is a leading renewable energy solutions provider, accelerating access to reliable and affordable clean energy in emerging markets. As a long-term player, we develop, build, own, and operate renewable energy plants, with 6.2 GW in operation and under construction across five continents today. We are committed to growing our renewable energy capacity, delivered by our passionate employees and partners who are driven by a common vision of ‘Improving our Future’. Scatec is headquartered in Oslo, Norway and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ‘SCATC’. To learn more, visit www.scatec.com or connect with us on LinkedIn.

    This information is subject to the disclosure requirements pursuant to Section 5-12 the Norwegian Securities Trading Act

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  • China Draws Red Lines on US Chip Tracking With Nvidia Meeting

    China Draws Red Lines on US Chip Tracking With Nvidia Meeting

    (Bloomberg) — As the US and China look for any sort of leverage in a prolonged trade fight, Beijing sees an opportunity to win over the world by taking a stand against the Trump administration’s plans to track high-end chips.

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    Chinese internet regulators last week summoned Nvidia Corp. staff over alleged security risks with its less-advanced H20 chips. The action, citing calls from US lawmakers to build tracking features into the most powerful semiconductors, has yet to lead to any type of formal ban or restrictions.

    Either way, analysts see the move as not so much about the H20s, which Chinese state-backed entities have publicly employed for some time, but rather an easy way for Beijing to send a series of messages about the US plans: Domestic firms should be cautious, the world should be wary and Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang should influence the White House to shift course.

    “The recent summons of Nvidia serves as a warning for Nvidia’s future products rather than a sign that the Chinese government found any loophole in H20,” said George Chen, partner and co-chair of digital practice at The Asia Group, which was co-founded by former US Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell. “China wants to use the Nvidia case to show China is a buyer, but it won’t be a blind buyer.”

    For now, the spat looks unlikely to blow up the wider US-China relationship. Beijing said the two sides agreed to maintain a tariff truce after talks last month in Stockholm, while Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent later said it’s up to US President Donald Trump to make that call.

    “We’re getting very close to a deal,” Trump said in an interview with CNBC on Tuesday. “We’re getting along with China very well.”

    Michael Kratsios, one of the architects of a White House action plan on AI that calls for exploring chip-tracking technologies, told Bloomberg Television on Tuesday that officials are discussing the use of software or physical changes to better track restricted chips. He added that he’s not had conversations “personally” with either Nvidia or Advanced Micro Devices Inc. about exploring location-tracking technology.

    Nvidia on Tuesday declared its opposition to any sort of backdoors, saying they enable hackers and undermine trust in US technology.

    “There are no back doors in Nvidia chips. No kill switches. No spyware,” Nvidia said in a blog post. “That’s not how trustworthy systems are built — and never will be.”

    The Chinese Cyberspace Administration’s action suggests Beijing is drawing a broad line against any surveillance capabilities in American semiconductors, a position that may resonate around the globe, even with US allies. Trump’s first administration warned governments to avoid using equipment from Huawei Technologies Co. over risks that China could use it for spying.

    “We started attacking Huawei because of the idea that there are secret backdoors in it, and now here the US is openly suggesting we should legally mandate backdoors in hardware that we sell. It’s a huge deal,” said Tom Nunlist, associate director at the Beijing-based consultancy Trivium. “What government would accept this?”

    The H20s have become a focal point in the broader debate over US export controls on China after American officials claimed that they allowed Beijing access to the chips as part of earlier trade talks in London.

    Trump’s move to lift an earlier ban on their exports generated criticism from more hawkish lawmakers, who argue that the chips, while a diminished version of years-old Nvidia technology, will help China compete in AI. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick defended the decision, saying the US wanted to “sell the Chinese enough that their developers get addicted to the American technology stack.”

    China’s Commerce Ministry disputed the US version of events in a statement last month, saying the US “proactively” approved the sale of H20 chips and suggesting they weren’t part of any wider tradeoff in return for rare-earth magnets. China views the H20s as on par with domestic offerings, even though it could still use them because local companies can’t churn out enough AI chips to meet demand.

    “Yes, China does want the H20,” said Ray Wang, a Washington-based research director focusing on semiconductors at The Futurum Group, citing significant purchases by leading tech companies such as ByteDance Ltd., Tencent Holdings Ltd. and DeepSeek before the US cut off access to the chips in mid-April. “They clearly prefer to have access to the H20.”

