Category: 7. Science

How can educational media impact a child’s learning outcomes? This is what a recent study published in the Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology hopes to address as a team of researchers investigated a correlation between educational media on tablets and phones with child development. This study has the potential to help researchers, educators, and the public better understand the tools and resources that can be used for adolescent learning and child development.

For the study, the researchers analyzed data obtained from questionnaires completed by 346 caregivers, who reported the specific apps, games, TV shows, and videos their spring semester first grader child used, which the researchers then determined which content was educational or entertainment. In the end, the researchers found that not only did educational content comprise the majority of the media use, but that STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) subject comprised the majority of the educational content. In follow-up research, it was found that PBS comprised 45.2 percent of the educational content.

“We need to know what’s out there and what children are actually using of what’s available to understand how to better diversify the content for children and make sure it’s being used by the children who need it most,” said Dr. Rebecca Dore, who is the Director of Research at the Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy at The Ohio State University and lead author of the study. “We’re all worried about what enriching activities that children might not be engaging in because they’re spending so much time using screens. So, let’s increase the quality of the screen time they’re getting.”

What new connections between educational media and child learning development will researchers make in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

Sources: Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, EurekAlert!

The James Webb Space Telescope has captured a stunning new image of two dying stars wreathed in a spiral of dust.

The highly rare star system is located some 8,000 light-years from Earth, within our Milky Way galaxy. Upon its discovery in 2018, it was nicknamed Apep, after the ancient Egyptian serpent god of chaos and destruction, as its writhing pattern of shed dust resembles a snake eating its own tail.

opinion William Gibson’s Neuromancer holds up well after 40 years. One of the cyberpunk novel’s concepts was an AI housed in an orbital datacenter (ODC) above the Earth. Today, startup companies and venture capital firms are hoping to turn orbital datacenters into reality to enable AI, believing that free power from the sun and cooling using the emptiness of space will unlock the technology from its terrestrial-based shackles of electric bills and cooling water.

The ODC concept recently got a Wall Street plug on CNBC’s “Property Play” last week, with the global chief investment officer of Hines taking time away from his $90 billion plus portfolio of 108 million square feet of dirt-bound properties to talk about monetizing space and building datacenters on the Moon.

A number of firms have received venture funding to put datacenters in space, including seasoned players such as Orbits Edge, which has worked the non-trivial engineering problems of putting a rack in space before COVID was a thing, to newcomer flush-with-cash Starcloud, fresh out of Y Combinator and with about $21 million in pocket change, as reported by GeekWire. Both Orbits Edge and Starcloud expect to launch their first pathfinder satellites later this year on board a SpaceX rideshare.

Starcloud’s white paper [PDF] argues that going into orbit is the solution to the coming datacenter energy and water crunch that could otherwise stall out the AI boom. I’m skeptical for a bunch of reasons, not the least of which is Starcloud’s website hype video of a huge in-orbit complex with a 4 km-square 5 GW solar array, supporting a cluster of shipping container-sized canisters full of compute power that should be sufficient to train Llama 5 or GPT-6.

Unlocking ODCs requires fully reusable rockets such as SpaceX’s Starship, which will lower the cost of putting things into orbit. The problem is that space is hard. It’s a cliché repeated when a SpaceX Starship test flight goes off the rails and into the ocean in pieces or the Intuitive Machines lander carrying Lonestar Data Holdings “Freedom” datacenter – if we can call a single board computer weighing about a kilogram a datacenter – tipped over onto its side during an attempted landing on the Moon earlier this year.

Getting to orbit presents physical challenges that, despite the allure of “free” power, add onto the cost of putting anything into space. To get to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the easiest location to reach, any piece of hardware has to go from zero to 7.8 kilometers per second in about 10 minutes on a ride much rougher than in an ocean shipping container or 18 wheeler, which means lots of vibrational stresses and directional loading that turn your stock off-the-shelf server into a pile of junk. Hardware needs to be hardened to survive the trip up the gravity well and verified that it won’t inadvertently break the (reusable) rocket along the way. 

Once in orbit, an ODC needs to work perfectly from the first day. There aren’t any remote hands to replace a cable or swap a board. When onsite service calls are needed, they won’t be cheap. Getting a technician on site to LEO today would cost $20 million to $50 million per person with a two-person minimum, with charges escalating dramatically if you need to go to the Moon.

Radiation from the sun and random cosmic rays play havoc with satellite chips unshielded by Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in faults and errors. ODC pundits say radiation issues are manageable by adding shielding and using ruggedized hardware, software, and firmware designed to recognize faults and recover from them without losing data. HPE has done pioneering work onboard the International Space Station with three Spaceborne Computer missions over the past few years, but these have been 1U servers, not racks of compute packed into a shipping container and expected to work for up to a decade without onsite attention. 

