Category: 8. Health

  • Second Regional Webinar with PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres – PAHO/WHO

    Second Regional Webinar with PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres – PAHO/WHO

    All PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres located in the Region of the Americas are invited to attend the Second Regional Webinar, titled “Synergies for Universal Health: Leveraging PAHO’s Flagship Initiatives and the Role of PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres,” taking place on 9–10 September 2025.

    The webinar aims to highlight and strengthen the valuable contributions of the CCs to PAHO/WHO’s Flagship Initiatives, while fostering the expansion of networks for knowledge generation and collaboration in areas such as data analysis, evidence generation, research, innovation, digital health solutions, and artificial intelligence.

    Objective of the Webinar:

    Enhance the engagement of Collaborating Centres in addressing the Region’s most urgent health priorities, within the framework of PAHO’s Flagship Initiatives:

    • The Elimination Initiative
    • Digital Transformation
    • Better Care for NCDs
    • Regional Revolving Funds
    • Regional Production
    • Primary Health Care

     

    WHEN

    • 9 September 2025 | 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM (EST)
    • 10 September 2025 | 9:30 AM – 11:30 AM (EST)

    Please check the time in your timezone.

    WHOM

    • Ongoing PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres
    • PAHO/WHO Personnel

    WHERE

    Virtual Platform (Zoom)

    HOW

    • 9 September 2025 | 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM (EST)

    • 10 September 2025 | 9:30 AM – 11:30 AM (EST)

    🔗 Click here to register 

    More Information

    To explore the full agenda, learn more about the panelists, and participate in the Call for Posters, please visit the webinar page.

    🔗 Visit the Webinar Page 

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  • Pediatric Hypertension Increasing Among Children, Adolescents Worldwide

    Pediatric Hypertension Increasing Among Children, Adolescents Worldwide

    Significant global variation exists in the prevalence of sustained and occasional hypertension among children and adolescents, according to a study published today in JAMA Pediatrics, underscoring the importance of repeated blood pressure measurements to ensure accurate diagnosis.1

    Pediatric hypertension is an emerging public health concern due to its association with subclinical target organ damage and long-term cardiovascular risk.2 Prior research found that pediatric hypertension predicts adult hypertension and increases lifetime risk for cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.1

    The researchers emphasized the need for global pediatric hypertension prevalence data to guide health resource allocation and prevention efforts. However, they noted that many countries lack monitoring systems, making it difficult to assess the true burden of the condition.

    This global study found rising rates of pediatric hypertension, highlighting obesity’s impact and the need for improved monitoring and prevention strategies. | Image Credit: Halfpoint – stock.adobe.com

    To fill this gap, the researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents. They categorized cases as either sustained or occasional hypertension. Sustained hypertension was defined as elevated blood pressure confirmed on 3 or more separate occasions, while occasional hypertension was based on an initial diagnosis determined by blood pressure measurements during a single screening visit.

    They searched several databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, from inception through July 7, 2024, for relevant studies. These included original investigations in children and adolescents aged younger than 19 that reported hypertension prevalence among the general population.

    Of the 40,143 records searched, the researchers found 271 eligible studies. Among the 3,609,65 children and adolescents included for analysis, 16,328 had sustained hypertension and 538,735 had occasional hypertension.

    The global prevalence was 3.89% (95% CI, 3.27%-4.62%) for sustained hypertension and 11.85% (95% CI, 10.98%-12.75%) for occasional hypertension. Rates were significantly higher among children and adolescents with obesity or overweight (16.35% and 6.79%, respectively) than those of normal weight (2.57%).

    Additionally, the researchers observed increasing trends over time. Sustained hypertension rose at an annual rate of 7.20% (95% CI, 4.16%-10.32%; P < .001) from 2006 to 2021, while occasional hypertension had an estimated annual percentage change of 0.33% (95% CI, 0.10%-0.56%) between 1987 and 2022.

    Lastly, prevalence varied by World Health Organization region and sociodemographic index (SDI) level. Sustained hypertension was most common in the Western Pacific (5.33%; 95% CI, 3.90%-7.25%) and least common in the Americas (2.53%; 95% CI, 1.94%-3.30%), with a statistically significant difference (P = .003). Also, rates were highest in high-middle SDI countries (4.87%; 95% CI, 3.75%-6.29%) and lowest in high SDI countries (2.95%; 95% CI, 2.13%-4.06%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .11).

    Occasional hypertension was most prevalent in the Western Pacific (13.16%; 95% CI, 11.89%-14.49%) and African (12.35%; 95% CI, 8.80%-16.39%) regions and lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean (9.32%; 95% CI, 7.10%-11.80%), but these regional differences were not significant (P = .08). In contrast, prevalence did vary significantly by SDI level (P = .03), with high-middle SDI countries reporting the highest rates (13.08%; 95% CI, 11.93%-14.29%) and low SDI countries reporting the lowest (9.77%; 95% CI, 7.68%-12.09%).

    The researchers acknowledged their study’s limitations, including variability in hypertension diagnostic definitions across studies, which made it challenging to synthesize and compare their findings. Nonetheless, they expressed confidence in their findings and urged continued research and action.

    “Future efforts to reduce the burden of hypertension in children and adolescents should focus primarily on primary prevention by promoting healthy lifestyles and avoiding other cardiovascular risk factors, especially overweight and obesity,” the authors concluded. “More population-based studies with robust methodologies and rigorous measurement protocols are warranted to determine the exact prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents.”

    References

    1. Ruan X, Zhu A, Wang T, et al. Global prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents younger than 19 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. Published online July 28, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2206
    2. Falkner B, Gidding SS, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Pediatric primary hypertension: an underrecognized condition: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2023;80(6):e101-e111. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000228

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  • The Overlooked Symptom That Makes Depression So Hard to Treat

    The Overlooked Symptom That Makes Depression So Hard to Treat

    July 28, 2025 – It’s one of the first symptoms when diagnosing depression: “Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.” 