    The Chinese Commerce Ministry didn’t respond to faxed questions.

    Chinese state media has turned up the scrutiny on imported chips, with a commentary in the ruling Communist Party’s flagship mouthpiece People’s Daily calling devices with location tracking “infected.” A Sunday editorial by China Daily dismissed the H20 as “castrated” and offered a different reason for the US policy reversal.

    “It is China’s breakthroughs in producing its own AI chips that has prompted the US to lift its curbs on the exports of H20 chips just three months after they were banned,” the newspaper said.

    Shares in Chinese chipmakers including Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp. and Cambricon Technologies Corp. rose immediately after Beijing disclosed the meeting with Nvidia employees, as investors bet on homegrown alternatives.

    “It’s a straightforward option for China to now put Nvidia on the negotiation table, either to trade for more supply security promises or to further push domestic substitution,” said Tilly Zhang, a technology analyst with Gavekal Dragonomics. “Either way, it wouldn’t be a loss from Beijing’s point of view.”

    While the two sides reached a truce that allowed the US to access rare-earth magnets, which are needed to make high-tech goods including smartphones and missiles, a final deal has yet to be worked out. In an interview aired over the weekend, US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer said both sides are “about halfway there” on easing China’s export controls on rare earths.

    The desire for the chip-tracking technology stems from the US struggle to enforce export controls around the world. A proposed Chip Security Act, introduced to the House of Representatives in May, would require location-verification mechanisms on more advanced chips like Nvidia’s H100 and B200, but not the H20.

    One possible method is “delay-based” location verification, which measures the time it takes for a signal to travel from trusted servers to target equipment to determine its location, according to analysis by Bloomberg Intelligence.

    Whether the US will press ahead with new mandates on chips remains an open question. Trump’s desire for a deal with China means further curbs on chips are unlikely before the expected summit this fall, according to Chris Miller, professor of international history at Tufts University and author of Chip War.

    “The administration has many priorities and it’s hard to see which is going to win out,” he said. “It’s very clear that the White House is going to try to balance the hawks’ desire for restrictions with the broader US-China relationship.”

    –With assistance from Haslinda Amin, Haidi Lun, Gao Yuan, Katia Dmitrieva and Mayumi Negishi.

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  • Norwegian Group continued record summer with 2.9 million passengers in July

    Norwegian Group continued record summer with 2.9 million passengers in July

    In July, Norwegian had 2,566,235 passengers, which sets a new post-pandemic record for number of passengers in a month. Widerøe’s passenger number was 362,337, the highest July figure ever recorded, bringing the group total to 2,928,572. Also, Norwegian announced the first dividend payment in the company’s history.

    “We are pleased that July continued the good momentum of the summer season. Norwegian recorded the highest monthly passenger number since July 2019. Operational performance remained solid for a peak summer month, despite high traffic volumes and disruptions in European air traffic control. Widerøe also had a strong month, with an increase of almost ten percent in passenger numbers compared with the same period last year. I would like to thank all our colleagues for their commitment and efforts throughout this busy month,” said Geir Karlsen, CEO of Norwegian.

    Norwegian’s capacity (ASK) in July was 4,129 million seat kilometres, up 1 percent from last year. Actual passenger traffic (RPK) for Norwegian was 3,813 million seat kilometres, an increase of 1 percent. The load factor was 92.4 percent, down 0.2 percentage points. Norwegian operated an average of 90 aircraft during July.

    Widerøe’s capacity (ASK) in July was 200 million seat kilometres, down 0.3 percent from last year. The actual passenger traffic (RPK) for Widerøe was 163 million seat kilometres, while the load factor was 81.4 percent, down 2.2 percentage points.

    Norwegian and Widerøe’s punctuality, defined as the share of flights departing within 15 minutes of scheduled time, was 73.2 percent and 89.3 percent, respectively. Regularity, measured by the share of scheduled flights taking place, was 99.2 percent for Norwegian and 97.6 percent for Widerøe.

    Strong booking momentum and dividend payment

    Earlier this summer, Norwegian announced that a dividend would be paid in August. Furthermore, the group’s booking momentum continues to be solid going into the last summer month and the autumn.

    “We continue to see strong booking momentum heading into autumn. Despite very nice summer weather in the Nordics, our customers remain eager to travel – for both business and leisure – and explore destinations across Europe. In addition, we are thrilled to be approaching the company’s first dividend payment in its history, of NOK 0.90 per share, scheduled for payment on 20 August,” said Geir Karlsen.

