Tianeptine occupies a unique and controversial space in psychopharmacology. Unlike traditional opioids, it has a long history of medical use as an antidepressant in Europe, Asia, and South America under professional supervision [6]. Its mu-opioid…
Purifying mRNA remains a persistent challenge for researchers developing vaccines and RNA-based therapeutics. Variability in yield, purity, and reproducibility can complicate process development and hinder scalability, particularly when handling…








