All PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres located in the Region of the Americas are invited to attend the Second Regional Webinar, titled “Synergies for Universal Health: Leveraging PAHO’s Flagship Initiatives and the Role of PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres,” taking place on 9–10 September 2025.
The webinar aims to highlight and strengthen the valuable contributions of the CCs to PAHO/WHO’s Flagship Initiatives, while fostering the expansion of networks for knowledge generation and collaboration in areas such as data analysis, evidence generation, research, innovation, digital health solutions, and artificial intelligence.
Objective of the Webinar:
Enhance the engagement of Collaborating Centres in addressing the Region’s most urgent health priorities, within the framework of PAHO’s Flagship Initiatives:
The Elimination Initiative
Digital Transformation
Better Care for NCDs
Regional Revolving Funds
Regional Production
Primary Health Care
WHEN
9 September 2025 | 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM (EST)
10 September 2025 | 9:30 AM – 11:30 AM (EST)
Please check the time in your timezone.
WHOM
Ongoing PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centres
PAHO/WHO Personnel
WHERE
Virtual Platform (Zoom)
HOW
9 September 2025 | 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM (EST)
10 September 2025 | 9:30 AM – 11:30 AM (EST)
🔗 Click here to register
More Information
To explore the full agenda, learn more about the panelists, and participate in the Call for Posters, please visit the webinar page.
Significant global variation exists in the prevalence of sustained and occasional hypertension among children and adolescents, according to a study published today in JAMA Pediatrics, underscoring the importance of repeated blood pressure measurements to ensure accurate diagnosis.1
Pediatric hypertension is an emerging public health concern due to its association with subclinical target organ damage and long-term cardiovascular risk.2 Prior research found that pediatric hypertension predicts adult hypertension and increases lifetime risk for cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.1
The researchers emphasized the need for global pediatric hypertension prevalence data to guide health resource allocation and prevention efforts. However, they noted that many countries lack monitoring systems, making it difficult to assess the true burden of the condition.
This global study found rising rates of pediatric hypertension, highlighting obesity’s impact and the need for improved monitoring and prevention strategies. | Image Credit: Halfpoint – stock.adobe.com
To fill this gap, the researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the global prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents. They categorized cases as either sustained or occasional hypertension. Sustained hypertension was defined as elevated blood pressure confirmed on 3 or more separate occasions, while occasional hypertension was based on an initial diagnosis determined by blood pressure measurements during a single screening visit.
They searched several databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, from inception through July 7, 2024, for relevant studies. These included original investigations in children and adolescents aged younger than 19 that reported hypertension prevalence among the general population.
Of the 40,143 records searched, the researchers found 271 eligible studies. Among the 3,609,65 children and adolescents included for analysis, 16,328 had sustained hypertension and 538,735 had occasional hypertension.
The global prevalence was 3.89% (95% CI, 3.27%-4.62%) for sustained hypertension and 11.85% (95% CI, 10.98%-12.75%) for occasional hypertension. Rates were significantly higher among children and adolescents with obesity or overweight (16.35% and 6.79%, respectively) than those of normal weight (2.57%).
Additionally, the researchers observed increasing trends over time. Sustained hypertension rose at an annual rate of 7.20% (95% CI, 4.16%-10.32%; P < .001) from 2006 to 2021, while occasional hypertension had an estimated annual percentage change of 0.33% (95% CI, 0.10%-0.56%) between 1987 and 2022.
Lastly, prevalence varied by World Health Organization region and sociodemographic index (SDI) level. Sustained hypertension was most common in the Western Pacific (5.33%; 95% CI, 3.90%-7.25%) and least common in the Americas (2.53%; 95% CI, 1.94%-3.30%), with a statistically significant difference (P = .003). Also, rates were highest in high-middle SDI countries (4.87%; 95% CI, 3.75%-6.29%) and lowest in high SDI countries (2.95%; 95% CI, 2.13%-4.06%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .11).