    A separate press release on Widerøe’s traffic figures is available at the Widerøe media center (In Norwegian only).

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  • Arts and media groups demand Labor take a stand against ‘rampant theft’ of Australian content to train AI | Artificial intelligence (AI)

    Arts and media groups demand Labor take a stand against ‘rampant theft’ of Australian content to train AI | Artificial intelligence (AI)

    Arts, creative and media groups have demanded the government rule out allowing big tech companies to take Australian content to train their artificial intelligence models, with concerns such a shift would “sell out” Australian workers and lead to “rampant theft” of intellectual property.

    The Albanese government has said it has no plans to change copyright law, but any changes must consider effects on artists and news media. The opposition leader, Sussan Ley, has demanded that copyrighted material must not be used without compensation.

    “It is not appropriate for big tech to steal the work of Australian artists, musicians, creators, news media, journalism, and use it for their own ends without paying for it,” Ley said on Wednesday.

    In an interim report on “harnessing data and digital technology”, the Productivity Commission set out proposals for how tech including AI could be regulated and treated in Australia, suggesting it could boost productivity by between 0.5% and 13% over the next decade, adding up to $116bn to Australia’s GDP.

    The report said building AI models required large amounts of data, and several stakeholders in the field, including Creative Australia and the Copyright Agency, had “expressed concern about the unauthorised use of copyrighted materials to train AI models”.

    The PC suggested several possible remedies, including expanding licensing schemes, or an exemption for “text and data mining” and expanding the existing fair dealing rules, which the commission said existed in other countries.

    The latter suggestion prompted fierce pushback from arts, creative and media companies, which raised alarm their work could be left open for massively wealthy tech companies to use – without compensation or payment – to train AI models.

    Such moves could undermine licensing deals currently being negotiated by publishers and creatives with big tech companies. It would also raise questions about the viability of the news media bargaining incentive, where news publishers strike commercial deals with major social media networks for the use of their journalism online.

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    The Australian Council of Trade Unions accused the Productivity Commission of having “swallowed the arguments of large multinational tech companies hook, line and sinker”, warning its approach would do little to help working Australians.

    “The report’s extensive canvassing of the possibility of a text and data mining exemption opens the door to legitimising the rampant theft of the creative output of Australia’s creative workers and of Indigenous cultural and intellectual property,” the ACTU said.

    Joseph Mitchell, the ACTU assistant secretary, said such an exemption would create a situation where “tech bros get all the benefits of the new technology and productivity benefits are not fairly shared”.

    Apra Amcos, Australasia’s music rights collecting agency, and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Music Office said they were disappointed at the commission’s suggestions, raising concerns about such moves “potentially devastating Australia’s $9bn music industry”.

    Apra’s chair, Jenny Morris, claimed the recommendations would “legitimise what they themselves acknowledge is already widespread theft”.

    The attorney general, Michelle Rowland, who has carriage over copyright law, said further adoption of AI must be done in a way to build trust and confidence.

    “Any potential reform to Australia’s copyright laws must consider the impacts on Australia’s creative, content and news media sectors. I am committed to continuing to engage on these issues including through the Copyright and AI Reference Group that our government established last year,” she said.

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    Ley, asked about the PC report, said she was concerned about a lack of “guardrails” from the government in responding to AI challenges.

    “We have to protect content creators … that work is theirs and it can’t be taken without it being paid for,” she said.

    The treasurer, Jim Chalmers, said he believed AI could be “a force for good”, but acknowledged risks in the expanding technology.

    “The only way to make our people and workers and industries beneficiaries is if we treat AI as an enabler, not an enemy of what we want to see in our economy,” he told a press conference in Parliament House.

    He pointed out that copyright laws apply in Australia, which he said was in contrast to some other countries, and that the government was not seeking to change those laws.

    The arts minister, Tony Burke, pointed to a submission to the review from Creative Australia, which he said “makes clear that with respect to copyright and labelling, there needs to be consent, transparency and remuneration”.

    The Australian Publishers Association raised fears about authors, researchers and publishers having their work used without permission or compensation, which it said would undermine local publishing, as well as federal government cultural policy.

    “We support responsible innovation, but this draft proposal rewards infringers over investors,” said Patrizia Di Biase-Dyson, APA’s CEO.

