Category: 8. Health

Bottom Line: Uterine cancer incidence and mortality rates are projected to increase significantly over the next three decades in the United States, with incidence-based mortality expected to be nearly three times higher in Black women compared with white women by 2050.

Journal in Which the Study was Published: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)

Author: Jason D. Wright, MD, chief of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at Columbia University

Background: While incidence and mortality rates for most cancer types have been on the decline in the United States, cases of uterine cancer increased an average of 0.7% each year between 2013 and 2022 and age-adjusted death rates increased 1.6% annually between 2014 and 2023, according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Black women are disproportionally affected with a death rate from uterine cancer that is about twice as high compared with women of other races or ethnicities. 

Overall, uterine cancer is one of the few cancers where both incidence and mortality have been increasing, and prior studies have consistently shown significant racial disparities among Black and white women. Understanding future trends will help inform the development of robust strategies to reduce the burden and improve outcomes.” 

Jason D. Wright, MD, lead author of the study

How the Study was Conducted: As part of the NCI’s Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET), Wright and his colleagues built the Columbia University Uterine Cancer Model (UTMO). This natural history model of uterine cancer simulates the trajectories for incidence and mortality based on characteristics from a sample population, taking into account factors such as age (between 18 and 84), race (Black and white), birth cohort (grouped in 10-year intervals starting in 1910-1920), stage (as determined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer), and histologic subtype (the more common endometrioid uterine cancer vs. non-endometrioid cancers, which tend to have a worse prognosis). Survival estimates are based on current available treatments with the model unable to account for potential advances in therapeutics. 

To validate the model, Wright and his team used UTMO to predict the median age of diagnosis, survival rate, and distribution of diagnosis by stage for uterine cancer in 2018, and found those projections were comparable to the actual SEER data from that year. 

Following this validation, they estimated the future rates of uterine cancer based on publicly available sources through 2018.

Results: Incidence was projected to increase from 57.7 cases per 100,000 in 2018 to 74.2 cases per 100,000 in 2050 for white women and from 56.8 cases per 100,000 to 86.9 cases per 100,000 for Black women. Incidence-based mortality was projected to increase from 6.1 per 100,000 to 11.2 per 100,000 among white women and from 14.1 per 100,000 to 27.9 per 100,000 among Black women. 

Further, while the incidence of endometrioid tumors is projected to increase considerably in both Black (34.2 per 100,000 to 50.5 per 100,000) and white (49.2 per 100,000 to 63.4 per 100,000) women, the increased incidence of non-endometrioid tumors was more significant in Black (from 22.5 per 100,000 to 36.3 per 100,000) than white (from 8.5 per 100,000 to 10.8 per 100,000) women. 

The model also showed that should hysterectomy rates continue to decrease and obesity rates continue to increase, the incidence and mortality rates for uterine cancer would increase more drastically for both white and Black women. Obesity is a known risk factor for uterine cancer, and while an increase in the use of obesity treatments like GLP-1s could instead cause obesity rates to decline, Wright explained it is hard to predict if that will be the case. Hysterectomy is known to reduce the risk of uterine cancer, but due to the availability of nonsurgical treatments for gynecologic disease, hysterectomy rates are projected to decline 25.7% from 2020 to 2035. 

Author’s comments: “There are likely a number of factors that are associated with the increased burden of uterine cancer in Black women,” Wright said. “They more commonly have aggressive types of uterine cancer, face delayed diagnosis resulting in later-stage disease at diagnosis, and there are often delays in their treatment.”

Wright and his colleagues also performed a stress test of the model by incorporating hypothetical screening and intervention methods that could detect uterine cancer and precancerous changes prior to clinical diagnosis. The screening and intervention methods were most effective when introduced at age 55 with declines in cancer incidence that lasted up to 15 years in white women and up to 16 years in Black women. 

“The stress testing suggests that if there was an effective screening test, we may be able to substantially reduce the burden of disease,” Wright said. “While there is presently no screening or prevention that is routinely used for uterine cancer, we are currently examining the potential impact of integrating screening for this cancer into practice.” 

Study limitations: Limitations of the study include the fact that the model is based only on population-level estimates, and some of the risk factors, though representing the highest quality of data available, could be outdated. Additionally, not all potential risk factors for uterine cancer were incorporated into the model, but Wright said they are working to develop more precise estimates of other risk factors. Other limitations include the smaller number of annual cases of non-endometrioid tumors, lack of data on uterine sarcomas, and inclusion of data on only Black and white women. 