Occasional hypertension was most prevalent in the Western Pacific (13.16%; 95% CI, 11.89%-14.49%) and African (12.35%; 95% CI, 8.80%-16.39%) regions and lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean (9.32%; 95% CI, 7.10%-11.80%), but these regional differences were not significant (P = .08). In contrast, prevalence did vary significantly by SDI level (P = .03), with high-middle SDI countries reporting the highest rates (13.08%; 95% CI, 11.93%-14.29%) and low SDI countries reporting the lowest (9.77%; 95% CI, 7.68%-12.09%).
The researchers acknowledged their study’s limitations, including variability in hypertension diagnostic definitions across studies, which made it challenging to synthesize and compare their findings. Nonetheless, they expressed confidence in their findings and urged continued research and action.
“Future efforts to reduce the burden of hypertension in children and adolescents should focus primarily on primary prevention by promoting healthy lifestyles and avoiding other cardiovascular risk factors, especially overweight and obesity,” the authors concluded. “More population-based studies with robust methodologies and rigorous measurement protocols are warranted to determine the exact prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents.”
References
Ruan X, Zhu A, Wang T, et al. Global prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents younger than 19 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. Published online July 28, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2206
Falkner B, Gidding SS, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Pediatric primary hypertension: an underrecognized condition: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2023;80(6):e101-e111. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000228
July 28, 2025 – It’s one of the first symptoms when diagnosing depression: “Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.”
Psychologists call it anhedonia, from Greek roots meaning “without pleasure.” (It’s the opposite of “hedonism,” the pursuit of pleasure.)
You may not be familiar with the term (unless you’re a big Annie Hall fan – it was the film’s original title), but anhedonia is one of two core features, alongside persistent low mood, in depression’s long list of symptoms. It’s also one of the hardest to treat, and a significant risk factor for battling lifelong depression.
But new research offers encouragement. Scientists are uncovering anhedonia’s little-understood causes, opening doors to new treatments like exploring the meaning of life during therapy or identifying brain biomarkers that predict the most effective medications.
Though the symptom is notoriously stubborn, really tuning into your anhedonia can set you on a path to overcoming it, experts say – and lessen the chances that depression will recur.
“We see it all the time in our clinics, where patients are significantly struggling with the lack of motivation and the lack of experiencing pleasurable activities that they used to enjoy,” said Majd Al-Soleiti, MD, a resident psychiatrist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and author of a recent anhedonia study review. “So it’s a clinical problem, but also we have gained a lot of knowledge in terms of how it may explain so many problems that we have that go beyond depression.”
Cracking the Mystery of Anhedonia
Anhedonia shows up in a broad range of health conditions, including substance use disorders, eating disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. An estimated 35% of people with epilepsy have anhedonia, plus nearly 20% of people who’ve had strokes, and 25% of those with chronic pain. Among depression patients, up to 70% have anhedonia.
We’ve all learned to tolerate a lack of pleasure in certain situations, like traffic jams and toddler tantrums. Anhedonia is different – it persists, and it’s the result of the brain’s reward processing circuitry malfunctioning.
“People need to take anhedonia very seriously because it can have very negative consequences,” including a heightened risk of suicide, said Diego Pizzagalli, PhD, an anhedonia expert and founding director of the Noel Drury, MD, Institute for Translational Depression Discoveries at the University of California, Irvine.
Neuroimaging has refined the understanding of anhedonia – in particular, that there are two main subtypes: consummatory and anticipatory.
Knowing the type of anhedonia can help identify the most effective treatment.
Before and After: Anticipation and Consumption
Most of us get excited knowing that something good is about to happen – you’re going to eat your favorite meal or go on a trip. This is the anticipatory reward processing effect. When anticipatory anhedonia sets in, the pleasure and excitement aren’t there. Consummatory anhedonia, by contrast, refers to a lack of pleasure during activities or interests that were once enjoyable.
In both cases, imaging shows that the brain no longer responds as though it is expecting or experiencing a reward.
“When someone is depressed, they will often stop meeting up with friends as often, or they’ll stop doing the hobbies that they usually enjoy because those kinds of things just don’t feel as enjoyable or they don’t feel as interesting as they used to,” said Jennifer N. Bress, PhD, a psychologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City who researchers brain activity linked to depression and treatment response.