    “We reject the notion that Australian stories and learning materials – that shape our culture and democracy – should be treated as free inputs for corporate AI systems.”

    The Copyright Agency also opposed the text and data mining exemption, saying it would negatively affect creators’ earning capacity.

    “The push to water down Australia’s copyright system comes from multinational tech companies, and is not in the national interest,” said CEO Josephine Johnston. “If we want high-quality Australian content to power the next phase of AI, we must ensure creators are paid for it.”

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  • A manifesto for Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery in the era of disease-modifying therapies | Molecular Neurodegeneration

    A manifesto for Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery in the era of disease-modifying therapies | Molecular Neurodegeneration

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  • Identification of flood vulnerability areas using analytical hierarchy process techniques in the Wuseta watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

    Identification of flood vulnerability areas using analytical hierarchy process techniques in the Wuseta watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

    Flood vulnerability factors

    Slope

    Slope plays a vital role in flood vulnerability mapping29,30 as it directly affects surface runoff, precipitation dynamics, and the speed at which water flows over the land surface31,32. Areas with low slopes, typically found in gentle floodplains, are more susceptible to flooding and are therefore assigned higher ratings, while steeper slopes are less prone to flooding and receive lower ratings33,34.

    To create the slope map, a 30 m resolution DEM was processed in ArcGIS using the Spatial Analysis Tool and the Surface Analysis and Slope functions. The resulting slope raster layer was classified into five categories using natural breaks (Junk), as shown in Fig. 3 and Table 2 (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)). The predominant slope categories are 0.0°–1.7°, 1.8°–4.9°, and 5.0°–8.1°, which collectively cover 31.95%, 26.47%, and 25.28% of the study area, respectively. Steeper slope classes, categorized as steep (8.2°–11.7°) and very steep (11.8° and above), constitute 12.82% and 3.48% of the total area, respectively.

    Fig. 3

    (a) Reclassified raster map of slope and (b) slope severity classification of the study area.

    Table 2 Classified study area slope in degree and percent of area coverage.

    Soil type

    Soil types vary in their capacity to absorb water35,36, making infiltration a critical factor in managing stormwater runoff. Infiltration significantly influences the amount of water contributing to surface runoff during rainfall events. Key factors affecting infiltration rates include soil porosity (total pore volume), grain size distribution, pore structure, soil aggregation, and organic matter content37,38.

    According to the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture’s soil classification, the Wuseta Watershed contains diverse soil types with differing levels of flood vulnerability (Fig. 4 and Table 3) (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)). Pellic vertisols, which are highly prone to flooding, occupy the largest share of the watershed, covering 7.40 km2 (41.78% of the area). Haplic Alisols, located in the high flood vulnerability zones, account for 8.84 km2 (49.91% of the area). Meanwhile, Eutric Vertisols, which are associated with medium flood vulnerability levels, span 1.47 km2 (8.31% of the watershed).

    Fig. 4
    figure 4

    (a) Reclassified raster map of soil type and (b) soil type severity classification of the study area.

    Table 3 Study area soil type and percent of area coverage.

    Land use/land cover

    The classification and analysis of land use/land cover (LU/LC) type were performed using Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery. The images were sourced from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer platform (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) and selected based on image quality, prioritizing those with minimal or no cloud cover26,39. The images were geo-referenced to the WGS 84 datum and the Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 37 North coordinate system. Vegetation cover type and density significantly influence soil infiltration capacity, as established in several studies 40,41. These studies indicate that increased vegetation and higher organic matter content enhance soil infiltration while simultaneously reducing bulk density. Conversely, desert environments or areas recently impacted by deforestation due to fire or human activity experience reduced infiltration capacity, resulting in higher surface runoff and shorter lag times12,42.

    In the Wuseta Watershed, LULC types (Fig. 5 and Table 4) (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)) were reclassified based on their ability to absorb stormwater. These classifications were standardized to a uniform scale to facilitate flood vulnerability analysis and integrated into the overall flood vulnerability scoring for the land cover factor. Eighty-five (85) sample points were utilized to evaluate classification accuracy, resulting in an overall accuracy of 96.67% and a kappa coefficient of 95.87, indicating a high level of reliability in the classification results.

    Fig. 5
    figure 5

    (a) Reclassified raster map of LU/LC and (b) LU/LC severity classification of the study area.