Funding & disclosures: The study was supported by funds from the NCI. Wright has received royalties from UpToDate, honoraria from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and research support from Merck. 

Ophthalmology has been on a tremendous rise in recent years, with developments on almost every front and new treatments for a slew of diseases. Upcoming therapies and groundbreaking technology have paved the way for attempts to lighten the treatment burden on patients by extending dosing intervals; a number of medications have exhibited efficacy outside of their expected field in ophthalmology; and trial successes have come hard and fast.

Q2 2025 followed many of these patterns, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) handing out approvals to several critically important medications and companies worldwide announcing successful advancements on first-of-their-kind drugs. Niches were filled, treatment burdens were lessened, and alternative therapies were discovered. To mark the end of Q2 2025, HCPLive Ophthalmology created a recap of the biggest news from April to June 2025.

This recap collects 5 regulatory updates from the FDA, our 5 biggest trial announcement articles, and 3 critical insights from top experts featured prominently within our coverage.

Q2 2025 Regulatory Updates in Ophthalmology

FDA Issues Complete Response Letter to Aflibercept 8 mg for Extended Dosing

Announced on April 18, this CRL was specifically for parent company Regeneron’s proposed dosage extension up to 24-weeks. No safety or efficacy issues of aflibercept 8 mg in any of its approved dosing regimens or indications were found; the FDA disagreed instead with an attempt to extend dosing intervals longer than the current maximum of 16 weeks according to the label.

FDA Approves Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension for Ocular Inflammation

On June 12, 2025, the FDA approved the sterile, topical anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of steroid-responsive ocular inflammation. The medication is a self-administered eye drop intended for use 2-4 times daily. In addition to this approval, parent company Amneal Pharmaceuticals announced a planned launch for the third quarter of 2025.

FDA Approves Acoltremon Ophthalmic Solution (TRYPTYR) for Dry Eye Disease

On May 28, 2025, the FDA approved acoltremon, a first-in-class transient receptor potential melastatin 8 channel receptor agonist which stimulates corneal sensory nerves, to treat dry eye disease. Both pivotal phase 3 trials, COMET-2 and COMET-3, displayed rapid onset and sustained tear production, as well as a substantial percentage of patients with a ≥10mm increase in unanesthetized Schirmer’s score across both trials compared to vehicle.

FDA Approves Susvimo for Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy

Announced on May 22, 2025, this approval marked the third approved indication for Susvimo, along with diabetic macular edema. The medication was made available to US retina specialists from the day that parent company Genentech announced the FDA approval. Susvimo is now the first and only FDA-approved continuous delivery treatment able to maintain vision in people with diabetic retinopathy with only 1 refill every 9 months.

FDA Grants IND Clearance to Immunoglobulin Eye Drops for Dry Eye Disease

On May 21, 2025, the FDA granted Investigational New Drug clearance to Selagine, Inc.’s immunoglobulin drops, an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory biologic drug for the treatment of dry eye disease. Selagine and partner Grifols, one of the leading producers of plasma-derived medicines, expect that the IG drops will reach retail pharmacies in early 2029.

Q2 2025 Trial Announcements in Ophthalmology

VVN461 Trial Topline Results Announced for Non-Infectious Anterior Uveitis

Announced April 24, 2025, VivaVision announced that both VVN461-1.0% and VVN461-0.5% showed non-inferior efficacy against a prednisolone acetate comparator cohort in treating NIAU. Although VivaVision is based in China, the company has announced its intention to request a type C meeting with the FDA regarding phase 3 trials and an eventual BLA.

Pegcetacoplan Reduces Rate of Geographic Atrophy Growth, 1-Year Trial Data Shows

On April 23, 2025, 12-month results from the ongoing GALE open-label extension study indicated pegcetacoplan’s ability to reduce the mean rate of geographic atrophy growth. Initiated in response to positive results from the 2-year OAKS and DERBY trials of pegcetacoplan in patients with GA secondary to AMD, GALE is expected to significantly advance the evidence for the medication’s long-term safety and efficacy by its culmination.