Space weather: Lights, spikes, falling sats

Then there’s space weather. The sun randomly spews out massive amounts of protons and electrons that don’t play well with 21st century electronics. Significant outbursts in the modern era result in rerouting polar region flights due to radio interference and take down power grids, such as a 1989 event that affected Québec, damaging transformers and causing a blackout. 

The 1859 Carrington Event, the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, was so intense that it created enough auroral light from the North Pole to enable people in the Northeastern U.S. to read newspapers at night and generated sparking along telegraph lines around the world. 

A repeat of Carrington or larger would cripple or destroy orbiting satellites that aren’t built for a proverbial “100-year storm.” In addition to clobbering electronics, increased solar activity heats up and expands the atmosphere, adding additional drag onto satellites. One recent solar event took down some Starlink satellites ahead of their time, according to a May 25, 2025 paper published by NASA scientists. 

Orbital junkyard

Space debris is the other Achilles heel for large space structures. The rush to put more satellites into orbit every year increases the possibility of a single collision leading to others, with each one generating larger clouds of debris that damage more satellites and so on, in a sort of 3D space version of dominoes. 

This process, called the Kessler Syndrome for the NASA scientist who described it back in 1978, gets more discussion every year as the number of satellites in orbit increases. Realistic plans for cleaning up LEO and other orbits are vague, with some initial demonstrations of removing an intact piece of debris planned in the near future. But until someone figures out how to create and – more importantly – pay for the neighborhood space garbage man to start sweeping in earnest, putting a 4km-square solar array into orbit and expecting it not to take one or more major hits during a decade of operation might be considered a bit too risky. 

ODCs might work for…

While I don’t see GPT-6 being generated by a large-scale ODC in orbit, there are needs and places for smaller-sized versions to handle select jobs close to Earth. Defense applications, such as processing sensor data to support President Trump’s proposed “Golden Dome” for intercepting ballistic and hypersonic weapons, are one obvious place where every millisecond counts. Real-time control of industrial processing, such as mining operations on the Moon, is another area a rack of servers on site makes a key difference. Finally, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and hyperspectral satellites gather very large data sets that could be offloaded to a local ODC for processing into rapidly usable insights, rather than waiting to pass over a downlink station. 

And if I’m wrong and we do see larger-scale ODCs in orbit, hopefully we won’t go down the dark path of cyberpunk with shackled AIs manipulating street criminals to win their freedom. Maybe we’ll be able to work things out amicably. ®

A new discovery in the Grand Canyon is giving scientists a closer look at some of Earth’s earliest animals. This stunning find includes fossils of soft-bodied creatures from more than 500 million years ago.

These aren’t just any fossils – they offer a rare glimpse into how early animals lived, fed, and evolved during a time of rapid biological change.

The fossils were found in rocks that date back to the Cambrian explosion. This period, between 507 and 502 million years ago, marks when many of the major animal groups first appeared.

Intense competition and evolutionary innovation marked this window in time. For the first time in this famous national park, scientists have found exceptionally preserved remains of soft-bodied animals, such as mollusks, crustaceans, and even fragments of their last meals.

A microscopic fossil treasure

Researchers from the University of Cambridge led the study. They collected rock samples during a 2023 expedition along the Colorado River in Arizona.

“We collected a total of 29 samples of diverse shale lithologies, ranging from massive to fissile, gray to purple, and with various degrees of weathering and dolomitization,” the team noted.

The researchers brought the samples back to their lab, where they dissolved the rocks using hydrofluoric acid. After running the sediment through sieves, they uncovered thousands of tiny fossils.

“These rare fossils give us a fuller picture of what life was like during the Cambrian period,” said first author Giovanni Mussini, a Ph.D. student in Cambridge’s Department of Earth Sciences.

“By combining these fossils with traces of their burrowing, walking, and feeding – which are found all over the Grand Canyon – we’re able to piece together an entire ancient ecosystem.”

Early animals had wild ways to eat

The level of preservation is remarkable. Although the fossils weren’t fully intact, the researchers were able to identify structures like spiky teeth, scraping tools, and feeding limbs. These features show how the creatures once lived.

Scientists usually see this kind of fossil preservation only in places like the Burgess Shale in Canada or China’s Maotianshan Shales.

Some of the most surprising finds were animals with complex feeding tools. “These were cutting-edge ‘technologies’ for their time, integrating multiple anatomical parts into high-powered feeding systems,” said Mussini.