Bress’s research shows that people with anhedonia have differences “on a neural level” – meaning the symptom is linked to changes in the way neurons (brain cells) communicate using electrical and chemical signals.
“The brain’s reactivity to rewards also decreases,” said Bress.
A classic experiment demonstrates this. It’s a guessing game where people being researched can win 50 cents for each correct answer, or lose 25 cents if they’re wrong.
“People have less electrical activity in their brain in response to winning money when they’re depressed versus when they’re not,” Bress said. And yes, they really give people 50 cents – or take a quarter away. “There’s something about knowing that this is real and that they will actually win something that’s important to getting a robust response.”
What that means outside the lab: When you’re working to overcome anhedonia, it’s important that the rewards you anticipate or experience be real – because your brain responds more strongly when stakes are tangible.
Treatments That Help
One of the most effective treatments for anhedonia – whether anticipatory or consummatory – is a therapy called “behavioral activation,” said Pizzagalli.
Behavioral activation takes a step-by-step approach to help patients get back to activities they once enjoyed. This includes scheduling each step leading up to the activity, such as deciding who will join you, and organizing the smallest logistics in advance. Therapists help clients overcome barriers along the way.
New potential therapy approaches are emerging. One is “positive affect” treatment, where people work to focus more on positive emotions with the added goal of feeling fewer negative emotions. The idea is that increasing positive emotions can heighten reward sensitivity – helping the brain break out of its anhedonic cycles. Other research suggests that therapies focused on identity, purpose, and social connection may help by boosting a person’s “meaning in life,” which may in turn reduce anhedonia.
Here’s the theory behind why these therapies work: With anhedonia, brain connections in reward processing weaken when people disengage from their usual activities and interests.
“You end up in this sort of feedback loop where you become even more depressed and feel even less like doing things,” Bress said, “so you get even fewer opportunities for rewards, which in turn leads to becoming even more depressed.”
Ultimately, the brain becomes less responsive to rewards.
Behavioral activation gives patients “more opportunities to be exposed to these rewarding outcomes,” she said, which “may help to strengthen some of these connections in the brain that help people respond in a healthy way to rewarding experiences.”
Antidepressants tend not to work as well for anhedonia, particularly for the most severe cases, research shows. Still, there is hope for the future, as researchers develop a more detailed understanding of what is happening in the brain. Pizzagalli’s team is studying brain biomarkers that may help predict which medications will work well for a particular person, laying the groundwork for a personalized approach. But for now, drugmakers have yet to develop a medication to specifically treat anhedonia, he said.
One promising contender is ketamine, which has been shown to rapidly reduce anhedonia and likely impacts the brain’s functional connections. Al-Soleiti’s recent paper also mentioned transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as being notably effective in treating anticipatory anhedonia.
Also helpful is simply improving diet and lifestyle, since these changes can reduce inflammation and stress, which both are linked to anhedonia, Pizzagalli said.
Weighing Your Options
While many unanswered questions remain in the science of anhedonia, researchers do know that the two types affect separate areas of the brain. While both anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia have been linked to depression, the association with anticipatory anhedonia has been demonstrated more consistently.
“You could have no problem actually enjoying things that you might like – say you watch a funny video and really enjoy it,” Bress said. “But you may have a lot of trouble with the anticipatory piece or the motivational piece. You might notice it’s really hard to actually get yourself to turn on the video, or it might be that you really enjoy seeing your friends once you go out, but it might be hard to push yourself to actually make that plan and go meet up with them at the coffee shop.”
For therapy approaches, treatment usually involves weekly sessions for anywhere from two to six months. Some of Bress’s clients have shown improvement within just a couple of weeks. Even if past treatments haven’t worked, Pizzagalli urged people not to give up. Most therapists are trained in more than one type of therapy, so if you are considering therapy, ask if they use behavioral activation therapy or another approach specific to anhedonia.
“It’s important for individuals not to lose hope, even if in the moment it seems a burden to look for this help,” Pizzagalli said. “If there is a single message to readers, it is to never suffer alone, and to reach out for help.”
If you or someone you care about is struggling, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is staffed constantly, and help is available by calling or texting 988 or going online to 988lifeline.org.
