Category: 7. Science

Astronomers are rolling out a welcome mat for a newly identified visitor from beyond our solar system.

The object — thought to be a comet — is only the third-ever confirmed interstellar visitor to pass through our cosmic neighborhood.

Dubbed 3I/ATLAS, the comet poses no danger to Earth and will remain roughly 150 million miles away as it speeds by, according to NASA.

The interstellar comet was first spotted on Tuesday by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Rio Hurtado, Chile. The NASA-funded survey telescope — which is actually made up of two telescopes in Hawaii, one in Chile and a fourth in South Africa — is designed to scan the entire sky several times each night, searching for asteroids that could pose a threat to Earth.

When it comes to star formation, not all galaxies are the same. Some are quenched, meaning they’ve depleted their star forming gas and form very few new stars. Some, like the Milky Way, are typical and form stars at an average rate. But some are extremely active, and form stars so readily they’re called starburst galaxies.

Starburst galaxies experience episodes of pronounced star formation, where stellar superclusters containing 100,000 stars or more are born in the hundreds. These galaxies can form hundreds or even thousands of solar masses in stars each year. As a result, they’re extremely luminous, and can be brighter than the Sun by trillions of times in the infrared.

The Cigar Galaxy (M82) is one of these starburst galaxies, and while its extreme luminosity is not apparent in optical light due to dust, the JWST can easily observe the galaxy’s abundant star formation in infrared.

The JWST captured this image of M82 in shorter wavelengths with its NIRCam instrument. Some of the bright point sources are super star clusters that can contain 100,000 stars, and the Hubble identified about 200 of them in the galaxy. Astronomers use data in images like this to determine the galaxy’s star formation rate. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Bolatto (UMD)

Superclusters in M82 are responsible for much of the galaxy’s heightened luminosity. With around 100,000 stars, some of them have more stars than some globular clusters do.

This image from a 2024 paper shows some of the superclusters in M82. Image Credit: Levy et al. 2024. ApJ. DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ad7af3

Galaxies need abundant gas to become starburst galaxies, and M82 likely got an injection of gas by interacting gravitationally with its neighbor M81. The pair are orbiting one another about once every 100 million years. Those interactions have deformed M82 into its elongated cigar shape, and also sent gas from M82’s outer regions into its core, fueling its abundant star formation.

M81 (left) and M82 (right) interact gravitationally and orbit one another once every 100 million years or so. The interactions have stretched the smaller M82 into a cigar shape, giving it the nickname the Cigar Galaxy. The interactions are also triggering starburst episodes, evidenced by the filaments of red hydrogen gas. Image Credit: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) and NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/

Astronomers are interested in M82 and its neighbor because they’re like a laboratory for watching galaxy interactions. A 2024 paper used polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions to reveal an intricate web of filaments and bubbles of gas created by supernovae. They also revealed M82’s galactic outflow. These outflows are another prominent feature of starburst galaxies.

The leading JWST image also traces PAHs and they show the galactic outflows. They’re visible as elongated bright streaks emanating from the galactic center. PAHs are important in astronomy because they have strong emission features in the mid-infrared. They’re strongly correlated with cold molecular gas and help trace the movement of the gas.

The leading JWST image clearly shows the galactic outflow winds from the galaxy’s center. They’re driven by the abundant formation of massive stars, and by supernova explosions. Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Bolatto. License: CC BY 4.0 INT

The outflows are created by the galaxy’s abundant star formation. The starburst activity produces thousands of stars much hotter and more massive than our Sun. These stars generate powerful stellar winds that drive gas away. Many of these stars will explode as supernovae, which also drives gas away. For these reasons, starburst galaxies don’t experience extreme star formation for much longer than about 100 million years before their gas supply is dissipated.

However, M82 might be different. Due to repeated gravitational interactions with M81 in the future, M82 may go through cycles of abundant star formation and quenching. Astronomers think this has happened in the past. About 600 million years ago, it underwent a starburst phase, and the current phase was likely triggered between about 30 and 60 million years ago.

M82 is only about 12 million light-years away, close for a galaxy. As a result, astronomers have focused a lot of attention on the starburst galaxy. It has been imaged repeatedly by the Hubble and other telescopes.

Hubble captured this brilliant image of M82 that highlights the filaments of wind-borne gas in red. Image Credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Acknowledgment: J. Gallagher (University of Wisconsin), M. Mountain (STScI) and P. Puxley (National Science Foundation)

M82 will undergo many more starburst cycles in its future. But eventually, M82 and M81 will merge into one galaxy. That merger, in the far distant future, will likely trigger one massive, chaotic starburst event. Eventually that, too, will die down, and the resulting massive galaxy will settle into a quiet state.

After the interstellar asteroid 1I/ʻOumuamua and the interstellar comet 2I/Borisov, 3I/ATLAS is the third object and the second comet from outside the Solar System confirmed.

3I/ATLAS was discovered by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, on July 1, 2025.

Arriving from the direction of the constellation Sagittarius, the interstellar comet is currently located about 670 million km (420 million miles) away.

“Since that first report, observations from before the discovery have been gathered from the archives of three different ATLAS telescopes around the world and the Zwicky Transient Facility at the Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California,” NASA astronomers wrote in a statement.

“These ‘pre-discovery’ observations extend back to June 14, 2025.”

Also known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, 3I/ATLAS is currently about 4.5 AU (670 million km, or 416 million miles) from the Sun.

The comet poses no threat to Earth and will remain at a distance of at least 1.6 AU (240 million km, or 150 million miles).

It will reach its closest approach to the Sun around October 30, 2025, at a distance of 1.4 AU (210 million km, or 130 million miles) — just inside the orbit of Mars.

Its size and physical properties are being investigated by astronomers around the world.

This diagram shows the trajectory of 3I/ATLAS as it passes through the Solar System. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech.

“If 3I/ATLAS’s brightness stems from reflecting sunlight at the typical albedo of order 10%, then its diameter of 20 km is about 100-200 times larger than the estimated length of ‘Oumuamua (and over a thousand times larger than ‘Oumuamua’s width) and about 50-100 times larger than the core of the comet Borisov,” Professor Avi Loeb, the head of the Galileo Project, founding director of Harvard University’s Black Hole Initiative, and director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, wrote in his blog.

“If all three objects are rocks, then 3I/ATLAS’s mass is over ten million times larger than that of ‘Oumumua and at least a hundred thousand times larger than the core mass of Borisov.”

“This is surprising because one expects high mass objects to be much rarer.”

“Based on data about the main asteroid belt in the Solar System, one would expect millions of objects like ‘Oumuamua for each object on the mass scale of 3I/ATLAS.”

3I/ATLAS should remain visible to ground-based telescopes through September 2025, after which it will pass too close to the Sun to observe.

It is expected to reappear on the other side of the Sun by early December, allowing for renewed observations.

“Based on its direction of motion, 3I/ATLAS appears to be coming at a retrograde orbit with an inclination of 175 degrees relative to the Earth’s orbital plane from the thin disk of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy,” Professor Loeb wrote.

“In the coming months, we will learn much more about 3I/ATLAS’s properties based on data from multiple ground-based telescopes including the NSF/DoE Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, as well as possibly from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope.”