    Psychologists call it anhedonia, from Greek roots meaning “without pleasure.” (It’s the opposite of “hedonism,” the pursuit of pleasure.)

    You may not be familiar with the term (unless you’re a big Annie Hall fan – it was the film’s original title), but anhedonia is one of two core features, alongside persistent low mood, in depression’s long list of symptoms. It’s also one of the hardest to treat, and a significant risk factor for battling lifelong depression.

    But new research offers encouragement. Scientists are uncovering anhedonia’s little-understood causes, opening doors to new treatments like exploring the meaning of life during therapy or identifying brain biomarkers that predict the most effective medications. 

    Though the symptom is notoriously stubborn, really tuning into your anhedonia can set you on a path to overcoming it, experts say – and lessen the chances that depression will recur.

    “We see it all the time in our clinics, where patients are significantly struggling with the lack of motivation and the lack of experiencing pleasurable activities that they used to enjoy,” said Majd Al-Soleiti, MD, a resident psychiatrist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and author of a recent anhedonia study review. “So it’s a clinical problem, but also we have gained a lot of knowledge in terms of how it may explain so many problems that we have that go beyond depression.”

    Cracking the Mystery of Anhedonia

    Anhedonia shows up in a broad range of health conditions, including substance use disorders, eating disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. An estimated 35% of people with epilepsy have anhedonia, plus nearly 20% of people who’ve had strokes, and 25% of those with chronic pain. Among depression patients, up to 70% have anhedonia.

    We’ve all learned to tolerate a lack of pleasure in certain situations, like traffic jams and toddler tantrums. Anhedonia is different – it persists, and it’s the result of the brain’s reward processing circuitry malfunctioning.

    “People need to take anhedonia very seriously because it can have very negative consequences,” including a heightened risk of suicide, said Diego Pizzagalli, PhD, an anhedonia expert and founding director of the Noel Drury, MD, Institute for Translational Depression Discoveries at the University of California, Irvine.

    Neuroimaging has refined the understanding of anhedonia – in particular, that there are two main subtypes: consummatory and anticipatory.

    Knowing the type of anhedonia can help identify the most effective treatment.

    Before and After: Anticipation and Consumption

    Most of us get excited knowing that something good is about to happen – you’re going to eat your favorite meal or go on a trip. This is the anticipatory reward processing effect. When anticipatory anhedonia sets in, the pleasure and excitement aren’t there. Consummatory anhedonia, by contrast, refers to a lack of pleasure during activities or interests that were once enjoyable. 

    In both cases, imaging shows that the brain no longer responds as though it is expecting or experiencing a reward.

    “When someone is depressed, they will often stop meeting up with friends as often, or they’ll stop doing the hobbies that they usually enjoy because those kinds of things just don’t feel as enjoyable or they don’t feel as interesting as they used to,” said Jennifer N. Bress, PhD, a psychologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City who researchers brain activity linked to depression and treatment response. 

    Bress’s research shows that people with anhedonia have differences “on a neural level” – meaning the symptom is linked to changes in the way neurons (brain cells) communicate using electrical and chemical signals.

    “The brain’s reactivity to rewards also decreases,” said Bress. 

    A classic experiment demonstrates this. It’s a guessing game where people being researched can win 50 cents for each correct answer, or lose 25 cents if they’re wrong. 

    “People have less electrical activity in their brain in response to winning money when they’re depressed versus when they’re not,” Bress said. And yes, they really give people 50 cents – or take a quarter away. “There’s something about knowing that this is real and that they will actually win something that’s important to getting a robust response.”

    What that means outside the lab: When you’re working to overcome anhedonia, it’s important that the rewards you anticipate or experience be real – because your brain responds more strongly when stakes are tangible. 

    Treatments That Help

    One of the most effective treatments for anhedonia – whether anticipatory or consummatory – is a therapy called “behavioral activation,” said Pizzagalli. 

    Behavioral activation takes a step-by-step approach to help patients get back to activities they once enjoyed. This includes scheduling each step leading up to the activity, such as deciding who will join you, and organizing the smallest logistics in advance. Therapists help clients overcome barriers along the way. 

    New potential therapy approaches are emerging. One is “positive affect” treatment, where people work to focus more on positive emotions with the added goal of feeling fewer negative emotions. The idea is that increasing positive emotions can heighten reward sensitivity – helping the brain break out of its anhedonic cycles. Other research suggests that therapies focused on identity, purpose, and social connection may help by boosting a person’s “meaning in life,” which may in turn reduce anhedonia.

    Here’s the theory behind why these therapies work: With anhedonia, brain connections in reward processing weaken when people disengage from their usual activities and interests.

    “You end up in this sort of feedback loop where you become even more depressed and feel even less like doing things,” Bress said, “so you get even fewer opportunities for rewards, which in turn leads to becoming even more depressed.” 

    Ultimately, the brain becomes less responsive to rewards.

    Behavioral activation gives patients “more opportunities to be exposed to these rewarding outcomes,” she said, which “may help to strengthen some of these connections in the brain that help people respond in a healthy way to rewarding experiences.”

    Antidepressants tend not to work as well for anhedonia, particularly for the most severe cases, research shows. Still, there is hope for the future, as researchers develop a more detailed understanding of what is happening in the brain. Pizzagalli’s team is studying brain biomarkers that may help predict which medications will work well for a particular person, laying the groundwork for a personalized approach. But for now, drugmakers have yet to develop a medication to specifically treat anhedonia, he said.

    One promising contender is ketamine, which has been shown to rapidly reduce anhedonia and likely impacts the brain’s functional connections. Al-Soleiti’s recent paper also mentioned transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as being notably effective in treating anticipatory anhedonia. 

    Also helpful is simply improving diet and lifestyle, since these changes can reduce inflammation and stress, which both are linked to anhedonia, Pizzagalli said. 