    Table 4 Study area LULC classification and percent of area coverage.

    Elevation

    The DEM was converted into an elevation raster layer using the ArcGIS conversion tool. This raster layer was derived from the generated TIN and subsequently classified into five subgroups using the standard equal-interval classification method43,44. This method divides the range of elevation values into intervals of equal size, facilitating the identification of distinct categories. The ArcMap tool automatically determined the interval breaks, and the values were reassigned based on flood risk classification. In this system, the lowest elevations, which are most susceptible to flooding, were assigned a rank of five, while higher elevations, less prone to flooding, received a rank of one43,44.

    The procedure for developing the elevation factor mirrored the steps used for slope classification. The study area raster layer was reclassified to reflect its vulnerability to flooding (Fig. 6 and Table 5) (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)). Lower elevations correspond to flatter terrain, which increases flood susceptibility7,33. Consequently, elevation was categorized into five distinct classes based on flood risk.

    Fig. 6
    figure 6

    (a) Reclassified raster map of elevation and (b) elevation severity classification of the study area.

    Table 5 Study area classified elevation and percent of area coverage.

    Drainage density

    The drainage characteristics of the Wuseta Watershed were extracted from the digitized drainage network (Fig. 7 and Table 6) (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)), with drainage density calculated using the Line Density tool in the Spatial Analyst extension. This tool computes the total length of drainage lines per unit area, offering insight into the efficiency of surface water conveyance33. The resulting drainage density layer was classified into five categories using the natural breaks (Jenks) method, which objectively identifies groupings and patterns in the data. Each category was then assigned a rank from one to five, where a rank of five indicates very high drainage density (and hence greater flood risk), and a rank of one denotes very low drainage density45.

    Fig. 7
    figure 7

    (a) Reclassified raster map of drainage density and (b) drainage density severity classification.

    Table 6 Study area classified drainage density and percent of area coverage.

    Areas with high drainage density tend to have a greater concentration of stream channels, which accelerates the movement of runoff and reduces infiltration time. This increases the potential for surface water accumulation in downstream low-lying areas, particularly during high-intensity rainfall events. In such zones, the landscape is typically dissected by numerous small channels that contribute to rapid flow convergence and localized flooding. According to46, high drainage density is often associated with impervious or compacted soils and steep terrain, both of which enhance runoff and reduce groundwater recharge. Conversely, areas with low drainage density reflect sparse stream networks and often indicate higher infiltration capacity or flatter terrain, where water tends to spread out rather than rapidly concentrating into flow channels. These regions exhibit reduced runoff generation and typically experience lower flood vulnerability.

    In the Wuseta Watershed, the spatial analysis showed that southern and southeastern zones, where drainage density was highest, aligned with the zones classified as highly flood-vulnerable. Field observations also confirmed that these areas experienced frequent surface waterlogging and flash flooding during the Kiremt season, supporting the modeled results. Therefore, the inclusion of drainage density as a key factor in the flood vulnerability model is not merely a generic assumption but is substantiated by both hydrological theory and local empirical evidence. The ranking system effectively reflects the differential impact of drainage network concentration on flood dynamics across the watershed.

    Rainfall factor

    Rainfall is a critical determinant in evaluating flood severity, as regions receiving higher precipitation are generally more prone to flooding, while areas with lower rainfall face reduced risk. However, in the study area, the Ethiopian Meteorological Agency has established only a single weather station located within the Wuseta watershed. Due to this limited data coverage, rainfall is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire region. This assumption significantly undermines the accuracy and reliability of flood severity assessments, as it fails to capture spatial variability in precipitation patterns.