Among the fossils were tiny crustaceans resembling modern brine shrimp. They had grooves around their mouths lined with hair-like structures and molar-like teeth that allowed them to grind food efficiently.

Tiny grooves and fossilized food particles near their mouths gave clues about what they were eating.

Fossils reveal feeding variety

The fossils also showed slug-like mollusks with chains of teeth similar to modern garden snails. This suggests they scraped algae or bacteria from rocks.

A priapulid worm – commonly known as a cactus worm – stood out as the most unusual creature, with complex rows of branching teeth.

The researchers named it Kraytdraco spectatus, inspired by the krayt dragon from the Star Wars universe.

“We can see from these fossils that Cambrian animals had a wide variety of feeding styles used to process their food, some which have modern counterparts,” said Mussini.

Perfect conditions to evolve

Half a billion years ago, the Grand Canyon area was much closer to the equator. It was a place where shallow, oxygen-rich waters met just the right amount of sunlight and nutrients.

This balance provided ideal conditions for early animals to evolve and experiment with new traits.

“Animals needed to keep ahead of the competition through complex, costly innovations, but the environment allowed them to do that,” said Mussini. “In a more resource-starved environment, animals can’t afford to make that sort of physiological investment.”

“It’s got certain parallels with economics: invest and take risks in times of abundance; save and be conservative in times of scarcity.”

These fossils show that early animals weren’t just surviving – they were adapting, experimenting, and thriving.

Thanks to their preservation in the fine-grained rocks of the Grand Canyon, we now have a clearer image of an ancient ecosystem that helped shape the diversity of life we see today.

The full study was published in the journal Science Advances.

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NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory may be relatively old space observatories, but that doesn’t stop them from making groundbreaking cosmological discoveries. The two telescopes just spotted an extremely rare type of black hole currently eating a star in space.

Hubble and Chandra “teamed up” to observe NGC 6099 HLX-1, a “bright” X-ray source that appears to emanate from a compact star cluster in NGC 6099, a vast elliptical galaxy located about 450 million light-years from Earth.

The Hubble Space Telescope has played a crucial role in the study of supermassive black holes. Shortly after the telescope launched into space in 1990, it “discovered that throughout the Universe can contain supermassive black holes at their centers weighing millions or billions of times the mass of our Sun,” NASA explains. However, Hubble also found that galaxies can have millions of much smaller black holes that weigh less than 100 times the mass of the Sun. These relatively tiny black holes are born when especially massive stars die.

However, while supermassive black holes can be found throughout the cosmos, and scientists can observe small black holes, there is a third class of black holes that has proven much more elusive: intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs).

In true Goldilocks fashion — not too big and not too small — these IMBHs are often invisible to astronomers because they do not “gobble as much gas and stars” as supermassive black holes, which creates powerful, detectable radiation.

Instead, much like other transient cosmic events, IMBHs can only be observed when they happen to be detected while they are actively consuming a star.

“When [IMBHs] occasionally devour a hapless bypassing star — in what astronomers call a tidal disruption event — they pour out a gusher of radiation,” NASA writes.

The latest “probable” IMBH, NGC 6099 HLX-1, was “caught snacking” in telescope data about 40,000 light-years from NGC 6099’s galactic center. In the associated research, newly published in The Astrophysical Journal, scientists Yi-Chi Chang, Roberto Soria, Albert K.H. Kong, Alister W. Graham, Kirill A. Grishin, and Igor V. Chilingarian explain how they initially discovered unusual X-rays in Chandra observations from 2009. The team then followed up using the European Space Agency’s (ESA) XMM-Newton space observatory.

“X-ray sources with such extreme luminosity are rare outside galaxy nuclei and can serve as a key probe for identifying elusive IMBHs. They represent a crucial missing link in black hole evolution between stellar mass and supermassive black holes,” says the lead author of the research, Yi-Chi Chang of the National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

The X-ray emissions from NGC 6099 HLX-1 were three million degrees, which is consistent with expected observations of a tidal disruption event. Hubble data revealed evidence that a small cluster of stars was located around the suspected IMBH, which would provide ample sustenance for the medium-sized black hole. The stars are incredibly close together, separated by only a few light-months, or about 500 billion miles.

The suspected IMBH hit its maximum observed brightness in 2012 and declined in intensity until 2023.

“If the IMBH is eating a star, how long does it take to swallow the star’s gas? In 2009, HLX-1 was fairly bright. Then in 2012, it was about 100 times brighter. And then it went down again,” explains study co-author Roberto Soria of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). “So now we need to wait and see if it’s flaring multiple times, or there was a beginning, there was peak, and now it’s just going to go down all the way until it disappears.”