    Weighing Your Options

    While many unanswered questions remain in the science of anhedonia, researchers do know that the two types affect separate areas of the brain. While both anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia have been linked to depression, the association with anticipatory anhedonia has been demonstrated more consistently.

    “You could have no problem actually enjoying things that you might like – say you watch a funny video and really enjoy it,” Bress said. “But you may have a lot of trouble with the anticipatory piece or the motivational piece. You might notice it’s really hard to actually get yourself to turn on the video, or it might be that you really enjoy seeing your friends once you go out, but it might be hard to push yourself to actually make that plan and go meet up with them at the coffee shop.”

    For therapy approaches, treatment usually involves weekly sessions for anywhere from two to six months. Some of Bress’s clients have shown improvement within just a couple of weeks. Even if past treatments haven’t worked, Pizzagalli urged people not to give up. Most therapists are trained in more than one type of therapy, so if you are considering therapy, ask if they use behavioral activation therapy or another approach specific to anhedonia.

    “It’s important for individuals not to lose hope, even if in the moment it seems a burden to look for this help,” Pizzagalli said. “If there is a single message to readers, it is to never suffer alone, and to reach out for help.”

    If you or someone you care about is struggling, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is staffed constantly, and help is available by calling or texting 988 or going online to 988lifeline.org.

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  • Strength Building: How Strength Training Supplements Help You Build Muscle Mass and Keep Growing Stronger

    Strength Building: How Strength Training Supplements Help You Build Muscle Mass and Keep Growing Stronger

    What makes the strategy “smarter” is its synergy. CrazyBulk’s strength stack doesn’t just target one mechanism—it works on multiple fronts: promoting testosterone production, boosting nitric oxide levels, increasing muscular endurance, and reducing post-workout fatigue. This multi-layered approach ensures your body stays in an optimal anabolic state, allowing you to lift heavier, recover faster, and grow stronger consistently.

    For anyone serious about building strength in today’s fitness climate, a random pill or powder isn’t enough. You need targeted support from trusted, gym-tested formulations. In 2025, strength building belongs to those who train with strategy—and supplement with intention.

    View official website for latest best pricing and promotions

    Inside the Formula: What Makes CrazyBulk Supplements Work

    When it comes to building muscle mass and boosting raw strength, not all supplements are created equal. In fact, most fall short where it matters: ingredient transparency, proven effectiveness, and long-term safety. That’s where CrazyBulk has distinguished itself in the strength training market—by engineering formulas backed by science, built for performance, and trusted by serious lifters worldwide.
    Each product in CrazyBulk’s strength stack targets a specific physiological mechanism essential for growth. For example, D-BAL uses a potent blend of MSM, ashwagandha, and L-leucine to mimic the muscle-building effects of Dianabol—without the harsh side effects. It supports protein synthesis, reduces muscle soreness, and promotes faster recovery after intense lifting sessions.
    Then there’s Testo-Max, CrazyBulk’s natural testosterone amplifier, which uses ingredients like D-aspartic acid, zinc, and ginseng to support healthy T-levels—critical for explosive strength, stamina, and drive. These hormonal boosts play a central role in lifting heavier, training longer, and staying anabolic throughout your bulking phase.
    What sets CrazyBulk apart is the synergy across its products. Instead of isolated effects, their stack creates a compound performance boost—targeting recovery, endurance, power output, and lean muscle growth all at once. Plus, each product is manufactured in FDA-inspected facilities using clinically dosed ingredients, ensuring clean labeling and strict compliance.
    In short, CrazyBulk isn’t just another supplement line—it’s a precision-engineered system for growing stronger, naturally and legally. For athletes serious about results, what’s inside the formula makes all the difference.
    Legal Strength Building Supplements for Fast Results— Visit official CrazyBulk website

    Growing Stronger Naturally: Avoiding Banned Substances

    In today’s competitive fitness environment, the push for strength often comes with a dangerous temptation: synthetic performance enhancers. From anabolic steroids to banned SARMs, the risks tied to these substances are well-documented—ranging from hormonal imbalances to long-term organ damage. That’s why a growing wave of athletes in 2025 are shifting their focus to natural, legal alternatives that support muscle growth without putting their health or careers in jeopardy.
    CrazyBulk’s strength training supplements have become the leading choice for lifters looking to grow stronger without crossing regulatory lines. Each formula is designed to mimic the muscle-building effects of traditional steroids, using clean, plant-based and lab-supported ingredients instead of risky synthetics. The result? Legitimate strength gains without the legal grey areas or side effect profiles associated with black-market enhancers.
    All CrazyBulk products are 100% legal in the USA, contain no banned substances, and are manufactured in GMP-certified facilities. Athletes don’t have to worry about failing drug tests or compromising their reputations. Instead, they get to train hard, recover faster, and build muscle with peace of mind.
    This natural approach also means CrazyBulk is ideal for long-term use. Unlike harsh cycles that can damage your endocrine system or liver, CrazyBulk stacks are formulated for sustainable performance—allowing users to keep growing stronger month after month.
    In a world where strength is often pursued at any cost, CrazyBulk is proving that real results can come from smart choices, not shortcuts.
    Which Stack is Right for Your Strength Goals?

    Strength Stack: Build Muscle Mass & Raw Power the Natural Way

    For lifters focused on increasing raw strength and muscle density without turning to banned substances, CrazyBulk’s Strength Stack delivers a powerful, legal solution. Designed for those chasing heavier lifts, stronger core movements, and improved athletic output, this four-product combo is specifically formulated to help users build muscle mass and grow stronger consistently.