Oral Zervimesine Reduces Geographic Atrophy Lesion Growth in Phase 2 Trial

Announced by Cognition Therapeutics on May 8, 2025, the phase 2 MAGNIFY trial resulted in oral zervimesine reducing lesion growth in patients with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Simultaneously being developed for Alzheimer’s and dementia with Lewy bodies, the once-daily oral pill may overcome the limitations of current treatment options, which require regular intravitreal injections.

Veligrotug Shows Durability for Thyroid Eye Disease in Phase 3 Trial Results

Long-term data announced on May 20, 2025, by Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. indicated the positive long-term durability of veligrotug in treating thyroid eye disease. Veligrotug, already granted the Breakthrough Therapy designation by the FDA prior, is also on track with its BLA planned for the second half of 2025.

Opthea Announces Termination of ShORe and COAST Trials of Sozinibercept

On April 2, 2025, Opthea announced the termination of their ShORe and COAST trials after sozinibercept failed to achieve vision improvement benchmarks in treating wet AMD. COAST failed on March 24, which led Opthea to accelerate topline data of the ShORe trial. However, when this trial also missed its benchmarks, Opthea shuttered the trials.

Q2 Expert Perspectives in Ophthalmology

Phase 2 LUNA Trial Results for Ixo-vec to Treat Neovascular AMD with Dante Pieramici, MD

Dante Pieramici, MD, assistant clinical professor of ophthalmology at the Doheny Eye Center in Southern California, discusses the results of the phase 2 LUNA trial of ixoberogene Soroparvovec intravitreal gene therapy for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Changing Dosage Regimens in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema, with Mark Barakat, MD

Mark Barakat, MD, founder and director of research at the Retina Macula Institute of Arizona, discusses his post-hoc analysis examining the shortening or extending of aflibercept 8 mg dosage for patients with DME through week 96 of the PHOTON trial.

Switching to Aflibercept 8 mg in Treatment-Experienced Patients with Ted Leng, MD

Theodore Leng, MD, Director of Clinical and Translational Research and Director of Ophthalmic Diagnostics at the Stanford University School of Medicine, discusses the process of switching to aflibercept 8mg from other anti-VEGF agents in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Researchers at Tohoku University have discovered that an oral drug called MA-5 can improve both heart and muscle problems in Barth syndrome, a rare genetic disorder affecting 1 in 300,000 births worldwide with no current cure.

Barth syndrome is caused by mutations in the TAZ gene that leave patients—mostly young boys—with weakened hearts, muscle fatigue, and increased rates of infection. Many require heart transplants, and current treatments only manage symptoms without addressing the underlying cause.

The research team, led by Professors Takaaki Abe, and Takafumi Toyohara, and first author Yoshiyasu Tongu, tested MA-5 on cells from four Barth syndrome patients and in fruit fly (Drosophila) models of the disease. Published in The FASEB Journal on June 21, 2025, their findings reveal that MA-5 boosted cellular energy (ATP) production by up to 50% and protected cells from oxidative stress-induced death.

What excites us most is that MA-5 works by targeting the fundamental problem in Barth syndrome—defective energy production in mitochondria. Unlike current treatments that only manage symptoms, MA-5 actually improves the root cause of how cells generate energy.”

Professor Takaaki Abe

MA-5 was chosen as a treatment because it enhances interactions between two crucial mitochondrial proteins—mitofilin and ATP synthase—leading to more efficient energy production. As such, this mechanism directly addresses the cause of cellular dysfunction in Barth syndrome.

In human muscle cells derived from Barth syndrome iPS cell models, MA-5 corrected abnormal mitochondrial structures and reduced cellular stress markers. When tested in Drosophila with Barth syndrome, the drug dramatically improved their climbing ability (capacity for physical exertion) and normalized their elevated heart rates—two key symptoms that mirror how the disease affects humans. Furthermore, MA-5 restored normal mitochondrial structure in the Drosophila muscle tissue.

These promising results suggest that MA-5 addresses the largest challenges faced by patients with Barth syndrome, which would significantly improve their quality of life. Phase I clinical trials in Japan have been completed successfully, and the research team is preparing to start Phase II trials soon.

“We’ve validated MA-5 using patient cells, iPS cell models and a Drosophila model of Barth syndrome,” remarks Abe. “The evidence from all of these studies supports its potential effectiveness in patients with Barth syndrome, which we hope to examine more in the next clinical trial.”

Considering the limited options for treatment currently available, this research provides hope for a better future for patients and their families. Critically, MA-5 can be taken orally, which makes administration significantly easier for pediatric patients. It is the first oral medication for Barth syndrome to progress to the clinical trial stage.