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Company Name: Crazybulk 244 Madison Avenue, New York City, NY 10016-2817 Postal code: NY 10016-2817 Media Contact: Full Name – Neil Bowers Email: support@crazybulk.com +1 888-708-6394 Company website: https://www.crazybulk.com Disclaimer: The statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Individual results may vary. Always consult a healthcare professional before taking any dietary supplements. Disclosure: All trademarks, registered trademarks, product names, and logos mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners. References to specific products, brands, companies, or organizations are for identification purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement unless explicitly stated. This article may be syndicated or republished by third-party publishers, blogs, or platforms. In such cases, the republishing party assumes full responsibility for maintaining the accuracy and compliance of the published version. The original publisher, its writers, editors, or sponsors shall not be held liable for any misuse, misrepresentation, or misinterpretation of the information contained herein. Related Link Workout Routine For Men
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CONTACT: Company Name: Crazybulk 244 Madison Avenue, New York City, NY 10016-2817 Postal code: NY 10016-2817 Media Contact: Full Name – Neil Bowers Email: support@crazybulk.com +1 888-708-6394 Company website: https://www.crazybulk.com
Exposure to harmful chemicals has long been linked to disease, but the specifics surrounding gynecological conditions are largely unknown. A study published in Environmental Health Perspectivesby Joanna Marroquin, PhD in Public Health, Epidemiology student, is the first to evaluate Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances () in endometrial (uterine) tissue. PFAS are commonly referred to as forever chemicals due to their resistance to breakdown and how long they remain in the environment or human body.
The study investigates exposure in relation to risk, staging, and subtypes of endometriosis. They found:
PFAS were widely detected in endometrial tissue of women with and without endometriosis. This means there was no association found between PFAS and the overall risk of endometriosis.
However, among those with endometriosis, higher levels of select PFAS were associated with a higher risk for more advanced endometriosis.
Findings additional research on forever chemical exposure in reproductive tissues and its link to disease progression.
Results can further support scientists studying PFAS and endometriosis, patient advocates, and policymakers working to reduce exposure to harmful environmental chemicals.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals,” are endocrine-disrupting compounds used for their oil and water-repellent properties in a wide range of products. Endometriosis occurs when uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain, abnormal menstruation, and in severe cases, infertility. T the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01031079: Investigating Mixtures of Pollutants and Endometriosis in Tissue (IMPLANT) study) and the Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (contract numbers: NO1-DK-63428, NO1-DK-6-3427, and 10001406-02).
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Eutopic Endometrium Tissue and Risk of Endometriosis: Findings from the Investigating Mixtures of Pollutants and Endometriosis in Tissue (IMPLANT) Study was published in Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2025. It is the college’s first R01-funded project.
Professor Anna Pollack and Associate Professor Jenna Krall in the Department of Global and Community Health served as contributing authors.
About the authors
Joanna Marroquin is a PhD student in Public Health with a concentration in Epidemiology in the Department of Global and Community Health. Her research focuses on women’s health across the life course, examining how environmental chemical exposures affect gynecologic conditions. She is especially interested in the role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in shaping health outcomes and addressing disparities in exposure. Prior to pursuing her PhD, Joanna worked as a diagnostic medical sonographer, where her experiences in clinical care inspired her to contribute to research that improves health equity for women throughout their lives.
Jenna Krall is an associate professor in the Department of Global and Community Health. Krall is a biostatistician with research interests in air pollution and environmental epidemiology. Her work has been focused on developing methods for estimating sources of air pollution and their associations with health. She is also interested in statistical computing (R, SAS, Stata) and collaborative work related to chemical mixtures, spatial statistics, and missing data.
Anna Pollack’s research focuses on the relationship between environmental chemical exposures and fertility, pregnancy, and gynecologic health. Pollack was trained in reproductive and environmental epidemiology and epidemiologic methods. She investigates biological mechanisms underlying these processes, such as biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption. Pollack’s research is based in and addresses disparities in exposure, which stem from environmental and occupational sources. She seeks to apply methods to examine complex mixtures to better understand their impact on women’s reproductive health.