    The stack includes D-BAL, Testo-Max, DecaDuro, and Tren-Max—each targeting a critical element of performance: protein synthesis, testosterone support, nitrogen retention, and muscular endurance. Together, they work to reduce recovery time, increase training volume, and push users through strength plateaus.
    Unlike traditional steroids that carry harsh side effects, the Strength Stack is made with natural ingredients that support clean gains, hormone balance, and better joint recovery. This makes it a perfect choice for athletes, gym-goers, and powerlifters who want real strength improvements without compromising health or legality.
    Used consistently, the stack can enhance core compound lifts like squats, bench presses, and deadlifts, making it easier to track progress and hit new PRs. Many lifters report noticeable improvements in stamina and post-workout recovery within just 2–3 weeks.
    If you’re ready to train harder, lift heavier, and recover faster—without needles or prescriptions—the CrazyBulk Strength Stack is your foundation for next-level power. Available exclusively from the official CrazyBulk website, it’s the go-to option for strength training in 2025.

    Unlock explosive strength gains—get the CrazyBulk Strength Stack now from the official website 

    Growth Hormone Stack: Unlock Maximum Muscle Growth Potential

    For those pushing beyond average gains, the CrazyBulk Growth Hormone Stack is engineered for elite-level performance and muscle development. This powerful five-product combo includes HGH-X2, D-BAL, Clenbutrol, Testo-Max, and DecaDuro—each targeting a different aspect of hypertrophy and recovery.

    The stack centers around HGH-X2, CrazyBulk’s growth hormone releaser, which helps stimulate the body’s natural production of human growth hormone. When paired with the muscle-boosting properties of D-BAL and Testo-Max, and the fat-burning action of Clenbutrol, this stack becomes a comprehensive system for those aiming to build muscle mass, enhance recovery, and stay lean during growth phases.

    Athletes using this stack report enhanced muscle tone, faster post-workout repair, and better pumps during training. It’s ideal for intermediate to advanced lifters looking to take their physique to the next level—without synthetic injections or hormone therapy.

    The Growth Hormone Stack supports performance in high-intensity environments by improving muscle density, blood flow, and metabolism simultaneously. And because all ingredients are 100% legal and natural, users avoid the downsides of hormonal manipulation or banned substances.

    For bodybuilders and hard-gainers alike, this stack unlocks new levels of muscular potential. If your goal is to maximize lean size without compromising definition, CrazyBulk’s Growth Hormone Stack is your go-to solution in 2025.

    Boost reps, power, and recovery—get CrazyBulk Growth Stack only at the official website

    Cutting Stack: Preserve Strength While Shedding Fat

    Strength doesn’t have to fade during a cutting phase. The CrazyBulk Cutting Stack is formulated for athletes and lifters who want to maintain power and preserve muscle mass while losing body fat. It’s a smart, clean-cut combo featuring Clenbutrol, Testo-Max, Anvarol, and Winsol—each tailored to help users achieve a leaner, harder physique without sacrificing gains.

    During calorie deficits, muscle loss can be a major risk. This stack is built to counter that, with Anvarol and Win-Max promoting lean retention and vascular muscle tone, while Clenbutrol ramps up thermogenesis and metabolic speed. Testo-Max, included in all CrazyBulk stacks, keeps testosterone levels optimized, which is essential for strength, mood, and energy while cutting.

    What makes this stack stand out is its ability to balance fat loss with performance. Whether you’re prepping for summer, a physique competition, or just dialing in your look, the Cutting Stack ensures you hold onto the muscle you worked hard to build.

    Results can typically be seen in as little as 2–4 weeks, especially when paired with a clean diet and resistance training program. Most users report feeling stronger and more defined—without the flat, drained look that often comes with extreme dieting.

    If you’re looking to burn fat while keeping your strength intact, the CrazyBulk Cutting Stack offers the definition without the compromise. Available only on the official site, it’s 2025’s top stack for strategic shredding.

    Train harder, recover faster—visit the official CrazyBulk site to get the Cutting Stack

    Bulking Stack: Power Through Mass Building Phases

    When it’s time to bulk, your body needs more than just calories—it needs anabolic support, endurance-enhancing compounds, and hormone balance to grow efficiently. That’s where the CrazyBulk Bulking Stack comes in. Designed for the classic mass-building phase, this four-product powerhouse includes D-BAL, Testo-Max, DecaDuro, and Trenorol—each with a specific role in increasing size, recovery, and workout intensity.

    D-BAL leads the charge, mimicking the muscle-building effects of Dianabol, while Deca-Max supports joint function and strength. Tren-Max enhances vascularity and muscle conditioning, and Testo-Max ensures your testosterone remains in the optimal range to support explosive growth.

    Unlike dirty bulks that result in excess fat gain, the Bulking Stack is engineered to support lean muscle gains, minimize bloating, and reduce the “bulk crash” once the phase ends. It’s the ideal choice for lifters who want visible gains in size, strength, and gym performance—without compromising definition or well-being.

    Used over an 8-week cycle, most users experience noticeable improvements in muscle fullness, power output, and energy. Plus, the clean-label ingredients make this stack suitable for long-term programs.

    If you’re planning a growth phase or need to add real size without fluff, the CrazyBulk Bulking Stack delivers results that fuel your offseason goals. It’s the serious stack for serious gains—backed by real lifters across the globe.

    Build real muscle mass and Grow Stronger—Visit the official CrazyBulk Bulking Stack today

    Ultimate Stack: All-in-One Strength, Size & Definition Solution

    If you want everything in one, the CrazyBulk Ultimate Stack is your complete muscle-building and performance system. Featuring six powerhouse supplementsD-BAL, Testo-Max, DecaDuro, Trenorol, Clenbutrol, and Anadrole—this is the most comprehensive stack in the CrazyBulk lineup, built for advanced users who want to push every limit.

    Whether you’re bulking, cutting, or recompositioning, this stack offers full-cycle support. D-BAL and Anadrole fuel massive pumps and rapid growth. Clenbutrol and Tren-max help manage body fat while sharpening vascularity. Testo-Max and Deca-max ensure testosterone and joint function stay strong throughout intense training blocks.