    Pairwise comparisons of the factors

    Flood vulnerability areas were determined using weighted overlapping factors derived from slope, elevation, drainage density, land use/land cover, and soil type33,47. The weights assigned to each factor were established through consultations with stakeholders and supported by relevant literature. The analysis was conducted within GIS software using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making approach introduced by28. This method relies on pairwise comparisons to derive factor weights, a widely recognized technique in decision analysis48,49. The AHP approach involves creating a square reciprocal matrix, where the principal eigenvectors are used to calculate the weights as shown inTables 7, 8, 9 and 10. Eigenvectors, also known as characteristic or latent vectors, are solutions to matrix equations that represent the relative importance of each factor50. The factor weight coefficients were computed using the decision support/weight module in GIS software, which applied a 9-point continuous scale for pairwise comparisons28. The resulting principal eigenvector represented the combined influence of the flood vulnerability factors. Finally, these weights were normalized to sum up to one, ensuring a consistent weighted linear combination for flood vulnerability mapping44. The thematic values used in the analysis are presented in Tables 7 and 8, with weights determined through a combination of stakeholder engagement and expert judgment. As detailed in Sect. “Field”, the first set of weights was derived from structured questionnaires completed by 42 individuals across seven kebeles (local administrative units) in Debre Markos town, along with insights gathered from seven focus group discussions involving both community members and administrative staff. This participatory approach ensured that local knowledge, lived experiences, and perceptions were directly incorporated into the assessment process. The second set of weights was informed by the researchers’ professional expertise and guided by findings from previous studies on flood vulnerability51,52. These two combinations provide the final values for each thematic factor.

    Table 7 A matrix of pair-wise comparisons of six criteria for the AHP process.
    Table 8 Determined relative criterion weights.
    Table 9 Normalized Principal Eigen vectors (NPEV).
    Table 10 Random inconsistency indices.

    The Consistency Index (CI), which is a measure of departure from consistency, was calculated using the formula:

    $$CI = frac{lambda max – n}{{n – 1}}$$

    (1)

    where, n = number of factors (i.e. 5) and λ = average value of the consistency vector determined in above table, λmax = 5.374.

    Based on the above equation, (text{CI}) =5.374–5/5–1 = 0.093.

    In order to assess the robustness of the expert view the Consistency Ratio (CR) was calculated using Eq. (2).

    $${text{Consistency ratio }}left( {{text{CR}}} right),{ }CR = frac{CI}{{RI}}$$

    (2)

    where, RI is the random inconsistency index whose value depends on the number (n) of factors being compared; for n = 5, RI = 1.12 as illustrated in Table 9.

    Using Eq. (3):

    $${text{CR}} = frac{0.09}{{1.12}} = 0.083$$

    (3)

    Since the calculated consistency ratio of 0.083 is below the threshold of 0.1, it indicates an acceptable level of consistency in the pairwise comparison. As a result, the following weights were assigned to the factors: slope (0.503), elevation (0.26), drainage density (0.134), soil type (0.0678), and land use/cover (0.0348). The derived eigenvector values were used as coefficients for the various flood vulnerability factors: land use/cover, slope, elevation, drainage density, rainfall, and soil type. These weighted factors were then integrated into a weighted overlay analysis in ArcGIS 10.8 to produce the final flood risk map for the Wuseta watershed. The analysis was conducted using the equations outlined below:

    $$begin{aligned} {text{Flood}};{text{vulnerability }} & = , 0.{5}0{28 } times , left[ {{text{Slope}}} right] , + , 0.{26 } times , left[ {{text{Elevation}}} right] , \ & quad + , 0.{1344 } times , left[ {{text{Drainage}};{text{density}}} right] , + , 0.0{678 } times , left[ {{text{Soil}};{text{type}}} right] , \ & quad + , 0.0{348 } times , left[ {{text{Land}};{text{use}}/{text{cover}}} right] \ end{aligned}$$

    Flood vulnerability map

    The flood vulnerability assessment map for the Wuseta watershed (Fig. 8 and Table 11) (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)) was created by integrating flood-generating factors such as slope, rainfall, drainage density, elevation, land use/cover, and soil type using AHP techniques and weighted overlays. The analysis revealed that the watershed contains areas classified as very low (0.001 km2), low (4.41 km2), moderate (7.86 km2), high (4.65 km2), and very high (0.07 km2) flood vulnerability. These classifications were determined based on expert evaluations of the contributing factors. The results indicate that high and very high flood vulnerability zones are predominantly located in the middle and downstream areas of the watershed, which are low-lying and flat. These regions should be prioritized for flood management and mitigation efforts before addressing other parts of the watershed. Notably, one drainage outlet crosses the main road near Debre Markos University, while another outlet with significant flow accumulation is situated close to the Enterprises Cooperative Society near the university. The largest portion of the watershed, comprising 46.28%, falls under the moderate flood vulnerability category, while the upstream areas exhibit slight to very slight flood vulnerability.

    Fig. 8
    figure 8

    (a) Flood vulnerability ranking and (b) flood vulnerability severity in the study area.

    Table 11 The Wuseta watershed flood vulnerability level and area coverage.