The team’s findings suggest that MA-5 could become the first disease-modifying treatment for Barth syndrome, offering new therapeutic options beyond current symptomatic management.

The research was supported by grants from JSPS KAKENHI, AMED, and other Japanese research foundations.

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Long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution may contribute to subtle heart tissue changes associated with the early signs of heart damage, according to research published in Radiology.

The study, which used cardiac MRI, found a connection between higher exposure to particulate matter and diffuse myocardial fibrosis – microscopic scarring in the heart muscle.

Although the relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular disease is well established, the specific tissue-level changes driving this risk remain unclear. This investigation aimed to clarify that link using imaging-based assessments of myocardial health.

MRI reveals early signs of fibrosis

The study examined 694 individuals in total, including 201 healthy participants and 493 people with dilated cardiomyopathy. Researchers measured each participant’s myocardial extracellular volume, a marker of fibrosis, using cardiac MRI. These values were then compared with estimates of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, also known as PM2.5.

PM2.5 refers to airborne particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. These particles are small enough to be inhaled deeply into the lungs and pass into the bloodstream. Common sources include traffic emissions, industrial activity and wildfires.

“We know that if you’re exposed to air pollution, you’re at higher risk of cardiac disease, including higher risk of having a heart attack,” said the study’s senior author Kate Hanneman, MD, MPH, from the Department of Medical Imaging at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and University Health Network in Toronto. “We wanted to understand what drives this increased risk at the tissue level.” 

Participants with higher long-term exposure to PM2.5 exhibited greater levels of myocardial fibrosis. This association held true for both healthy individuals and those with existing heart disease. The most pronounced effects were observed in women, people who smoke and individuals with hypertension.

Reinforcing pollution as a risk factor

The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence suggesting that air pollution is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. This risk persists even when other major contributors, such as smoking and high blood pressure, are accounted for. The study also showed that health impacts may occur even when pollution levels fall below current global guidelines.

“Even modest increases in air pollution levels appear to have measurable effects on the heart,” Hanneman said. “Our study suggests that air quality may play a significant role in changes to heart structure, potentially setting the stage for future cardiovascular disease.”

“Public health measures are needed to further reduce long-term air pollution exposure,” continued Hanneman. “There have been improvements in air quality over the past decade, both in Canada and the United States, but we still have a long way to go.”  

This research may support efforts to improve cardiovascular risk prediction. For example, air pollution exposure history could help clinicians refine risk assessments for patients in high-exposure settings, including outdoor workers or those living in highly polluted regions.

The results also underscore the role of radiologists and medical imaging in environmental health research. 

“Medical imaging can be used as a tool to understand environmental effects on a patient’s health,” Hanneman said. “As radiologists, we have a tremendous opportunity to use imaging to identify and quantify some of the health effects of environmental exposures in various organ systems.” 

Reference: Du Plessis J, DesRoche C, Delaney S, et al. Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and myocardial fibrosis assessed with cardiac MRI. Radiology. 2025. doi: 10.1148/radiol.250331

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“Nightmare severity is robustly associated with lactose intolerance and other food allergies,” said Dr Tore Nielsen of Université de Montréal, lead author of the article in Frontiers in Psychology. “These new findings imply that changing eating habits for people with some food sensitivities could alleviate nightmares. They could also explain why people so often blame dairy for bad dreams!”

Sweet dreams?

Although folk beliefs have long held that what you eat affects how you sleep, there’s very little evidence to prove or disprove them. To investigate, researchers surveyed 1,082 students at MacEwan University. They asked about sleep time and quality, dreams and nightmares, and any perceived association between different kinds of dreams and different foods. They also asked about participants’ mental and physical health and their relationship with food.

About a third of respondents reported regular nightmares. Women were more likely to remember their dreams and to report poor sleep and nightmares, and nearly twice as likely as men to report a food intolerance or allergy. About 40% of participants said that they thought eating late at night or specific foods affected their sleep; roughly 25% thought particular foods could make their sleep worse. People who ate less healthily were more likely to have negative dreams and less likely to remember dreams.

“We are routinely asked whether food affects dreaming — especially by journalists on food-centric holidays,” said Nielsen. “Now we have some answers.”