    The Ultimate Stack is ideal for competitors, transformation challengers, or dedicated gym-goers looking for a total physique overhaul. It helps users build muscle mass, maintain power during cuts, and recover faster between sessions—all while staying 100% legal and natural.

    Most athletes report dramatic improvements in strength, muscularity, and workout intensity within the first month. It’s not for casual users—it’s for those committed to the grind and ready for elite results.

    If you’re serious about making 2025 your most transformative year yet, the CrazyBulk Ultimate Stack offers the tools, science, and synergy to help you dominate. No needles. No prescriptions. Just clean, compound results—available now on the official CrazyBulk website.

    Train harder, recover faster—visit the official CrazyBulk site to get the Ultimate Stack

    TREN-MAX – Safest Legal Supplement for Muscle Mass

    CrazyBulk’s TREN-MAX is a highly effective supplement that closely emulates the anabolic properties of Trenbolone, a widely utilized steroid for promoting muscle growth and mass. It has been a prominent choice amongst bodybuilders for years.

    Working

    TREN-MAX is an effective and safe muscle-building supplement that is formulated from 100% natural ingredients. It promotes the development of lean muscle mass while also aiding in the reduction of excess fat for a well-defined physique.

    TREN-MAX is a legal dietary supplement by CrazyBulk that is intended to replicate the muscle-building benefits of the potent anabolic steroid Trenbolone Acetate.

    TREN-MAX by CrazyBulk is a completely natural supplement that provides significant muscle growth without any chemical stress on the body, unlike Trenbolone Acetate is widely recognized as a highly hazardous anabolic steroid due to its toxicity level. In stark contrast, TREN-MAX is capable of delivering all the benefits of Trenbolone while bypassing the accompanying adverse effects.

    Visit CrazyBulk Official Website For TREN-MAX

    Ingredients

    TREN-MAX’s carefully curated formula generates musculature that is both solid, resilient, and devoid of excess fat.

    This is the reason why it is highly sought after by individuals engaged in bodybuilding, as well as others.

    It additionally endeavors to enhance the body’s metabolic efficiency while facilitating a substantial reduction in adipose tissue.

    This effect is attributed to the presence of beta-sitosterol, a plant-derived sterol with documented ability to facilitate weight loss and promote fat metabolism.

    According to clinical research, it has been demonstrated that this product can effectively enhance weight loss outcomes by as much as 6.3% while also reducing body fat levels by up to 3%.

    Furthermore, TREN-MAX guarantees enhanced hygiene as an inevitable benefit.

    Beta-sitosterol is an active ingredient known for enhancing vascularity in addition to its potential fat-burning and ribbing benefits.

    When used in conjunction with Samento Inner Bark, a scientifically validated substance known for its ability to enhance nitric oxide production within the body, the product can produce remarkable results for your physical well-being.

    The production of nitric oxide facilitates heightened circulation, resulting in greater delivery of vital oxygen and nutrients to the compromised musculature.

    Ultimately, the distinct formula of CrazyBulk’s TREN-MAX is capable of significantly minimizing the buildup of lactic acid in muscular tissues, thereby mitigating muscle soreness and promoting a more efficient post-workout recovery.

    • Beta Sitosterol

    • Uncaria Tomentosa

    • Nettle plant

    • Pepsin

    Acquire CrazyBulk TREN-MAX at the current market rate.

    TREN-MAX can be procured exclusively through the authorized platform of crazybulk.com.

    TREN-MAX is priced at USD 64.99 per bottle and provides a 30-day supply to consumers.

    Where to Buy CrazyBulk’s Legal Strength Stack Safely

    With demand for natural strength training supplements at an all-time high, it’s crucial to know where to buy CrazyBulk products safely and directly—without risking counterfeits, inflated prices, or expired stock. In 2025, the only trusted source for authentic CrazyBulk stacks is the official CrazyBulk website.
    Buying directly from the manufacturer guarantees several key benefits. First, you’ll receive genuine, factory-sealed products made in FDA-inspected, cGMP-certified facilities—ensuring purity, consistency, and full ingredient transparency. Second, the site offers exclusive multi-buy deals, fast shipping across the USA, and periodic promotions that aren’t available through third-party retailers or shady online vendors.
    Most importantly, ordering from the official site ensures your purchase is covered by CrazyBulk’s risk-free 60-day money-back guarantee. If you don’t see improvements in your strength, stamina, or muscle tone, you can request a full refund—no questions asked. That level of customer protection reflects CrazyBulk’s confidence in the results their products deliver.
    Currently, the CrazyBulk Strength Stack—which includes D-BAL, Testo-Max, DecaDuro, and Trenorol—is the most recommended combo for serious lifters. Each stack is designed to work synergistically, helping users build muscle mass, recover faster, and grow stronger across all phases of training.
    To avoid imitations or expired knock-offs, fitness experts strongly advise skipping unauthorized eCommerce platforms or overseas suppliers. For guaranteed results and secure checkout, visit the official CrazyBulk website and explore your strength-building options today.

    Final Take: The Future of Strength Training Starts Here

    Strength training has entered a new era—one that prioritizes clean supplementation, long-term health, and performance without compromise. As lifters move away from synthetic shortcuts and banned substances, the focus is now on sustainable strength, backed by smart science and legal support. At the center of this shift is CrazyBulk, a brand that’s redefining how athletes build muscle mass and keep growing stronger—safely.
    The success of CrazyBulk’s strength training supplements isn’t just hype. It’s built on a foundation of formulated synergy, clinically-supported ingredients, and results-driven design. Users aren’t just lifting heavier—they’re seeing faster recovery, enhanced muscle volume, and better hormonal balance, all without the risks typically associated with performance enhancement.
    What sets CrazyBulk apart in 2025 is its commitment to natural strength progression. Whether you’re an amateur looking to improve gym performance or a seasoned athlete chasing new personal records, CrazyBulk provides the legal tools to get you there—with no injections, no prescriptions, and no fear of disqualification.
    If you’re tired of empty promises and underdosed formulas, it’s time to upgrade your strategy. The future of strength building isn’t found in dangerous cycles or underground labs—it’s found in trusted, transparent supplementation that works with your body, not against it.
    CrazyBulk’s Strength Stack is more than a trend—it’s a movement. And for those serious about pushing limits and unlocking peak performance, the time to join that movement is now.