NGC 6099 HLX-1 remains a fascinating area of study because scientists believe intermediate-mass black holes may continue growing and someday become supermassive black holes through coalescence with other IMBHs that may be orbiting a galaxy’s center, like satellite black holes.

An alternative theory is that supermassive black holes in galaxies formed from dark-matter halos in the early Universe, rather than being born from multiple black holes combining or through ongoing mass accumulation.

“So if we are lucky, we’re going to find more free-floating black holes suddenly becoming X-ray bright because of a tidal disruption event. If we can do a statistical study, this will tell us how many of these IMBHs there are, how often they disrupt a star, how bigger galaxies have grown by assembling smaller galaxies.” Soria adds.

However, the studies are complicated by the fact that space telescopes, especially ones like Chandra and XMM-Newton that only look at a very small portion of the sky at a time, very rarely discover tidal disruption events. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory, newly opened in Chile, looks at a huge portion of the sky each night and could help locate tidal disruption events for further study, albeit in optical light.

Image credits: Science: NASA, ESA, CXC, Yi-Chi Chang (National Tsing Hua University); Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)

The orbital regime of a terrestrial planet plays a significant role in shaping its atmospheric dynamics, climate, and hence potential habitability.

The orbit is also likely to play a role in shaping the response of a planetary atmosphere to the influx of material from an icy cometary impact. To investigate this response, we model the impact of an icy cometary body with an Earth-analogue exoplanet (i.e. an Earth-like planet orbiting a Sun-like star with a diurnal cycle) using a cometary impact and breakup model coupled with the 3D Earth-System-Model WACCM6/CESM2.

To quantify the role that the atmospheric dynamics play in setting the response to a cometary impact, we compare our results with a previous study investigating an impact with a tidally-locked terrestrial exoplanet.

We find that the circulation regime of the planet plays a key role in shaping the response of the atmosphere to an icy cometary impact. The weak, multi-celled circulation structure that forms on Earth-like planets is efficient at mixing material horizontally but not vertically, limiting the transport of water from the deep break-up site to higher altitudes.

In turn, this limits the rate of water photodissociation at low pressures, reducing the magnitude of post-impact changes to composition. It also reduces the potential observability of an impact due to weakened cloud ice formation, and hence scattering, at low pressures.

Despite this, small changes to the overall composition of the planet persist to quasi-steady-state, reinforcing the idea that ongoing bombardment may help to shape the composition/habitability of terrestrial worlds.

Zonally and temporally averaged cloud ice mixing ratio for both our reference atmosphere (top left) and at five points in time in our exo-Earth analogue cometary impact model: one month (top right), one year (middle left), two years (middle right), three years (bottom left), and eleven years (bottom right) post-impact, by which time the average cloud ice mixing ratio has returned to a state similar to that found in our reference atmosphere. — astro-ph.EP

F. Sainsbury-Martinez, C. Walsh

Comments: 17 Pages, 5 Figures, and Appendix. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2507.18256 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2507.18256v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.18256
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Submission history
From: Felix Sainsbury-Martinez
[v1] Thu, 24 Jul 2025 09:55:21 UTC (6,860 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.18256

Astrobiology, Exoplanet,

Context. Theories of the formation and evolution of small bodies in planetary systems predict that they may escape into interstellar space at any time.

After having characterized just two such interlopers -1I/2017 U1 (Oumuamua) and 2I/Borisov more questions were raised than answered. Assessing the recently discovered interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS will only broaden our understanding of this complex topic.

Aims. Here, we investigate the spectral, cometary, and rotational properties of 3I/ATLAS as well as its dynamical context.

Methods. We identified the spectral type of 3I/ATLAS from the visible reflectance spectrum and used photometric observations to derive its level of activity and rotational properties. Observational data were obtained with the OSIRIS camera spectrograph at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Two-meter Twin Telescope. We used N-body simulations and statistical analyses of Gaia DR3 data to investigate the origin of 3I/ATLAS and its Galactic background.

Results. Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS has a visible spectrum consistent with that of a D-type asteroid, and has a spectral slope of 14.6%/1000 A in the 5000-9000 A range, which is similar to the one of Oumuamua but redder than that of 2I/Borisov and most solar system comets. It has a conspicuous coma and its rotation period is 16.79 h.

The heliocentric components of its Galactic velocity were (U, V, W) = (-51.233, -19.456, 18.930) km/s with a radiant in Sagittarius. The analysis of a sample of kinematic analogs of 3I/ATLAS extracted from Gaia DR3 suggests that its parent system is part of the Galactic thin disk and includes a solar-like star with slightly sub-solar metallicity.