    Verification of identified flood vulnerability areas

    To validate the developed flood vulnerability area, a combination of field surveys, GPS-based ground truth points, and community-sourced flood history data were employed. Site visits provided valuable insights into areas that have historically experienced recurrent flooding (Fig. 1). The comparison revealed a strong spatial correlation between these community-identified flood-prone zones and GPS-based ground truth points with the high-vulnerability areas delineated by the model, thereby supporting the model’s credibility.

    The successful verification through field visits and GPS data significantly enhanced the confidence in the accuracy of the flood vulnerability maps, reinforcing their effectiveness in identifying flood-prone regions and informing decision-making processes for mitigation strategies45. In this study, flood vulnerability maps generated using ArcGIS were validated through overlapping of maps developed using GPS-based ground truth points with maps developed by models. This was analyzed as a total of 75 GPS readings were collected from various flood-prone areas, with 62 of these readings (83%) aligning with the identified flood vulnerability zones as statistically analyzed as shown in Fig. 9 (ArcGIS Desktop version 10.8 developed by Esri (https://www.esri.com)). The field validation demonstrated that the flood vulnerability maps generally corresponded well with the actual flood-affected regions33,47. The comparison between the predicted and actual flood-prone areas confirmed the reliability of the maps. Additionally, the validation process revealed areas with higher flood vulnerability that were not initially evident in the maps, highlighting potential gaps in flood risk assessment18,19. This insight emphasizes the importance of iterative validation and community engagement in refining flood risk models. These findings provided valuable insights into regions that require further attention in flood risk management. Overall, the results underscore the reliability and utility of the generated flood vulnerability and risk maps, demonstrating their potential for supporting future flood risk assessments and informing effective mitigation strategies.

    Fig. 9
    figure 9

    Validation of identified flood vulnerability zones using GPS-based field data.

    Likewise, the ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of the flood vulnerability map based on classified vulnerability zones: very slight, slight, moderate, high, and very high. A total of 75 reference points were analyzed, among which 62 were actual flooded points and 13 were non-flooded. By progressively aggregating vulnerability zones using thresholds (from very high to very slight), true positives (TP), false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), and true negatives (TN) were calculated for each threshold.

    At the highest threshold (≥ 5), which includes only the very high, the map correctly identified 13 flooded points (TP) with zero false positives (FP), yielding a true positive rate (TPR) of 0.10 and a false positive rate (FPR) of 0.00. As the threshold was lowered to include more zones, sensitivity (TPR) increased, but at the cost of reduced specificity (higher FPR). At threshold ≥ 4 (including high and very high), TPR rose to 0.38 with an FPR of 0.14. When zones moderate, high, and very high (≥ 3) were included, the TPR reached 0.721, while the FPR increased to 0.28. At threshold ≥ 2, covering all except very slight, the map achieved perfect sensitivity (TPR = 1.00) but with an FPR of 0.43. Including all zones (≥ 1) resulted in both TPR and FPR reaching 1.00, indicating no discriminatory power. Using the trapezoidal rule, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated to be 0.81, as shown in Fig. 10, which suggests good discriminatory ability of the flood vulnerability map in distinguishing between flooded and non-flooded areas.

    Fig. 10
    figure 10

    ROC curves illustrating the performance evaluation of flood vulnerability maps.

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  • Parvovirus B19 NS1 protein induces synovitis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis

    Parvovirus B19 NS1 protein induces synovitis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis

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  • Cathay Pacific Orders 14 More Boeing 777-9 Passenger Jets

    Cathay Pacific Orders 14 More Boeing 777-9 Passenger Jets

    – Long-time 777 operator to expand and renew fleet with fuel-efficient 777-9 widebody jets

    HONG KONG, Aug. 6, 2025 /PRNewswire/ — Boeing [NYSE: BA] and Cathay Pacific today announced the Hong Kong-based carrier is ordering 14 more 777-9 passenger jets, bringing its order book to 35 of the world’s largest twin-engine airplane.

    Designed to reduce fuel use and emissions on average by 20% and noise by 40% compared to the airplanes it replaces, the 777-9 will enable Cathay Pacific to efficiently meet growing air travel demand across key global markets.

    “We plan to expand and renew our fleet with the additional 777-9 aircraft, enabling us to continue our rich history of connecting the world with our Hong Kong hub,” said Ronald Lam, Cathay Group Chief Executive Officer. “Cathay Pacific aims to further strengthen our ongoing partnership with Boeing and leverage the world-class features of the new 777-9 as we strive to become the world’s best premium airline.”