    For more information, educational content, and direct purchasing, visit the official Crazybulk website.

    Company Name: Crazybulk
    244 Madison Avenue,
    New York City, NY 10016-2817
    Postal code: NY 10016-2817
    Media Contact:
    Full Name – Neil Bowers
    Email: support@crazybulk.com
    +1 888-708-6394
    Company website: https://www.crazybulk.com
    Disclaimer: The statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Individual results may vary. Always consult a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements.
    Disclosure: All trademarks, registered trademarks, product names, and logos mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners. References to specific products, brands, companies, or organizations are for identification purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement unless explicitly stated. This article may be syndicated or republished by third-party publishers, blogs, or platforms. In such cases, the republishing party assumes full responsibility for maintaining the accuracy and compliance of the published version. The original publisher, its writers, editors, or sponsors shall not be held liable for any misuse, misrepresentation, or misinterpretation of the information contained herein.
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  • Unavoidable forever chemicals may be associated with severe endometriosis

    Unavoidable forever chemicals may be associated with severe endometriosis

    Exposure to harmful chemicals has long been linked to disease, but the specifics surrounding gynecological conditions are largely unknown. A study published in Environmental Health Perspectives by Joanna Marroquin, PhD in Public Health, Epidemiology student, is the first to evaluate Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances () in endometrial (uterine) tissue. PFAS are commonly referred to as forever chemicals due to their resistance to breakdown and how long they remain in the environment or human body. 

    The study investigates exposure in relation to risk, staging, and subtypes of endometriosis. They found: 

    1. PFAS were widely detected in endometrial tissue of women with and without endometriosis. This means there was no association found between PFAS and the overall risk of endometriosis. 

    2. However, among those with endometriosis, higher levels of select PFAS were associated with a higher risk for more advanced endometriosis. 

    3. Findings additional research on forever chemical exposure in reproductive tissues and its link to disease progression. 

    Results can further support scientists studying PFAS and endometriosis, patient advocates, and policymakers working to reduce exposure to harmful environmental chemicals. 

    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals,” are endocrine-disrupting compounds used for their oil and water-repellent properties in a wide range of products. Endometriosis occurs when uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, abnormal menstruation, and in severe cases, infertility. T the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01031079: Investigating Mixtures of Pollutants and Endometriosis in Tissue (IMPLANT) study) and the Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (contract numbers: NO1-DK-63428, NO1-DK-6-3427, and 10001406-02). 

    Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Eutopic Endometrium Tissue and Risk of Endometriosis: Findings from the Investigating Mixtures of Pollutants and Endometriosis in Tissue (IMPLANT) Study was published in Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2025. It is the college’s first R01-funded project.  

    Professor Anna Pollack and Associate Professor Jenna Krall in the Department of Global and Community Health served as contributing authors. 

    About the authors 

    Joanna Marroquin is a PhD student in Public Health with a concentration in Epidemiology in the Department of Global and Community Health. Her research focuses on women’s health across the life course, examining how environmental chemical exposures affect gynecologic conditions. She is especially interested in the role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in shaping health outcomes and addressing disparities in exposure. Prior to pursuing her PhD, Joanna worked as a diagnostic medical sonographer, where her experiences in clinical care inspired her to contribute to research that improves health equity for women throughout their lives. 

    Jenna Krall is an associate professor in the Department of Global and Community Health. Krall is a biostatistician with research interests in air pollution and environmental epidemiology. Her work has been focused on developing methods for estimating sources of air pollution and their associations with health. She is also interested in statistical computing (R, SAS, Stata) and collaborative work related to chemical mixtures, spatial statistics, and missing data. 

    Anna Pollack’s research focuses on the relationship between environmental chemical exposures and fertility, pregnancy, and gynecologic health. Pollack was trained in reproductive and environmental epidemiology and epidemiologic methods. She investigates biological mechanisms underlying these processes, such as biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. Pollack’s research is based in and addresses disparities in exposure, which stem from environmental and occupational sources. She seeks to apply methods to examine complex mixtures to better understand their impact on women’s reproductive health. 

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  • Liver cancer cases are projected to double, but more than half could be preventable

    Liver cancer cases are projected to double, but more than half could be preventable

    At least 60% of liver cancers could be preventable, according to an analysis published Monday in The Lancet.

    Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with around 870,000 cases in 2022. That’s projected to increase to 1.52 million cases in 2050, the new report found, if no changes are made.

    The leading cause of liver cancer is viral infections, including the hepatitis B and C viruses. Hepatitis B infections — which are preventable with a vaccine — accounted for 39% of liver cancers in 2022. That’s expected to fall slightly, to 36.9%, by 2025. Hepatitis C accounted for 29.1% of liver cancers in 2022 and is also projected to fall, to 25.9%, by 2050.

    The proportions of alcohol- and obesity-related liver cancers, however, are projected to rise in the next 25 years. Alcohol accounted for 18.8% of liver cancers in 2022, and that is expected to increase to 21.1% in 2050. The share of liver cancers caused by obesity-related disease is projected to increase from 8% to 10.8% by 2050 due to increasing rates of obesity, diabetes and high cholesterol and other metabolic risk factors.

    Dr. Hashem El-Serag, one of the report’s co-authors and chair of the department of medicine at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, said the public usually thinks of alcohol as the biggest risk factor for liver cancer.

    “I think for most people, if you say cirrhosis, they immediately think of a relative, of someone who was a heavy drinker,” El-Serag said. “I think the vast majority do not make the tie between MASLD, or fatty liver, and cirrhosis and liver cancer.”