At least 60% of liver cancers could be preventable, according to an analysis published Monday in The Lancet.
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, with around 870,000 cases in 2022. That’s projected to increase to 1.52 million cases in 2050, the new report found, if no changes are made.
The leading cause of liver cancer is viral infections, including the hepatitis B and C viruses. Hepatitis B infections — which are preventable with a vaccine — accounted for 39% of liver cancers in 2022. That’s expected to fall slightly, to 36.9%, by 2025. Hepatitis C accounted for 29.1% of liver cancers in 2022 and is also projected to fall, to 25.9%, by 2050.
The proportions of alcohol- and obesity-related liver cancers, however, are projected to rise in the next 25 years. Alcohol accounted for 18.8% of liver cancers in 2022, and that is expected to increase to 21.1% in 2050. The share of liver cancers caused by obesity-related disease is projected to increase from 8% to 10.8% by 2050 due to increasing rates of obesity, diabetes and high cholesterol and other metabolic risk factors.
Dr. Hashem El-Serag, one of the report’s co-authors and chair of the department of medicine at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, said the public usually thinks of alcohol as the biggest risk factor for liver cancer.
“I think for most people, if you say cirrhosis, they immediately think of a relative, of someone who was a heavy drinker,” El-Serag said. “I think the vast majority do not make the tie between MASLD, or fatty liver, and cirrhosis and liver cancer.”
MASLD, or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, affects about 25% of adults in the U.S. It’s caused by a buildup of fat in the liver. About 5% of U.S. adults have a more severe form, called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which can lead to scarring, or cirrhosis, of the liver, significantly increasing the risk of cancer.
Excess alcohol consumption can also lead to cirrhosis.
Liver cancer is still relatively rare in the United States, representing 2.1% of all new cancer diagnoses in 2025. The report estimated that by 2040, U.S. rates of MASLD could more than double, affecting more than 55% of adults.
Detecting liver cancer risk factors
Earlier detection and effective treatment plans for MASLD can reduce the risk of obesity-related liver cancer, El-Serag said. The most common treatment is weight loss. GLP-1 weight loss drugs, which include Ozempic and Wegovy, are promising, he said. (A clinical trial published in April found that Wegovy treated MASH in about two-thirds of patients.)
However, people aren’t screened for MASLD like they are for viral hepatitis, El-Serag said.
Dr. Arun Jesudian, a hepatologist and the director of liver quality and inpatient liver services at Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian, said patients are tested for MASLD and/or MASH if they have elevated liver enzymes in their blood.
Raising awareness about MASLD among both patients and doctors can lead to more effective testing and diagnosis, Jesudian said.
“I think then we need to make sure that providers who are interacting with these patients are looking at the liver disease component of metabolic syndrome,” he said, referring to patients with a cluster of conditions including high blood sugar, high blood pressure and excess weight. “So checking liver enzymes, that they know how to assess for fibrosis, even based on these blood test scores.”
MASLD and MASH can often be asymptomatic, making self-detection more challenging.
“Right now, it’s haphazard. Some people get tested. Others get suspected. Third, who knows?” El-Serag said.
Dr. Neehar Parikh, a hepatologist at the University of Michigan who specializes in liver cancer, said he is seeing more patients with MASLD as a driving factor for liver cancer.
Patients with MASLD can develop liver cancer without developing cirrhosis, making it even more challenging to detect those cases, Parikh said. Up to 40% of those with liver cancers linked to MASLD don’t develop cirrhosis, according to the report.
Figuring out who those patients are is the “million-dollar question,” he said. “Those patients that develop MASLD that develop liver cancer, you know, how do you screen that population? We don’t really know what to do.”
Still, Parikh said these types of cases are rare.
Ultimately, Jesudian said, “treating these liver diseases early is the best way to prevent liver cancer, because liver cancer almost always occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease.”
Three in five liver cancer cases globally could be prevented by reducing obesity and alcohol consumption and increasing uptake of the hepatitis vaccine, a study has found.
The Lancet Commission on liver cancer found that most cases were preventable if alcohol consumption, fatty liver disease and levels of viral hepatitis B and C were reduced.