    Cathay Pacific has grown its global network with the Boeing 777 family over the past 30 years. The addition of the latest model, the 777-9, will further reduce the airline’s operating costs as it modernizes its fleet and expands passenger and cargo operations on long- and ultra long-haul routes.

    “We are proud to support Cathay Pacific’s continued leadership as one of the world’s top airlines, and introduce the 777-9 as their future flagship airplane,” said Brad McMullen, Boeing senior vice president of Commercial Sales and Marketing. “This latest order demonstrates the value of the 777-9 and further strengthens the airline’s tradition of delivering superb comfort, convenience and connectivity to passengers for years to come.”

    With a range of 7,295 nautical miles (13,510 km), the 777-9 will allow Cathay Pacific to connect passengers directly between Hong Kong and its global long-haul destinations. Customers around the world have ordered more than 550 777X airplanes, sustaining thousands of jobs at Boeing’s Everett, Wash., site and across the supply chain.

    A leading global aerospace company and top U.S. exporter, Boeing develops, manufactures and services commercial airplanes, defense products and space systems for customers in more than 150 countries. Our U.S. and global workforce and supplier base drive innovation, economic opportunity, sustainability and community impact. Boeing is committed to fostering a culture based on our core values of safety, quality and integrity.  

    Contact
    Kevin Yoo
    International Sales Communications
    Kevin.K.Yoo@boeing.com

    Boeing Media Relations
    media@boeing.com 

    SOURCE Boeing

    Continue Reading

  • Boeing Company – Cathay Pacific Orders 14 More Boeing 777-9 Passenger Jets

    Boeing Company – Cathay Pacific Orders 14 More Boeing 777-9 Passenger Jets

    – Long-time 777 operator to expand and renew fleet with fuel-efficient 777-9 widebody jets

    HONG KONG, Aug. 6, 2025 /PRNewswire/ — Boeing [NYSE: BA] and Cathay Pacific today announced the Hong Kong-based carrier is ordering 14 more 777-9 passenger jets, bringing its order book to 35 of the world’s largest twin-engine airplane.

    Designed to reduce fuel use and emissions on average by 20% and noise by 40% compared to the airplanes it replaces, the 777-9 will enable Cathay Pacific to efficiently meet growing air travel demand across key global markets.

    “We plan to expand and renew our fleet with the additional 777-9 aircraft, enabling us to continue our rich history of connecting the world with our Hong Kong hub,” said Ronald Lam, Cathay Group Chief Executive Officer. “Cathay Pacific aims to further strengthen our ongoing partnership with Boeing and leverage the world-class features of the new 777-9 as we strive to become the world’s best premium airline.”

    Cathay Pacific has grown its global network with the Boeing 777 family over the past 30 years. The addition of the latest model, the 777-9, will further reduce the airline’s operating costs as it modernizes its fleet and expands passenger and cargo operations on long- and ultra long-haul routes.

    “We are proud to support Cathay Pacific’s continued leadership as one of the world’s top airlines, and introduce the 777-9 as their future flagship airplane,” said Brad McMullen, Boeing senior vice president of Commercial Sales and Marketing. “This latest order demonstrates the value of the 777-9 and further strengthens the airline’s tradition of delivering superb comfort, convenience and connectivity to passengers for years to come.”

    With a range of 7,295 nautical miles (13,510 km), the 777-9 will allow Cathay Pacific to connect passengers directly between Hong Kong and its global long-haul destinations. Customers around the world have ordered more than 550 777X airplanes, sustaining thousands of jobs at Boeing’s Everett, Wash., site and across the supply chain.

    A leading global aerospace company and top U.S. exporter, Boeing develops, manufactures and services commercial airplanes, defense products and space systems for customers in more than 150 countries. Our U.S. and global workforce and supplier base drive innovation, economic opportunity, sustainability and community impact. Boeing is committed to fostering a culture based on our core values of safety, quality and integrity.  

    Contact
    Kevin Yoo
    International Sales Communications
    [email protected]

    Boeing Media Relations
    [email protected] 

    Cision View original content to download multimedia:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cathay-pacific-orders-14-more-boeing-777-9-passenger-jets-302522843.html

    SOURCE Boeing

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