    MASLD, or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, affects about 25% of adults in the U.S. It’s caused by a buildup of fat in the liver. About 5% of U.S. adults have a more severe form, called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which can lead to scarring, or cirrhosis, of the liver, significantly increasing the risk of cancer.

    Excess alcohol consumption can also lead to cirrhosis.

    Liver cancer is still relatively rare in the United States, representing 2.1% of all new cancer diagnoses in 2025. The report estimated that by 2040, U.S. rates of MASLD could more than double, affecting more than 55% of adults.

    Detecting liver cancer risk factors

    Earlier detection and effective treatment plans for MASLD can reduce the risk of obesity-related liver cancer, El-Serag said. The most common treatment is weight loss. GLP-1 weight loss drugs, which include Ozempic and Wegovy, are promising, he said. (A clinical trial published in April found that Wegovy treated MASH in about two-thirds of patients.)

    However, people aren’t screened for MASLD like they are for viral hepatitis, El-Serag said.

    Dr. Arun Jesudian, a hepatologist and the director of liver quality and inpatient liver services at Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian, said patients are tested for MASLD and/or MASH if they have elevated liver enzymes in their blood.

    Raising awareness about MASLD among both patients and doctors can lead to more effective testing and diagnosis, Jesudian said.

    “I think then we need to make sure that providers who are interacting with these patients are looking at the liver disease component of metabolic syndrome,” he said, referring to patients with a cluster of conditions including high blood sugar, high blood pressure and excess weight. “So checking liver enzymes, that they know how to assess for fibrosis, even based on these blood test scores.”

    MASLD and MASH can often be asymptomatic, making self-detection more challenging.

    “Right now, it’s haphazard. Some people get tested. Others get suspected. Third, who knows?” El-Serag said.

    Dr. Neehar Parikh, a hepatologist at the University of Michigan who specializes in liver cancer, said he is seeing more patients with MASLD as a driving factor for liver cancer.

    Patients with MASLD can develop liver cancer without developing cirrhosis, making it even more challenging to detect those cases, Parikh said. Up to 40% of those with liver cancers linked to MASLD don’t develop cirrhosis, according to the report.

    Figuring out who those patients are is the “million-dollar question,” he said. “Those patients that develop MASLD that develop liver cancer, you know, how do you screen that population? We don’t really know what to do.”

    Still, Parikh said these types of cases are rare.

    Ultimately, Jesudian said, “treating these liver diseases early is the best way to prevent liver cancer, because liver cancer almost always occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease.”

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  • Lifestyle changes and vaccination ‘could prevent most liver cancer cases’ | Cancer

    Lifestyle changes and vaccination ‘could prevent most liver cancer cases’ | Cancer

    Three in five liver cancer cases globally could be prevented by reducing obesity and alcohol consumption and increasing uptake of the hepatitis vaccine, a study has found.

    The Lancet Commission on liver cancer found that most cases were preventable if alcohol consumption, fatty liver disease and levels of viral hepatitis B and C were reduced.

    The commission set out several recommendations for policymakers, which it estimated could reduce the incidence of liver cancer cases by 2% to 5% each year by 2050, preventing 9m to 17m new cases of liver cancer and saving 8 million to 15 million lives.

    Prof Jian Zhou at Fudan University in China, who led the research, said: “Liver cancer is a growing health issue around the world. It is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, with five-year survival rates ranging from approximately 5% to 30%. We risk seeing close to a doubling of cases and deaths from liver cancer over the next quarter of a century without urgent action to reverse this trend.”

    Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death. The number of deaths is predicted to grow from 760,000 in 2022 to 1.37 million in 2050.

    Previous analyses have predicted that the number of new liver cancer cases will nearly double from 870,000 in 2022 to 1.52m in 2050, mostly due to population growth and ageing populations, with the largest increases expected in Africa. At present, more than 40% of the global liver cancer cases occur in China due to its relatively high rates of hepatitis B infections.

    One of the fastest growing causes of liver cancer globally is fatty liver disease, and this is expected to rise because of increasing rates of obesity.

    One-third of the global population is estimated to have metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) – previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, where fat builds up in a person’s liver – though it can be prevented by eating a balanced diet, being physically active and potentially losing weight.

    Only 20% to 30% of people with MASLD go on to develop the more severe form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which can lead to liver cancer. The commission said the proportion of liver cancer cases associated with MASH was projected to increase from 8% in 2022 to 11% in 2050.

    The second fastest growing cause is alcohol, with associated liver cases projected to increase from 19% in 2022 to 21% in 2050. In contrast, the proportion of liver cancer cases linked to hepatitis B is expected to decrease from 39% in 2022 to 37% in 2050, while hepatitis C-related cases are projected to drop from 29% to 26%.

    The commission author Prof Hashem B El-Serag of Baylor College of Medicine in the US said: “Liver cancer was once thought to occur mainly in patients with viral hepatitis or alcohol-related liver disease. However, today, rising rates of obesity are an increasing risk factor for liver cancer, primarily due to the increase in cases of excess fat around the liver.”

    The commission’s recommendations included that governments boost HBV vaccination and implement universal screening for adults; introduce minimum alcohol unit pricing and sugar taxes along with warning labels; invest in early detection of liver damage and cancer; and improve palliative care for sufferers.

    The commission author Prof Valérie Paradis of Beaujon hospital in France said: “There is an urgent need to raise awareness within society about the severity of the growing health issue of rising liver cancer cases.

    “Compared with other cancers, liver cancer is very hard to treat but has more distinct risk factors, which help define specific prevention strategies. With joint and continuous efforts, we believe many liver cancer cases can be prevented, and both the survival and quality of patients with liver cancer will be considerably improved.”

    Dr Matt Hoare, an associate professor in hepatology at the University of Cambridge’s Early Cancer Institute, said liver cancer was “unlike many other cancers” in that the death rate was still rising, with the causes varying by region.