Cheesy culprits

Most participants who blamed their bad sleep on food thought sweets, spicy foods, or dairy were responsible. Only a comparatively small proportion — 5.5% of respondents — felt that what they ate affected the tone of their dreams, but many of these people said they thought sweets or dairy made their dreams more disturbing or bizarre.

When the authors compared reports of food intolerances to reports of bad dreams and poor sleep, they found that lactose intolerance was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, nightmares, and low sleep quality. It’s possible that eating dairy activates gastrointestinal disturbance, and the resulting discomfort affects people’s dreams and the quality of their rest.

“Nightmares are worse for lactose intolerant people who suffer severe gastrointestinal symptoms and whose sleep is disrupted,” said Nielsen. “This makes sense, because we know that other bodily sensations can affect dreaming. Nightmares can be very disruptive, especially if they occur often, because they tend to awaken people from sleep in a dysphoric state. They might also produce sleep avoidance behaviors. Both symptoms can rob you of restful sleep.”

Eat well to sleep well?

This could also explain why fewer participants reported a link between their food and their dreams than in a previous study by Nielsen and his colleague Dr Russell Powell of MacEwan University, conducted eleven years earlier on a similar population. Improved awareness of food intolerances could mean that the students in the present study ate fewer foods likely to activate their intolerances and affect their sleep. If this is the case, then simple dietary interventions could potentially help people improve their sleep and overall health.

However, besides the robust link between lactose intolerance and nightmares, it’s not clear how the relationship between sleep and diet works. It’s possible that people sleep less well because they eat less well, but it’s also possible that people don’t eat well because they don’t sleep well, or that another factor influences both sleep and diet. Further research will be needed to confirm these links and identify the underlying mechanisms.

“We need to study more people of different ages, from different walks of life, and with different dietary habits to determine if our results are truly generalizable to the larger population,” said Nielsen. “Experimental studies are also needed to determine if people can truly detect the effects of specific foods on dreams. We would like to run a study in which we ask people to ingest cheese products versus some control food before sleep to see if this alters their sleep or dreams.”

June 2025 delivered pivotal updates across the field of women’s health, spanning clinical guidance, therapeutic innovation, policy statements, and new research insights.

From ACOG’s condemnation of violence against reproductive health providers to promising trial data on managing vasomotor symptoms and recurrent bacterial vaginosis, this month’s developments reflect both the clinical and societal forces shaping OB/GYN practice today. Additional highlights include updated AAP recommendations on adolescent contraceptive care and new findings linking ADHD to increased risk of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

In this monthly roundup, Contemporary OB/GYN summarizes the most significant clinical findings, expert commentary, and policy developments from June 2025.

Click on each headline below for full coverage and analysis.

1. Elinzanetant found to reduce VMS from endocrine therapy for breast cancer

A phase 3 trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that elinzanetant significantly reduced moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms in women receiving endocrine therapy for hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. Among the 474 participants, those receiving elinzanetant reported up to 3.5 fewer daily hot flash episodes by week 4 compared to placebo. Improvements in sleep and menopausal quality of life were also greater in the elinzanetant group. These findings address a critical need, as vasomotor symptoms often undermine adherence to endocrine therapy, potentially affecting long-term cancer outcomes.

2. Secnidazole shows promise for recurrent BV treatment in new clinical trial

New data presented at the 2025 ACOG Annual Clinical and Scientific Meeting support the long-term use of secnidazole oral granules for recurrent bacterial vaginosis (BV), a condition affecting nearly 1 in 3 reproductive-aged women in the U.S. In a small trial, once-weekly 2 g doses showed comparable or improved efficacy to CDC-recommended suppressive regimens. Lead investigator Chemen M. Neal, MD, emphasized the potential for simplified dosing to improve adherence and reduce recurrence. The findings also underscore the need for accurate diagnosis and sustained management of BV, which carries both physical and psychosocial burdens.

3. ACOG condemns violence against reproductive health care providers

In a joint statement, ACOG president Steven J. Fleischman, MD, and CEO Sandra E. Brooks, MD, condemned recent acts of violence targeting reproductive health care providers, including a bombing at a Minnesota fertility clinic and online harassment of clinicians. The statement, released following the 2025 ACOG Annual Clinical and Scientific Meeting, underscored the escalating risks ob-gyns face for delivering comprehensive reproductive care. Citing long-standing patterns of ideologically motivated violence, ACOG called for strengthened protections under policies like the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act and urged political leaders to oppose threats against providers.