R. de la Fuente Marcos, J. Licandro, M. R. Alarcon, M Serra-Ricart, J. de Leon, C. de la Fuente Marcos, G. Lombardi, A. Tejero, A. Cabrera-Lavers, S. Guerra Arencibia, I. Ruiz Cejudo

Comments: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables. Abstract abridged as per arXiv directive (“The abstract field cannot be longer than 1,920 characters”). Accepted by A&A Letters
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Cite as: arXiv:2507.12922 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2507.12922v2 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.12922
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Related DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556439
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Submission history
From: Raúl de la Fuente Marcos
[v1] Thu, 17 Jul 2025 09:03:52 UTC (301 KB)
[v2] Thu, 24 Jul 2025 17:28:07 UTC (351 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12922
Astrobiology, Astrochemistry,

Researchers at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) have created the world’s simplest artificial cell capable of chemical navigation, migrating toward specific substances like living cells do. This breakthrough, published in Science Advances, demonstrates how microscopic bubbles can be programmed to follow chemical trails. The study describes the development of a ‘minimal cell’ in the form of a lipid vesicle encapsulating enzymes that can propel itself through chemotaxis.

Cellular transport is a vital aspect of many biological processes and a key milestone in evolution. Among all types of movement, chemotaxis is an essential strategy used by many living systems to move towards beneficial signals, such as nutrients, or away from harmful ones.

‘Bacteria rely on it to find food, white blood cells use it to reach sites of infection, and even sperm cells navigate towards the egg through chemotaxis,’ explains Bárbara Borges Fernandes, a PhD student in the Molecular Bionics group at IBEC, Professor at the Faculty of Physics at the University of Barcelona, and the study’s first author. ‘What we find particularly fascinating is that this type of directed movement can occur even without the complex machinery typically involved, such as flagella or intricate signalling pathways. By recreating it in a minimal synthetic system, we aim to uncover the core principles that make such movement possible.’ She adds.

Being able to engineer an artificial cell could help scientists better understand how cell units drive further evolution into more complex structures. “These synthetic cells are like blueprints for nature’s navigation system,” says senior author Professor Giuseppe Battaglia, ICREA Research Professor at IBEC, Principal Investigator of the Molecular Bionics Group and leader of the study. “Build simple, understand profoundly.”

Liposomes and pores: boats and engines

To achieve this, the research team studied how cell-like vesicles move in gradients of two substrates: glucose and urea. They enclosed glucose oxidase or urease enzymes within lipid-based vesicles, called liposomes, to convert glucose and urea into their respective end products. The liposomes were then modified by adding an essential membrane pore protein. This protein acts as a channel for substrates to enter the synthetic cell and for the products of the reactions to exit.

It is known that active motion depends on breaking symmetry. By trapping the enzymes inside the particle and utilising the pores as the primary exchange points, a difference in chemical concentration is generated around the particle. This causes fluid flow along the vesicle’s surface and directs the particle’s movement. It is as if the liposome were a boat, and the pore and the enzyme were its engine and navigation system.

From passive transport to active chemotaxis

The research team analysed the transport of over 10,000 vesicles inside microfluidic channels with glucose or urease gradients to understand general population behaviour. They studied the trajectories of vesicles with varying numbers of pores and compared them with those of control vesicles lacking pores.

‘We observe that the control vesicles move towards lower substrate concentrations due to passive effects other than chemotaxis. As the number of pores in the vesicles increases, so does the chemotactic component. Eventually, this reverses the direction of movement, causing the vesicles to move towards areas with higher substrate concentrations”, Borges explains.

These results are promising from a biochemical perspective because the elements studied are ubiquitously present in the structure of a large majority of cells.

“Watch a vesicle move. Really watch it. That tiny bubble holds secrets: how cells whisper to each other, how they ship life’s cargo. But biology’s machinery is noisy, too many parts! So, we cheat. We rebuild the whole dance with just three things: a fatty shell, one enzyme, and a pore. No fuss. Now the hidden rules jump out. That’s the power of synthetic biology: strip a puzzle down to its bones, and suddenly you see the music in the mess. What once seemed tangled? Pure, elegant chemistry, doing more with less.” describes Battaglia.

The study was conducted in collaboration with José Miguel Rubí’s team at the University of Barcelona (UB), who made the theoretical predictions. The study also benefited from the involvement of the Institute for Physics of Living Systems and the Department of Chemistry at University College London, the University of Liverpool, the Biofisika Institute (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and the Ikerbasque Foundation for Science.