    He said public health policy changes have proven effective, since Japan had successfully reduced its death rate by implementing preventive policies and improving detection to find cancers earlier. His team is seeking to identify new ways to spot patients with liver disease who will develop cancer through DNA sequencing of the liver.

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  • Synergistic Treatment Approach Supercharges Cancer Immunotherapy

    Synergistic Treatment Approach Supercharges Cancer Immunotherapy

    Article Content

    Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are a group of cancers that affect cells in and around our mouth and nose. With 890,000 new cases and 450,000 deaths annually, HNSCC accounts for roughly 4.5% of cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. Treatment options for HNSCC are very limited, so nearly half of affected patients with HNSCC die from the disease. Current therapies consist of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which can be effective but often have limited success and significant side effects.

    To meet this unmet medical need, researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine are exploring new approaches to improve the effectiveness of treatments for HNSCC. In a new study of oral cancer, a type of HNSCC, they demonstrate how precisely timing two different treatments can potentially improve treatment outcomes by protecting tumor-draining lymph nodes, which are located close to tumors and have an important role in mediating the immune system’s response to the tumor.

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  • How Aging Quiets Lupus and Brings Relief to Some Older Patients

    How Aging Quiets Lupus and Brings Relief to Some Older Patients

    Lupus is a “classic” autoimmune disease.

    It causes the immune system’s first-line viral defenses, known as interferons, to attack the body. Nearly every organ is at risk, leading to conditions like kidney and heart disease.

    But unlike many other autoimmune or chronic illnesses, lupus can improve as patients reach their 60s and 70s.

    “I see my younger lupus patients in their 20s, 30s, and 40s every few months, monitoring them closely for signs of severe disease, but many of my older patients just once a year to touch base,” said Sarah Patterson, MD, assistant professor of medicine in the division of rheumatology at UCSF. “If patients make it through those risky decades, they sometimes see a dramatic improvement.”

    Now, Patterson and colleagues have published a study in Science Translational Medicine that reveals how this works.

    By analyzing blood samples from patients across the age spectrum, the team discovered that aging turns down the activity of certain immune genes in people with lupus, leading to fewer interferons and other inflammatory proteins in the body.

    The study found that in healthy adults, inflammation-related genes and proteins rose slowly over the years, a process that has been dubbed “inflammaging.” In patients with lupus, however, the expression of these genes and proteins were abnormally high in mid-life but decreased as the decades went by.

    “Inflammaging seemed to be reversed in the lupus patients,” said Chaz Langelier, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine at UCSF and senior author of the paper. “But it wasn’t fully reversed. The lupus patients still had a greater level of inflammatory signaling compared to healthy adults in older age.”

    That reversal reflected what Patterson has seen in her patients — a return to something approaching healthy older age.

    Next, the team intends to test whether drugs that block interferons are more or less effective in lupus patients at different ages. They also hope to extend the approach to understand other inflammation-related conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, and atherosclerosis.

    Chaz Langelier, MD, PhD, professor of medicine at UCSF and senior author of the paper. Photo by Susan Merrell

    Authors: Other UCSF authors are Rithwik Narendra, Hoang Van Phan, Ana Almonte-Loya, Emily C. Lydon, MD, Christina Love, Michiko Shimoda, PhD, Padmini Deosthale, MS, Lenka Maliskova, Walter Eckalbar, PhD, Gabriela K. Fragiadakis, PhD, Jinoos Yazdany, MD, MPH, Maria Dall’Era, MD, Patricia Katz, PhD, Chun Jimmie Ye, PhD, and Marina Sirota, PhD. For a complete author list see the paper.

    Funding: This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01 AR069616, K23AT011768, P30 AI027763), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.

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  • Vehari hospitals overwhelmed by measles outbreak

    Vehari hospitals overwhelmed by measles outbreak


    VEHARI:

    A growing measles outbreak in Vehari and its surrounding villages has exposed severe cracks in the district’s healthcare system, with overcrowded hospitals, lack of basic facilities, and delayed medical response.

    In Chak 37 WB’s Basti Sheikhawali, residents claim that at least two children have died from measles-related complications.

    Families say health teams failed to arrive in time, and critical care was either delayed or absent altogether.

    In hospitals, patients—mostly children—are reportedly being treated on the floor or squeezed two or three to a bed due to a severe shortage of space and resources.

    Frustrated locals staged protests, accusing the health department of focusing on “photo opportunities” rather than delivering effective, on-ground interventions.

    “Where were the teams when our children were dying?” asked one protester.

    Health authorities, however, have rejected claims of negligence and measles-related deaths.

    Vehari Health CEO Dr Fahad Waheed stated that no fatalities due to measles have been recorded and that the Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI) teams are active in the field.

    He said 578 suspected measles cases have been reported in the district since January 2025, but only 66 have tested positive so far.

    In Union Council 5, of the nine suspected cases, only one was clinically confirmed.

    Dr Waheed further emphasised that MR1 and MR2 vaccination rates in Vehari stand at 92% and 90%, respectively—figures consistent with national targets.

    Regarding a child’s death in Shabbirabad, which residents linked to the measles outbreak, the health department clarified it was caused by neonatal tetanus following an unsafe delivery conducted at home by an untrained midwife.

    Legal action has been recommended against those responsible and crash immunisation and awareness campaigns are now underway in the affected regions.

    Despite these clarifications, civil society leaders remain unconvinced. Civic activist Sajid Masood Mughal, expressed skepticism over official statements.

    “The numbers don’t match the chaos we’re witnessing in hospitals. Bed shortages and lack of urgent care are real,” said a resident.

    The local activists called on the Punjab government to ensure swift, visible action, warning that without expanded vaccination, early diagnosis, and grassroots awareness, the situation could deteriorate further. They also urged authorities to strengthen the district’s healthcare infrastructure before the outbreak spirals out of control.

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