The commission set out several recommendations for policymakers, which it estimated could reduce the incidence of liver cancer cases by 2% to 5% each year by 2050, preventing 9m to 17m new cases of liver cancer and saving 8 million to 15 million lives.
Prof Jian Zhou at Fudan University in China, who led the research, said: “Liver cancer is a growing health issue around the world. It is one of the most challenging cancers to treat, with five-year survival rates ranging from approximately 5% to 30%. We risk seeing close to a doubling of cases and deaths from liver cancer over the next quarter of a century without urgent action to reverse this trend.”
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death. The number of deaths is predicted to grow from 760,000 in 2022 to 1.37 million in 2050.
Previous analyses have predicted that the number of new liver cancer cases will nearly double from 870,000 in 2022 to 1.52m in 2050, mostly due to population growth and ageing populations, with the largest increases expected in Africa. At present, more than 40% of the global liver cancer cases occur in China due to its relatively high rates of hepatitis B infections.
One of the fastest growing causes of liver cancer globally is fatty liver disease, and this is expected to rise because of increasing rates of obesity.
One-third of the global population is estimated to have metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) – previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, where fat builds up in a person’s liver – though it can be prevented by eating a balanced diet, being physically active and potentially losing weight.
Only 20% to 30% of people with MASLD go on to develop the more severe form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which can lead to liver cancer. The commission said the proportion of liver cancer cases associated with MASH was projected to increase from 8% in 2022 to 11% in 2050.
The second fastest growing cause is alcohol, with associated liver cases projected to increase from 19% in 2022 to 21% in 2050. In contrast, the proportion of liver cancer cases linked to hepatitis B is expected to decrease from 39% in 2022 to 37% in 2050, while hepatitis C-related cases are projected to drop from 29% to 26%.
The commission author Prof Hashem B El-Serag of Baylor College of Medicine in the US said: “Liver cancer was once thought to occur mainly in patients with viral hepatitis or alcohol-related liver disease. However, today, rising rates of obesity are an increasing risk factor for liver cancer, primarily due to the increase in cases of excess fat around the liver.”
The commission’s recommendations included that governments boost HBV vaccination and implement universal screening for adults; introduce minimum alcohol unit pricing and sugar taxes along with warning labels; invest in early detection of liver damage and cancer; and improve palliative care for sufferers.
The commission author Prof Valérie Paradis of Beaujon hospital in France said: “There is an urgent need to raise awareness within society about the severity of the growing health issue of rising liver cancer cases.
“Compared with other cancers, liver cancer is very hard to treat but has more distinct risk factors, which help define specific prevention strategies. With joint and continuous efforts, we believe many liver cancer cases can be prevented, and both the survival and quality of patients with liver cancer will be considerably improved.”
Dr Matt Hoare, an associate professor in hepatology at the University of Cambridge’s Early Cancer Institute, said liver cancer was “unlike many other cancers” in that the death rate was still rising, with the causes varying by region.
He said public health policy changes have proven effective, since Japan had successfully reduced its death rate by implementing preventive policies and improving detection to find cancers earlier. His team is seeking to identify new ways to spot patients with liver disease who will develop cancer through DNA sequencing of the liver.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are a group of cancers that affect cells in and around our mouth and nose. With 890,000 new cases and 450,000 deaths annually, HNSCC accounts for roughly 4.5% of cancer diagnoses and deaths worldwide. Treatment options for HNSCC are very limited, so nearly half of affected patients with HNSCC die from the disease. Current therapies consist of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which can be effective but often have limited success and significant side effects.
To meet this unmet medical need, researchers at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine are exploring new approaches to improve the effectiveness of treatments for HNSCC. In a new study of oral cancer, a type of HNSCC, they demonstrate how precisely timing two different treatments can potentially improve treatment outcomes by protecting tumor-draining lymph nodes, which are located close to tumors and have an important role in mediating the immune system’s response to the tumor.
It causes the immune system’s first-line viral defenses, known as interferons, to attack the body. Nearly every organ is at risk, leading to conditions like kidney and heart disease.
But unlike many other autoimmune or chronic illnesses, lupus can improve as patients reach their 60s and 70s.