4. AAP issues updated guidance on contraception for adolescents

The American Academy of Pediatrics updated its guidance on adolescent contraceptive care, urging pediatricians to provide developmentally appropriate, confidential counseling and access to the full spectrum of contraceptive methods. Published in the July 2025 issue of Pediatrics, the policy emphasizes equity, autonomy, and shared decision-making. The AAP highlights the need for proactive engagement given persistent gaps in contraceptive use among teens and calls for expanded access through telehealth and school-based care. Pediatricians are also encouraged to integrate contraception discussions with broader sexual health care, including STI screening and HPV vaccination.

5. ADHD linked to higher risk of premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Women with ADHD may face a significantly higher risk of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), according to new findings published in the British Journal of Psychiatry. Using survey data from U.K. participants, researchers found PMDD symptoms were over three times more likely in women with ADHD, and risk was even higher when anxiety or depression was also present. PMDD was identified in 31.4% of those with ADHD versus 9.8% of those without. The study’s authors called for increased screening and a better understanding of how hormonal changes affect women with ADHD to address diagnostic disparities.

Using an inexpensive electrode coated with DNA, MIT researchers have designed disposable diagnostics that could be adapted to detect a variety of diseases, including cancer or infectious diseases such as influenza and HIV.

These electrochemical sensors make use of a DNA-chopping enzyme found in the CRISPR gene-editing system. When a target such as a cancerous gene is detected by the enzyme, it begins shearing DNA from the electrode nonspecifically, like a lawnmower cutting grass, altering the electrical signal produced.

One of the main limitations of this type of sensing technology is that the DNA that coats the electrode breaks down quickly, so the sensors can’t be stored for very long and their storage conditions must be tightly controlled, limiting where they can be used. In a new study, MIT researchers stabilized the DNA with a polymer coating, allowing the sensors to be stored for up to two months, even at high temperatures. After storage, the sensors were able to detect a prostate cancer gene that is often used to diagnose the disease.

The DNA-based sensors, which cost only about 50 cents to make, could offer a cheaper way to diagnose many diseases in low-resource regions, says Ariel Furst, the Paul M. Cook Career Development Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT and the senior author of the study.

“Our focus is on diagnostics that many people have limited access to, and our goal is to create a point-of-use sensor. People wouldn’t even need to be in a clinic to use it. You could do it at home,” Furst says.

MIT graduate student Xingcheng Zhou is the lead author of the paper, published June 30 in the journal ACS Sensors. Other authors of the paper are MIT undergraduate Jessica Slaughter, Smah Riki ’24, and graduate student Chao Chi Kuo.

An inexpensive sensor

Electrochemical sensors work by measuring changes in the flow of an electric current when a target molecule interacts with an enzyme. This is the same technology that glucose meters use to detect concentrations of glucose in a blood sample.

The electrochemical sensors developed in Furst’s lab consist of DNA adhered to an inexpensive gold leaf electrode, which is laminated onto a sheet of plastic. The DNA is attached to the electrode using a sulfur-containing molecule known as a thiol.

In a 2021 study, Furst’s lab showed that they could use these sensors to detect genetic material from HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV). The sensors detect their targets using a guide RNA strand, which can be designed to bind to nearly any DNA or RNA sequence. The guide RNA is linked to an enzyme called Cas12, which cleaves DNA nonspecifically when it is turned on and is in the same family of proteins as the Cas9 enzyme used for CRISPR genome editing.

If the target is present, it binds to the guide RNA and activates Cas12, which then cuts the DNA adhered to the electrode. That alters the current produced by the electrode, which can be measured using a potentiostat (the same technology used in handheld glucose meters).

“If Cas12 is on, it’s like a lawnmower that cuts off all the DNA on your electrode, and that turns off your signal,” Furst says.

In previous versions of the device, the DNA had to be added to the electrode just before it was used, because DNA doesn’t remain stable for very long. In the new study, the researchers found that they could increase the stability of the DNA by coating it with a polymer called polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

This polymer, which costs less than 1 cent per coating, acts like a tarp that protects the DNA below it. Once deposited onto the electrode, the polymer dries to form a protective thin film.

“Once it’s dried, it seems to make a very strong barrier against the main things that can harm DNA, such as reactive oxygen species that can either damage the DNA itself or break the thiol bond with the gold and strip your DNA off the electrode,” Furst says.