“I see my younger lupus patients in their 20s, 30s, and 40s every few months, monitoring them closely for signs of severe disease, but many of my older patients just once a year to touch base,” said Sarah Patterson, MD, assistant professor of medicine in the division of rheumatology at UCSF. “If patients make it through those risky decades, they sometimes see a dramatic improvement.”
Now, Patterson and colleagues have published a study in Science Translational Medicine that reveals how this works.
By analyzing blood samples from patients across the age spectrum, the team discovered that aging turns down the activity of certain immune genes in people with lupus, leading to fewer interferons and other inflammatory proteins in the body.
The study found that in healthy adults, inflammation-related genes and proteins rose slowly over the years, a process that has been dubbed “inflammaging.” In patients with lupus, however, the expression of these genes and proteins were abnormally high in mid-life but decreased as the decades went by.
“Inflammaging seemed to be reversed in the lupus patients,” said Chaz Langelier, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine at UCSF and senior author of the paper. “But it wasn’t fully reversed. The lupus patients still had a greater level of inflammatory signaling compared to healthy adults in older age.”
That reversal reflected what Patterson has seen in her patients — a return to something approaching healthy older age.
Next, the team intends to test whether drugs that block interferons are more or less effective in lupus patients at different ages. They also hope to extend the approach to understand other inflammation-related conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, and atherosclerosis.
Chaz Langelier, MD, PhD, professor of medicine at UCSF and senior author of the paper. Photo by Susan Merrell
Authors: Other UCSF authors are Rithwik Narendra, Hoang Van Phan, Ana Almonte-Loya, Emily C. Lydon, MD, Christina Love, Michiko Shimoda, PhD, Padmini Deosthale, MS, Lenka Maliskova, Walter Eckalbar, PhD, Gabriela K. Fragiadakis, PhD, Jinoos Yazdany, MD, MPH, Maria Dall’Era, MD, Patricia Katz, PhD, Chun Jimmie Ye, PhD, and Marina Sirota, PhD. For a complete author list see the paper.
Funding: This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01 AR069616, K23AT011768, P30 AI027763), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.
A growing measles outbreak in Vehari and its surrounding villages has exposed severe cracks in the district’s healthcare system, with overcrowded hospitals, lack of basic facilities, and delayed medical response.
In Chak 37 WB’s Basti Sheikhawali, residents claim that at least two children have died from measles-related complications.
Families say health teams failed to arrive in time, and critical care was either delayed or absent altogether.
In hospitals, patientsmostly childrenare reportedly being treated on the floor or squeezed two or three to a bed due to a severe shortage of space and resources.
Frustrated locals staged protests, accusing the health department of focusing on “photo opportunities” rather than delivering effective, on-ground interventions.
“Where were the teams when our children were dying?” asked one protester.
Health authorities, however, have rejected claims of negligence and measles-related deaths.
Vehari Health CEO Dr Fahad Waheed stated that no fatalities due to measles have been recorded and that the Expanded Program on Immunisation (EPI) teams are active in the field.
He said 578 suspected measles cases have been reported in the district since January 2025, but only 66 have tested positive so far.
In Union Council 5, of the nine suspected cases, only one was clinically confirmed.
Dr Waheed further emphasised that MR1 and MR2 vaccination rates in Vehari stand at 92% and 90%, respectivelyfigures consistent with national targets.
Regarding a child’s death in Shabbirabad, which residents linked to the measles outbreak, the health department clarified it was caused by neonatal tetanus following an unsafe delivery conducted at home by an untrained midwife.
Legal action has been recommended against those responsible and crash immunisation and awareness campaigns are now underway in the affected regions.
Despite these clarifications, civil society leaders remain unconvinced. Civic activist Sajid Masood Mughal, expressed skepticism over official statements.
“The numbers don’t match the chaos we’re witnessing in hospitals. Bed shortages and lack of urgent care are real,” said a resident.
The local activists called on the Punjab government to ensure swift, visible action, warning that without expanded vaccination, early diagnosis, and grassroots awareness, the situation could deteriorate further. They also urged authorities to strengthen the district’s healthcare infrastructure before the outbreak spirals out of control.