Successful detection

The researchers showed that this coating could protect DNA on the sensors for at least two months, and it could also withstand temperatures up to about 150 degrees Fahrenheit. After two months, they rinsed off the polymer and demonstrated that the sensors could still detect PCA3, a prostate cancer gene that can be found in urine.

This type of test could be used with a variety of samples, including urine, saliva, or nasal swabs. The researchers hope to use this approach to develop cheaper diagnostics for infectious diseases, such as HPV or HIV, that could be used in a doctor’s office or at home. This approach could also be used to develop tests for emerging infectious diseases, the researchers say.

A group of researchers from Furst’s lab was recently accepted into delta v, MIT’s student venture accelerator, where they hope to launch a startup to further develop this technology. Now that the researchers can create tests with a much longer shelf-life, they hope to begin shipping them to locations where they could be tested with patient samples.

“Our goal is to continue to test with patient samples against different diseases in real world environments,” Furst says. “Our limitation before was that we had to make the sensors on site, but now that we can protect them, we can ship them. We don’t have to use refrigeration. That allows us to access a lot more rugged or non-ideal environments for testing.”

The research was funded, in part, by the MIT Research Support Committee and a MathWorks Fellowship.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University] — Sunscreen should be simple: Apply it properly, and it will do its job shielding skin from the sun’s damaging rays. Yet despite the fact that sunscreen has enjoyed popularity for decades — and that it’s recommended for universal use by the American Academy of Dermatology — it is often misunderstood and misused.

Dr. Elnaz Firoz, an associate professor of dermatology, clinician educator, at Brown University’s Warren Alpert Medical School, and medical director of dermatology at Miriam Hospital in Providence, said she spots dozens of sunscreen use mistakes every time she goes to the beach.

“I’m always so shocked at the practices that I see,” Firoz said. “It makes me wonder how we can get more information out to people about how to use sunscreen.”

One way to educate people about sun protection is to connect them with dermatologists. Firoz is one of several Brown-affiliated faculty members who participate in free skin cancer screenings, including at the Amal Clinic at Clínica Esperanza, the Rhode Island Free Clinic and a series of skin check events held at Rhode Island beaches in partnership with the Rhode Island Department of Health.

In this Q&A, Firoz shares sun protection advice and addresses myths about the dangers of sunscreen.

Q: What are the biggest mistakes people make when it comes to using sunscreen?

It’s very common for people at the beach to use aerosol bottles of “invisible” chemical sunscreen. Most of the product ends up getting sprayed into the air instead of on the skin, thereby providing less coverage than intended. People will also use the spray sunscreen on faces, where it can get in the eyes, nose and mouth, and cause stinging or a terrible aftertaste. I understand that the spray version is convenient, but it can be difficult to use it in a way that provides adequate protection.

Q: What type of sunscreen do you recommend?

I advise my patients to find a broad-spectrum — meaning it protects against both UVA and UVB sun rays — mineral sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30. There are two main product formulations: mineral sunscreens, which have ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide that sit on the top layer of your skin and block and reflect UV rays; and chemical sunscreens, which sink into your skin and act like sponges, absorbing the sun’s UV rays. Chemical sunscreens are somewhat less photostable than mineral sunscreens, which means they degrade over time slightly more quickly as they are exposed to UV radiation.

I’m a big fan of mineral sunscreen lotion, which is not only broad-spectrum but also safe, and lasts longer both in and out of the water. Mineral formulations tend to be thicker and some may leave a whitish cast on the skin, but technology has advanced to the point that there are now tinted and untinted mineral sunscreens that go on quite easily. 

Q: In your practice, what implications for patients do you see as a result of not wearing sunscreen?

The main reason to use sunscreen is to prevent skin cancer. All types of skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, are unfortunately on the rise. Melanoma is especially worrisome because it can metastasize if not caught early and become fatal, which is why we urge people to get skin checks. Squamous cell carcinoma can also be fatal (albeit rarely), particularly in patients who are elderly or immunocompromised. 

UV radiation is a carcinogen — we know that to be 100% true. Each person is going to withstand that carcinogen differently based on their genetics and behavioral practices. And there are, of course, subtypes of melanoma that are not related to the sun. But I tell patients that generally speaking, their risk for skin cancer will be lower if they practice sun safe behaviors, which includes wearing sunscreen. Wearing sunscreen also slows the process of sun damage to the skin.